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Police state

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Anarchy-symbol.svg This article has been edited by Anarchopedians, and to that extent represents Anarchopedia's
philosophy. While it may at first seem less than subtle, what is printed elsewhere is the extreme
You are welcomed to adjust your perception of Normality 		AP
ED
This article is rewritten from WP, but not fully or even extensively. It bears the mark of the libertarian cabal at WP such as Wikipedia:User:Libstar, Wikipedia:User:Collect and other anti-communist, pro-capitalist, fascist-apologist editors who attempt to conflate freedom with corporate power, so feel free to correct this; otherwise ignore it. There are so few examples of the US- and CIA-backed police states here; they so vastly outnumber the socialist or communist ones that ironically, it may not be possible to represent them proportionately, and time does not permit, for now
File:1967-4-21 greece01.jpg
A Greek army tank on the streets of Athens on 21 April 1967

A police state is one in which the government exercises rigid and repressive controls over the social, economic, and political life of the population. Wikipedia:Totalitarian states use the police (WP) to exert the 'total' Wikipedia:social control that is their hallmark. While the distinction between the law and the exercise of Wikipedia:political power by the executive is always an arbitrary and blurry one, totalitarian regimes have fewer institutions with which to legitimize distinctions.

The inhabitants of a police state experience restrictions on their mobility, and on their freedom to express or communicate political or other views, which are subject to police monitoring or enforcement. Political control may be exerted by means of a Wikipedia:secret police force which operates outside the boundaries normally imposed by a Wikipedia:constitutional state.[1]

More parties agree that states that are authoritarian or dictatorships are police states, but this ignores the fundamental constitution of police states, that they are a function of police action, and the police do not require a dictatorship to exist; quite the contrary. Police states can occur in any kind of government, and are entirely separate from economic style; communism (WP), Wikipedia:civil libertarianism, totalitarianism (WP); they can be and in fact more often are democracies, and this is what makes them so insidious.

Democracies favor the word because, like 'totalitarian' and 'dictatorship', it directs dislike of the control that government inevitably exerts away from the control that the ruling class exerts on the democratic system, and towards other forms of government.

Far right ultra-capitalist and anti-socialist interests, in particular the Wikipedia:libertarian Wikipedia:Freedom House, Wikipedia:Economist Intelligence Unit, Wikipedia:Heritage Foundation, conflate socialism with the political negatives anti-socialist tendencies and they themselves have created, including the concept of a police state. Hence the presence of the 'Freedom Index', based solely on the degree of taxation of multinational and corporate interests, in the Wikipedia article about police states (and reprinted here for verification and education purposes).

Anarchy-symbol.svg This article is contains text from sources which may express a point of view or may contain an unbalanced critical assessment. Do not edit the article to adjust it to Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy; one's perception of the humanity in Anarchopedia's philosophy is enhanced by knowledge of the direction and degree of steps taken away from humanity Unbalanced scales.svg
Map reflecting the findings of far-right Wikipedia:Freedom House's 2009 survey, concerning the state of world freedom in 2008.[2] Some of these estimates are disputed.[3]     Free (89)      Partly free (62)      Not free (42)


History[edit]

The term "police state" was first used in 1851, in reference to the use of a national police force to maintain order, in Wikipedia:Austria.[4]

The first use of a state police force in the US, for example, was the very same year, 1865, where such a force was established in Wikipedia:Massachusetts.[5]

Up to this time, order in most societies was maintained spontaneously, on a local level, with some weak constabulary like a sheriff being called into action for specific incidents. As the maintenance of a standing police force became common in the late 19th and early 20th century, the term "police state" came to be used more commonly to refer only to when a police force was used "too" strenuously, in a "rigid and repressive" way, as under fascism (WP), Wikipedia:crony communism, Wikipedia:crony capitalism, and in retroactive application to oppressive/repressive historic incidents like the Wikipedia:French Revolution and the Wikipedia:Roman Empire.[6][7]


2008 Wikipedia:Press Freedom Index rankings according to Wikipedia:Reporters Without Borders; attempts to control the discussion are by this standard repressive if the government does it, and free if the press does it. What matters is what the government does and if the portrayal by the press is accurate. States opposed to capitalist interests labor under the burden of the decades, and even centuries, of ruling class dogma, and overcompensate, but that does not make their opposition to this propaganda wrong


The classification of a country or regime as a police state is usually contested and debated. The use of the term is motivated as a response to the laws, policies and actions of that regime, and is often used pejoratively to describe the regime's concept of the Wikipedia:social contract, human rights, and similar matters. Because of the pejorative connotation of the term, it is rare that a country will identify itself as a police state.

