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September 9
September 9 is the 9th day in September.
Events[edit]
1590 — Germany: Rebecca Lemp, the wife of an accountant and mother of six, is burned at the stake as a witch in Nordlingen.
1668 — Moliere comedy "L'Avare" (The Miser) premiers, Versailles, France. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1693 — Ihara Saikaku, poet, novelist, and one of the most brilliant figures of 17th-century Japanese literature, dies in Osaka. His most popular work looks at the racy accounts of the amorous and financial affairs of the merchant class and the demimonde.
1739 — New World: Slave revolt occurs in Stono (South Carolina), led by a slave named Cato.
1776 — United States of America: The Second Continental Congress authorizes the use of the name "United States," instead of "United Colonies," to describe the new Continental federation of 12 of the 13 former English colonies.
1778 — Author Clemens Brentano lives.
1828 — Russia: Novelist, philosopher, and anarchist mystic Count Leo Tolstoy lives, the province of Tula. (and here you thought he was born August 28?)
1836 — Portugugal: Riots force Queen Maria II to revoke the charter. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1841 — United States of America: Great Lakes steamer "Erie" sinks off Silver Creek NY, kills 300. One woman skipped the voyage.
1841 — In the first heavyweight boxing match to last more than 100 rounds, Tom Hyer, son of boxer Jacob Hyer, defeats George "Country" McChester in 101 rounds. The match lasts a grueling three hours.
1847 — Mexico: US army hangs 16 Irish soldiers who joined the Mexican army, San Angel. See also: Saint Patric's Battallion [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1867 — Luxembourg gains independence.
1867 — Premier congrès de la Ligue de la Paix et de la Liberté à Genève. [1]
1869 — United States of America: Anarchist, Haymarket martyr Louis Lingg lives. One of those convicted for the Haymarket bombing in 1886, he cheated his state executioners, blew himself up in jail. [2] [3]
1870 — Switzerland: The anarchist Mihail Bakunin leaves Locarno for Lyons (arrives September 15) where he will be just in time for yet another uprising.
1873 — United States of America: Swinomish Reservation created for Lower Skagit and other tribes.
1877 — Belgium: Universal Socialist Congress convenes in Ghent, from the 9th-15th. The 5th Congress of the anarchist Bakuninist section of the International Workingman's Association (IWA, the first Communist International), having concluded yesterday, today this Congress convenes, intent on reunifying the various fractions within the AIT, organitzat per partits polÃtics i associacions obreres. Representing the FRE (Federació Regional Espanyola de l'AIT), as in Verviers, are Trinidad Soriano and González Morago. [Source: Congressos Obrers]
1883 — Italy: 9-10 Settembre. La polizia di stato spara sulla folla che protesta contro l'arresto di alcuni giovani che hanno lanciato sassi contro lo stemma sabaudo. [Source: Crimini e Misfatti]
1886 — Poet Georgia Douglas Johnson lives, Atlanta, Georgia. Wrote Heart of a Woman, Bronze, An Autumn Love Cycle, Share My Love. Anthologized in Arna Bontempsʼs American Negro Poetry and Davis and Leeʼs Negro Caravan, among others. Her home, in Washington, D.C., was a center for African-American literary gatherings.
1891 — United States of America: The first strike by African-American plantation workers, for $1 a day in Georgia and Arkansas, is lost.
1892 — Almalthea discovered.
1894 — China: Sun Yat-sen leads his first attempt at revolution. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1897 — Hawaiian Senate ratifies the treaty of annexation with the US. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1898 — French symbolist poet Stéphane Mallarmé dies in Valvins, near Fontainebleau. By 1868, he concluded that, although nothing lies beyond reality, within this nothingness lie the essences of perfect forms; it was the poetʼs task to perceive and crystallize these essences. http://www.philagora.net/frindex.htm
1898 — Puerto Rico: US and Spanish Commissions meet in San Juan to discuss the details of the withdrawal of Spanish troops and the cession of the island to the United States. [4]
1900 — Author Mary Austin lives.
1903 — Phyllis Whitney lives. American writer of romantic suspense, with over 50 mystery novels President of Mystery Writers of America in 1975 and named a Grand Master in 1988. Other writers of gothic romances: Virginia Coffman, Barbara Michaels, Daoma Winston. Gothic romance: the stories have a woman as the main character, with elements of adventure, mystery, love and the supernatural. The genre dates from the 19th century, particularly the works of the Bronte sisters. Among modern representantives is Daphne du Maurierʼs Rebecca.