In times of national emergency or Wikipedia:war, the balance which may usually exist between freedom and Wikipedia:national security often tips in favour of security. This shift may lead to allegations that the nation in question has become, or is becoming, a police state.

Because there are different political perspectives as to what an appropriate balance is between individual freedom and national security, there are no definitive objective standards to determine whether the term "police state" applies to a particular nation at any given point in time. Thus, it is difficult to evaluate objectively the truth of allegations that a nation is, or is not becoming, a police state. One way to view the concept of the police state and the free state is through the medium of a balance or scale, where any law focused on removing liberty is seen as moving towards a police state, and any law which limits government oversight is seen as moving towards a free state.[8]

Inner German border system in the early 1960s. The restriction that the USSR made on freedom of movement to other states was in opposition to the 'grass is greener on the other side' effect and incessant propaganda about illusory and nonexistent economic freedom in capitalist societies. This may be referred to as, but is not a true mark of, a police state

War is often portrayed in fiction as a perfect precursor to establishing a police state, as citizens are more dependent on their government and the Wikipedia:police for safety than usual (see Fictional police states below).

An Wikipedia:electronic police state is one in which the government aggressively uses electronic technologies to record, organize, search, and distribute forensic evidence against its citizens.

The right-wing libertarian non-governmental organizations that publish and maintain assessments of the state of freedom in the world do so according to their own various definitions of the term, which are kept secret but all equate in practical terms to the degree of taxation that corporations 'must endure'. They rank countries as being free, partly free, or unfree, and claim to be using various measures of freedom, including political rights, economic rights, and civil liberties, but this is a lie.


Third-generation inner German border system circa 1984

Enlightened absolutism[edit]

Under the political model of Wikipedia:enlightened absolutism, the ruler is the "highest servant of the state" and exercises absolute power to provide for the general welfare of the population. This model of government proposes that all the power of the state must be directed toward this end, and rejects codified, statutory constraints upon the ruler's absolute power. Thinkers such as Wikipedia:Thomas Hobbes supported this type of absolutist government.

As the enlightened, absolute ruler is said to be charged with the public good, and implicitly infallible by right of appointment, even critical, Wikipedia:loyal opposition to the ruler's party is a crime against the state. The concept of loyal opposition is incompatible with these politics. As public Wikipedia:dissent is forbidden, it inevitably becomes secret, which, in turn, is countered with Wikipedia:political repression via a secret police.

Wikipedia:Liberal democracy, which emphasizes the rule of law, focuses on the police state's not being subject to law. Wikipedia:Robert von Mohl, who first introduced the rule of law to German Wikipedia:jurisprudence, contrasted the Wikipedia:Rechtsstaat ("legal" or "constitutional" state) with the aristocratic Polizeistaat ("police state").[9]

Examples of police state-like attributes[edit]

The Wikipedia:Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy index map for 2008, with lighter colours representing more democratic countries. Countries with DI below 3 (clearly authoritarian) are black.
Democracy Index 2010.
Full democracies: Template:Legend Template:Legend Flawed democracies: Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Hybrid regimes: Template:Legend Template:Legend Authoritarian regimes: Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend
File:Vilnius KGB Wiretap Room.jpg
Wikipedia:KGB telephone tapping room in Wikipedia:Vilnius KGB Museum, Lithuania

As previously discussed, it is not possible to objectively determine whether a nation has become or is becoming a police state. As a consequence, to draw up an exhaustive list of police states would be inherently flawed. However, there are a few highly debated examples which serve to illustrate partial characteristics of a police state's structure. These examples are listed below. The numerous examples of democracy here make it perfectly clear that government type has little to do with police state status and economic style even less.

Nazi Germany (WP)'s dictatorship, was, brought into being through a nominal democracy, yet came to exert repressive controls over its people. Germany was a police state; using first the SA in the 1930s and later the SS, to assert control over the population.

The fascist state of Francisco Franco (WP) in Spain was established just before the second world war with the aid of Hitler, and ruled until Franco's death in 1975. Its formation and rule was unopposed by the capitalist nations which claimed to have been fighting world war II as a war against fascism. Francoist Spain (WP) was a police state. During Franco's rule, non-government trade unions and all political opponents across the political spectrum, from communist and anarchist organizations to liberal democrats and Catalan or Basque separatists, were either suppressed or tightly controlled by all means, up to and including violent police repression.

The Soviet Union (WP) and its many satellite states, including Wikipedia:North Korea and Wikipedia:East Germany were were more notorious for extensive and repressive police and intelligence services than in actual practice, the only victims of police action being those actively involved in attempting to overthrow the state. For instance, it is alleged that approximately 2.5% of the East German adult population serving (knowingly or unknowingly) as informants for the Stasi, with 'unknowingly' making this a statistic that can never be proven.

Under the junta of the Regime of the Colonels (WP) in Greece (WP), torture became a deliberate practice carried out both by the Security Police and the Wikipedia:Greek Military Police[10][11], with an estimated 3,500 people detained in torture centres run by ESA.[12][13] Answering to History Quote, "Witness after witness testified that within a week of Papadopoulos' April 21, 1967, coup more than 8,000 had been arrested. Of these, 6,188 were banished into exile. Another 3,500 were subsequently sent to ESA torture centers.

In Cuba (WP), 22 journalists who attempted to publicise non-government authorised news remain imprisoned. Arrested in March 2003, the journalists are serving prison terms of up to 27 years. It is also reported that journalists not in prison are frequently threatened with the same fate.[14]

The South African apartheid system was generally considered to have been a police state despite having been nominally a democracy (albeit with the Black African majority population excluded from the democracy). Police carried out violent actions against the black population as a matter of course.

Paris-based Wikipedia:Reporters Without Borders ranked Wikipedia:North Korea second last out of 168 countries in a test of press freedom.[15] It has been reported that the only TV channel in North Korea predominately eulogises the country's past leaders Wikipedia:Kim Jong Il and his father Wikipedia:Kim Il Sung. As a result, some locals in Wikipedia:Pyongyang have been quoted as stating that their leaders are gods.[16]

A "temporary police state" can exist by design. For example, in Copenhagen in 2009, the Danish government enacted laws that would permit police to use unlimited discretion in detaining those that the police suspected of opposing the Conference of Parties during the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The legislation contained an expiration, but police authority during the Conference of Parties was unchecked.[17]

George Churchill-Coleman, who headed Scotland Yard's anti-terrorist squad in the Wikipedia:United Kingdom, expressed his opinion that Britain was moving in the direction of a police state,[18] with biometric identity cards,[19][20] Wikipedia:mass surveillance and detention without trial all having been introduced by the government. However, the Identity Cards Act 2006 has now been repealed (by the Wikipedia:Identity Documents Act 2010). The UK has been described as "the most surveilled country" in the world.[21] Protests within a half-mile radius of the Houses of Parliament are illegal in the UK unless authorised by the Metropolitan Police.[22] Claims of police state behaviour have been dismissed by the UK government.[23]

Wikipedia:Free speech zones have been used at a variety of political gatherings in the United States with the stated purpose of protecting the safety of those attending the political gathering, or for the safety of the protesters themselves. Critics, however, suggest that such zones are "Wikipedia:Orwellian".[24][25]

There has been a steady increase in the police being aided by and imitating the military including using their weapons and tactics.[26][27] Established in 1878 the Wikipedia:Posse Comitatus Act prohibits the use of the military for law enforcement and policing activities but this law has been continually violated as the military has been used for years for things such as DUI checkpoints and serving warrants in conjunction with the local or state police. Since 1990 the police have been militarized increasingly and Federal funding has helped this process with steep discounts for military gear for the police,[28] and after 9/11 this militarization has quickened at a concerning rate.[29] This militarization of the police force manifests as using military equipment, military style weapons such as assault rifles[30] armored vehicles (often purchased from the military),[28] helicopters and planes as well as the most recent addition, drones, all of which may be armed.[31]

Two American lawmakers have stated on the record that, in their opinion, Section 1031 of the Wikipedia:National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (NDAA) legalizes or authorizes Wikipedia:martial law in the United States, additionally Senator Wikipedia:Mark Udall (D-Colorado) stated "These provisions raise serious questions as to who we are as a society and what our Constitution seeks to protect...Section 1031 essentially repeals the Wikipedia:Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 by authorizing the U.S. military to perform law enforcement functions on American soil."[32]