1903 — Samuel Coleridge-Taylor cantata "The Atonement" premiers, Hereford. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1904 — James Joyce and Oliver St. John Gogarty move into the Martello tower in Sandycove, the setting for the first scene of Ulysses.
1904 — NY: First mounted police introduced in NY City.
1908 — Cesare Pavese, lives, Santo Stefano Belbo. Italian poet, critic, novelist, and translator who introduced many modern American and English writers to Italy. Most of his work, mostly short stories and novellas, appear after the end of World War II, and through the influence of Melville, depend on myth, symbol, and archetype.
1910 — Alice B. Toklas and Gertrude Stein (Daily Bleed Saint, July 27) take up lifetime residence together. In January 1935, after visiting them, Edmund Wilson writes John Dos Passos, that their relationship is "The most complete example of human symbiosis I have ever seen." [5]
1911 — United States of America: Anarchist, alternativist writer Paul Goodman lives, New York City.
1912 — United States of America: "New York Times" says Nicaraguan President Estrada admits having received $1 million from US companies to finance his 1909 revolution. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1912 — Beginning of Anatole France novel The Revolt of the Angels. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1913 — United States of America: Emma Goldman searches for a large apartment to combine the publishing offices of Mother Earth with a household comprised of Ben Reitman and his mother, Alexander Berkman, Mother Earth secretary M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, and French housekeeper Rhoda Smith. By the end of the month, she moves from 210 East 13th Street, where she has lived since 1903, to 74 West 119th Street. Once settled, Emma Goldman prepares her Modern Drama manuscript for publication and also organizes political support for IWW members arrested in connection with strike of Canadian miners, and for Jesus Rangel, Charles Kline and 12 members of the Partido Liberal Mexicano charged with murdering a deputy sheriff in San Antonio, Texass.
1917 — United States of America: Anarchist Antonio Fornasier is killed by Milwaukee police for heckling a priest. His comrade Augusta Marinelli, wounded on the same occasion, dies five days later. Ten men and a woman are arrested for inciting the riot; later linked to a November 24 bomb explosion that occurs while they are still imprisoned; each found guilty and sentenced to between 11 and 25 years imprisonment. Emma Goldman later protests the injustice of their case, claiming a frame-up.
1918 — Scottish and Anzac troops at the Etaples army base near Boulogne begin a successful five day mutiny (against harsh treatment and bad conditions) by attacking the military police and demonstrating daily through the town. [Source: Calendar Riots]
1919 — United States of America: Over 1,000 Boston police strike when 19 union leaders are fired for organizing activities. The National Guard is called up to restore order and all strikers are fired. When the police commissioner refused to allow Boston patrolmen to unionize, three quarters of the force went on strike, precipitating widespread looting by the citizenry. Massachusetts Governor Coll Calvin Coolidge (CCC) put down the strike by calling out the entire state militia. [6]
1920 — Italy: Genova · Navire tsariste séquestré par les travailleurs. Large rôle des anarchistes. [7]
1924 — (Georg) Henrik Tikkanen lives. Swedish-language Finnish author and artist, depicted his own life, work and loves in satirical light. The character of the Grim Reaper, violence, and death were Tikkanenʼs recurrent motifs. A zealous patriot as a boy, he ended up wiritng pacifist novels, became heavily involved in drink and also with the left-wing poet Arvo Turtiainen. [8]
1924 — China: US marines begin fighting in Peking (-1925 March 1). [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1925 — England: Emma Goldmanʼs one-volume English language edition of My Disillusionment in Russia, with an introduction by Rebecca West, is published early this month, by C. W. Daniel of London. The anarchist feminist Goldman borrowed $250 from Michael Cohn to underwrite its publication. Also, during this time, through the British Drama League, she solicits lecture dates from 250 affiliated local playgoers societies while she continues her reading of Russian dramatists in the British Museum.