The Patriot Act has been used more than 11,000% more on non-terrorist related investigations than on investigations related to terrorists,[33] including drug cases, and political opponents and protesters.[34]

In 2010 the Wikipedia:Western Australia state parliament proposed new "stop and search" laws that were criticised as being a step toward a police state.[35] The proposed new laws would have given Western Australian police the right to conduct searches without warrant or reason of suspicion. The laws were rejected by a parliamentary committee in October 2010, however the Western Australian premier Wikipedia:Colin Barnett has stated that he will still be pushing for the laws with some amendments.[36]


Fictional police states[edit]

Main article: Police states in fiction


Metropolis is a 1927 silent science fiction film directed by Fritz Lang and written by Lang and Thea von Harbou. Metropolis is set in a futuristic urban dystopia.

Wikipedia:George Orwell's Wikipedia:George Orwell novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (WP) describes Britain under a totalitarian régime that continuously invokes (and helps to create) a Wikipedia:perpetual war. This perpetual war is used as a pretext for subjecting the people to Wikipedia:mass surveillance and invasive police searches.

Wikipedia:George Lucas' feature film version of "Wikipedia:THX 1138" (1971), and the film school project he based it on, portray a police state.

The ten-part graphic novel Wikipedia:V for Vendetta, by Wikipedia:Alan Moore and David Lloyd, tells the story of a masked Wikipedia:anarchist's efforts to subvert the fascist Norsefire Party that has gained control of the Wikipedia:United Kingdom. (See also the film of the same name.)

Wikipedia:Brave New World

Wikipedia:Yevgeny Zamyatin's novel We depicts a dystopia in which the walls are made out of glass, the only means of getting information is the state newspaper, and imaginations are forcibly removed from people.

Wikipedia:Sinclair Lewis' Wikipedia:It Can't Happen Here satirically details the rise of fascism in the 1930s United States.

Sleeper (1973) is a futuristic science fiction comedy film, written by, directed by, and starring Woody Allen. It is loosely based on the H. G. Wells' novel The Sleeper Awakes. 22nd-century America seems to be a police state ruled by a dictator, about to implement a secret plan known as the "Aries Project."

Wikipedia:Zardoz is a 1974 science fiction film written, produced, and directed by John Boorman. In the year AD 2293, a post-apocalypse Earth is inhabited mostly by the "Brutals", who are ruled by the "Eternals" who use other "Brutals" called "Exterminators", "the Chosen" warrior class.

Wikipedia:Enigma Babylon One World Faith is the state religion of the totalitarian Wikipedia:world government in the Wikipedia:Left Behind series that ostensibly seeks to harmonise the remaining faiths on earth after the Rapture as portrayed in the novel.

Wikipedia:Battle Royale, a Japanese novel by Wikipedia:Koushun Takami, describes an Wikipedia:alternate timeline Wikipedia:Japan as being in a police state. This Japan is known as the Republic of Greater East Asia (大東亜共和国 Dai Tōa Kyōwakoku).

Wikipedia:Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970) is a science fiction film based upon the 1966 novel Colossus, by Dennis Feltham Jones, about a massive, eponymous American defense computer becoming sentient and deciding to assume control of the world.

Wikipedia:Watership Down (1972), Richard Adams' famous novel about rabbits running away from their warren and building a Utopian society, features another warren, Efrafa, which is run like a police state. Each rabbit in Efrafa is given an identification mark, sentries are posted 24/7 around its borders to prevent escapes and patrols are sent out regularly to hunt down and imprison stray rabbits. Rabbits are allowed out in the open at certain times of day, and if they are caught outside without permission, they are punished – one form of punishment shown in the book involves ripping the ears off of the perpetrator.

Wikipedia:The Running Man (part of the Bachman books series written by Wikipedia:Stephen King), first published in 1982, depicts a dystopian United States in the year 2025; a film of the same name with Wikipedia:Arnold Schwarzenegger released in 1987 (set in the year 2019) has a United States under a totalitarian police state where convicted felons participate on a television show to win a presidential pardon. The film version goes into more detail about how television controls a police state - including the use of computer-generated imagery to mislead viewers.

In 1988, Queensrÿche released Wikipedia:Operation: Mindcrime, a narrative Wikipedia:concept album that proved a massive critical and commercial success. The album's story revolved around a junkie who is brainwashed into performing assassinations for an underground movement; the junkie ("Nikki") is torn over his Wikipedia:misplaced loyalty to the cause and his love of a reformed hooker-turned-nun ("Mary," vocals by Wikipedia:Pamela Moore) who gets in the way. "Mindcrime" has often been mentioned by critics alongside other notable concept albums like Wikipedia:Pink Floyd's Wikipedia:The Wall and Wikipedia:The Who's Tommy. The band toured through much of 1988 and 1989 with several bands, including Wikipedia:Def Leppard, Wikipedia:Guns N' Roses and Wikipedia:Metallica.

Equilibrium (2002) is a science fiction/action film. Equilibrium is set in the futuristic, and dystopian city-state of Libria. In the year 2072, the leaders of the world sought to create a society free of conflict. It was determined that human emotion was the primary cause of conflict, and thus any and all emotionally stimulating material was banned. These materials are rated "EC-10" for "emotional content" (a reference to the MPAA film rating system[3]), and are typically destroyed by immediate incineration. Furthermore, all citizens of Libria are required to take regular injections, called "intervals," of an emotion-suppressing drug called Prozium, collected at the distribution centers known as "Equilibrium". Libria is governed by the Tetragrammaton Council, which is led by a reclusive figurehead known as "Father".

"Wikipedia:The Minority Report" (1956) is a science fiction short story by Philip K. Dick first published in Fantastic Universe January 1956. It is about a future society where murders are prevented through the efforts of three mutants who can see the future. It was made into a film in 2002.

In the Wikipedia:Honorverse series of novels, the Wikipedia:People's Republic of Haven is a classic (quasi-Communist) police state until the end of the ninth novel of the series, titled Wikipedia:Ashes of Victory. Also, in more recent novels and stories of the series (and its spin-offs), the Wikipedia:Solarian League, despite being outwardly a Wikipedia:democracy, manifests many typical traits of a police state, especially in its outer territories (which are administered by the Wikipedia:Office of Frontier Security).

In Suzanne Collin's Wikipedia:The Hunger Games, a futuristic dystopian North America, now called Panem, consists of a ruling government called the Capitol who controls the remaining twelve districts, by forcing one boy and girl from each district to compete in a live broadcast show called The Hunger Games, in which the 24 children must fight to the death on live TV. Only one of them can survive and escape the life of the poor and starving for a life of riches and food.

In the Wikipedia:Nickelodeon series Wikipedia:The Legend of Korra, the main setting, Republic City, shows characteristics of a police state in the oppression of the city's non-benders, including cutting out their power and enforcing curfews against them.

The Wikipedia:video game Wikipedia:Half Life 2 features an alien empire called the Combine controlling Earth, and ruling Wikipedia:City 17 as a police state.


See also[edit]

The right-wing pro-capitalist anti-socialist
conflation of corporate power with freedom

External links[edit]

This article contains content from Wikipedia. Current versions of the GNU FDL article Police state on WP may contain information useful to the improvement of this article WP


References[edit]