1928 — The Dunwich Horror breaks loose, in the H.P. Lovecraft story. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1929 — Cartier-Bresson given three days in the guardhouse. Cartier-Bresson was accused of disobeying the rules, flying out of bounds and turning somersaults above the clouds. When confronted, he protested, quoting Jean Cocteau, that, “The sky belongs to all of us." The young aviator is brought to the office of the French general for interrogation. In the same office, Harry Crosby, the American poet and publisher of Black Sun Press, was taking a break from flying lessons. Crosby intervened and somehow got the young culprit incarcerated at the Mill, a villa where Crosby was staying. Crosby had just taken up photography and, according to his wife, Caress (The Passionate Years, [Echo Press, 1953]), Cartier-Bresson was fascinated with the new medium, so Harry gave him his first camera on the day he went back to military service. [9]
1934 — Sonia Sanchez lives, Birmingham, Alabama. Poet, playwright, short story writer and author of childrenʼs books. Most noted for her poetry volumes We a BaddDDD People, A Blues Book for Blue Black Magical Women. Also edited the anthology, We Be Word Sorcerers: 25 Stories by Black Americans. [10]
1934 — China: US marines begin fighting in Shanghai (-September 24). [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1934 — England: Fascist and anti-Fascist demonstrations are held in Hyde Park, London. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1942 — United States of America: In a rare raid against the American mainland, Japan drops incendiaries over Oregon in an attempt to set fire to the forests of Oregon and Washington. The forests failed to ignite.
1943 — Italy: The king, Badoglio and high figures of the state abandon Rome, scurry for Brindisi and protection of Anglo-American forces from the Germans and the mass population. Honor and duty and the moral bankruptcy of the state in all its manifestations (crown, army, bureaucrats) is revealed for what it truly is. [Source: Crimini e Misfatti]
1943 — Bertolt Brecht play "Galileo" premiers, Zurich. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1943 — United States of America: 60 striking Filipino workers are chased out of Yakima, Washington by state police and vigilantes. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1945 — Uruguay: Elena Quinteros lives. Teacher, activist in the Federación Anarquista Uruguaya (FAU) Arrested, tortured, disappeared by the Uruguayan government in 1976. [11]
1947 — Grace Hopper finds the first "computer bug," a 5-cm moth in the Mark II. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1950 — First use of TV laugh track-Hank McCune. Whose Laughing Now?
1954 — Italy: La polizia di stato arresta Giulia Occhini, compagna di Fausto Coppi, sotto l'accusa di adulterio. Dopo la scarcerazione viene inviata ad Ancona in domicilio coatto. Lo stato vigila sul comportamento di tutti, come padre, padrone, padreterno. [Source: Crimini e Misfatti] [12]
1957 — Italy: La polizia di stato reprime una manifestazione di braccianti che, a San Donaci (Brindist), protestavano per la crisi vitivinicola : due morti e tre feriti. [Source: Crimini e Misfatti]
1959 — The Dalai Lama calls for United Nations action against the Communists in Tibet. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1961 — Mao Tse-tung writes his poem "The Fairy Cave". [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1964 — United States of America: Dynamite blast attributed to the Ku Klux Klan rocks the home of a black minister in McComb, Mississippi.
1966 — San Francisco Oracle begins publication. [13]
1966 — John Lennon meets Yoko Ono in an avant-garde art gallery. and the rest ainʼt history.
1968 — England: Committee of 100, pioneer British anti-nuclear group of 1950s and early 1960s, dissolves itself.
1968 — United States of America: In a press conference, Mayor Daley makes a now-famous slip of the tongue: "The policeman isnʼt there to create disorder, the policeman is there to preserve disorder."
1969 — Vietnam: 250,000 attend the funeral of Ho Chi Minh, Hanoi. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1971 — United States of America: At the beginning of a four-day ordeal, prisoners riot and seize control of the maximum-security Attica Correctional Facility near Buffalo, New York. Nine prison guards are held hostage, perishing along with 31 of their captors when 1,500 state police and other law-enforcement officers storm the complex under a hail of indiscriminate gunfire.