  1. ↑ A Dictionary of World History, Market House Books, Oxford University Press, 2000.
  2. ↑ http://polisci.la.psu.edu/faculty/Casper/caspertufisPAweb.pdf
  3. ↑ Bollen, K.A. (1992) Political Rights and Political Liberties in Nations: An Evaluation of Human Rights Measures, 1950 to 1984. In: Jabine, T.B. and Pierre Claude, R. "Human Rights and Statistics". University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3108-2
  4. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, Third edition, January 2009; online version November 2010. <http://www.oed.com:80/Entry/146832>; accessed 19 January 2011.
  5. ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=M2NgAj4nFOwC&pg=PA406&lpg=PA406
  6. ↑ http://www.flowofhistory.com/units/eme/16/FC105
  7. ↑ http://pages.interlog.com/~gilgames/empire.htm
  8. ↑ Police State (Key Concepts in Political Science), Brian Chapman, Macmillan, 1971.
  9. ↑ The Police State, Chapman, B., Government and Opposition, Vol.3:4, 428–440, (2007). Accessible online at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119912141/abstract, retrieved 15th August 2008.
  10. ↑ Wikipedia:Lawrence Van Gelder "Din nabos soen." The Wikipedia:NY Times.
  11. ↑ Wikipedia:Lawrence Van Gelder (29 August 1984). "DANISH 'PHOENIX' AND 'NEIGHBOR'S SON'." The Wikipedia:NY Times.
  12. ↑ Third World Traveller (excerpted from the book Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, revised edition (Common Courage Press) ISBN 1-56751-252-6 by William Blum) Quote: "It was torture... which most indelibly marked the seven-year Greek nightmare [under Papadopoulos]. James Becket, an American attorney sent to Greece by Amnesty International, wrote In December 1969 that "a conservative estimate would place at not less than two thousand" the number of people tortured. It was an odious task for Becket to talk to some of the victims", and "So brutal and so swift was the repression, that by September, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands were before the European Commission of Human Rights to accuse Greece of violating most of the Commission's conventions. Before the year was over Amnesty International had sent representatives to Greece to investigate the situation. From this came a report which asserted that "Torture as a deliberate practice is carried out by both Security Police and the Military Police."
  13. ↑ Time Magazine archives
  14. ↑ "Press Group Warns of Specious New Arrests of Cuban Journalists". America.gov. 2006-09-19. http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/September/200609191047371xeneerg0.8746454.html. Retrieved 2008-07-23. </li>
  15. ↑ "North Korea Rated World's Worst Violator of Press Freedom". America.gov. 2006-10-25. http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/October/200610251320011xeneerg0.7926294.html. Retrieved 2008-07-23. </li>
  16. ↑ "Life in the secret state". BBC News. 2001-09-01. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/1519045.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-23. </li>
  17. ↑ "Copenhagen police detain 968 in climate change rally". Wikipedia:BBC. Sunday, 13 December 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8409331.stm. Retrieved 2011-06-03. </li>
  18. ↑ Travis, Alan (2005-01-28). "Britain 'sliding into police state'". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jan/28/terrorism.humanrights1. Retrieved 2008-05-12. </li>
  19. ↑ "The introduction of ID Cards". UK Government Home Office. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/passports-and-immigration/id-cards/. Retrieved 2008-08-15. </li>
  20. ↑ "NO2ID – UK Anti-ID Card Campaign". UK Government Home Office. http://www.no2id.net/. Retrieved 2008-08-15. </li>
  21. ↑ "Britain is 'surveillance society'". BBC News. 2006-11-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6108496.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-14. </li>
  22. ↑ "Arrests at Parliament protest ban". BBC News. 2005-08-07. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4742589.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-14. </li>
  23. ↑ "No 10 rejects police state claim". BBC News. 2007-02-08. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6342277.stm. Retrieved 2008-05-12. </li>
  24. ↑ Bailey, Ronald. Orwellian "Free Speech Zones" violate the constitution. Reason, February 4, 2004. Retrieved on January 3, 2007.
  25. ↑ McNulty, Rebecca. Fla. College Student Successfully Fights Campus 'Free Speech Zone'. Wikipedia:Foundation for Individual Rights in Education Student Press Law Center, June 28, 2005. Retrieved January 3, 2007.
  26. ↑ Posel, Susanne. Specialized Military Police Deployed in America During Civil Unrest. Retrieved on 8-3-2012.
  27. ↑ Taylor, Lawerence. Here Come the Feds: Marines at DUI Roadblocks. Retrieved on 8-3-2012.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Police 'Tank' Purchase Riles New Hampshire Town. Retrieved on 8-3-2012.
  29. ↑ A Decade After 9/11, Police Departments Are Increasingly Militarized. Retrieved on 8-3-2012.
  30. ↑ Council approves rifles for WPD. Retrieved on 8-3-2012.
  31. ↑ Groups Concerned Over Arming Of Domestic Drones. Retrieved on 8-3-2012.
  32. ↑ Smith, Dave NDAA 2012: Ron Paul Warns Bill Would Legalize Martial Law Retrieved on 8-3-2012.
  33. ↑ Patriot Act Used to Fight More Drug Dealers than Terrorists. Retrieved 8-6-12.
  34. ↑ How the USA PATRIOT Act redefines "Domestic Terrorism". Retrieved 8-6-12.
  35. ↑ http://searchforyourrights.org/
  36. ↑ http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/10/21/3044629.htm

    37. </ol>

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