1971 — Uruguay: Tupamaro rebels free the British ambassador after 8 months. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1972 — United States of America: A special issue on productivity in Business Week appears today. The championed concept of "interdependence" between labor and business, "inseparably linked in the productivity quest" has a few minor problems. Productivity-output per hour of work has fallen due to worker dissatisfaction and unrest. A basic indication of the continuing revolt against work are the joint campaigns for higher productivity, such as the widely publicized US Steel-United Steelworkers efforts. Notable too is the opposition workers have for union-backed drives of this kind. By April 1974 the problems had worsened. Closely related to low productivity, it seems, is the employee resistance to working overtime, even during economic recession. The refusal of thousands of Ford workers to overtime prompted a Ford executive say, "We're mystified by the experience in light of the general economic situation." Also during April, the Labor Department reported that "the productivity of American workers took its biggest drop on record as output slumped in all sectors of the economy during the first quarter." — John Zerzan, Organized Labor versus "The Revolt Against Work" [14]
1973 — Todd Rundgren keeps his promise and records a thousand voices in San Franciscoʼs Golden Gate Park for the left track of his song, "Sons of 1984." He had put 5,000 fans in NY on tape for the right track. However, the open-air recording session ends in a rumble as police move in to arrest a suspect for allegedly peddling cannabis. A melee erupts and 11 people are arrested.
1973 — Beginning of Cynthia Moss nonfiction book Elephant Memoires. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1976 — China: Mao Tse-Tung, Chinese communist party chairman (1949 — 76), dies at 82. [15]
1977 — United States of America: Delivery of first Space Shuttle External Tank to NASA. [16]
1979 — Guatemala: Maya writer Rigoberta Menchuʼs brother is tortured and later murdered by the Guatemalan army. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1980 — United States of America: Eight activists, including Phil Berrigan, from the Atlantic Life Community hammer nose cone of missile at GE plant in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, in the first of what becomes an international movement of many dozens of "Plowshares" anti-nuclear direct actions.
1981 — Nicaragua: Sandinista government bans all strikes.
1985 — United States of America: G. Gordon Liddy says the story about him eating rats as a child is exaggerated; "I only ate the left hind quarter. Of one rat. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1987 — United States of America: Presidential Hopeful Senator Gary Hart admits to cheating on his wife on TVʼs "Nightline". The Governor of Arkansas calls in and opines, "he should resign!"
1990 — England: Gulf War Resisters paint No War slogans at Air show, Farnborough.
1991 — England: The Joy Riots — urban and suburban youth take on the cops in Newcastle (Meadow Well Estate), Cardiff, Birmingham (Handsworth, following a blackout), Oxford (Blackbird Leys) and Bristol. [Source: Calendar Riots]
1993 — Somalia: UN helicopters fire on women and children, killing 100. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1994 — United States of America: Department of Labor announces it will step up enforcement of the FSLA "Hot Goods" provision. The Fair Labor Standards Act’s "Hot Goods" clause allows the DOL to fine and seize the goods of those manufacturers and retailers knowingly selling merchandise manufactured by companies violating the FLSA. A powerful weapon, it was rarely enforced in the past. During the Clinton administration, as sweatshops gained more media attention, Labor Secretary Robert Reich enforces the provision more stringently. [17]
1996 — United States of America: "Washington Post" says Saddamʼs incursion into Kurdish territory thwarted a CIA plot to overthrow him. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1998 — Korea: People's International Conference in Seoul, September 9-12, billed as "Challenging The IMF: Neoliberalism, The IMF, and International Solidarity".
1998 — United States of America: Peeping tom Kenneth Starr delivers his report on Wee Willy Clinton to Congress. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
1999 — All computers self-destruct, racked with indecision, between todayʼs date and the traditional 9999 shut-down code. Some go mad, some become evil, most explode. Human civilization, as such, ends. [18]
2000 — United States of America: Seattle Leonard Peltier Clemency March and Rally, meet at First and Yesler at the Chief Sealth Statue, rally at Steinbreuck Park near the Pike Place Market. [19]
2000 — Chile: The antarctic ozone hole extends over Punta Arenas (-September 10). [Source: Robert Braunwart]
2000 — Bolivia: The sucre goes out of circulation, replaced by the US dollars. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
2000 — United States of America: Earth Liberation Front sets Monroe Co. GOP HQ on fire, Indiana. [Source: Robert Braunwart]
2002 — Nelson Mandela calls the US "a threat to world peace". [Source: Robert Braunwart]
2005 — Italy: 60th Anniversary of the Liberation. A remembrance is held for the anarchist partisan commander, Emilio Canzi (“Un padre della Resistenzaâ€)
