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{{WP+DEL|Internet censorship in Egypt}}
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[[File:Switch off internet in case of political dissent.jpg|thumb|250px|Satirical graphic made in reaction to the internet blackout in Egypt]]
 
[[File:Switch off internet in case of political dissent.jpg|thumb|250px|Satirical graphic made in reaction to the internet blackout in Egypt]]
  
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On January 25 and 26, 2011, [[Twitter]] was blocked in [[Egypt]] due to the [[2011 Egyptian protests]],<ref name="twitter">[http://techcrunch.com/2011/01/25/twitter-blocked-egypt/ TechCrunch: Twitter blocked in Egypt]</ref> and [[Facebook]] was later blocked as well.<ref name="WSJ_FB_Egypt">[http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110128-706943.html Wall Street Journal, Egypt Communications Cut Ahead Of Further Protests]</ref>
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On January 25 and 26, 2011, [[Wikipedia:Twitter]] was blocked in [[Egypt]] due to the [[2011 Egyptian protests]] ([[Wikipedia:2011 Egyptian protests|WP]]),<ref name="twitter">[http://techcrunch.com/2011/01/25/twitter-blocked-egypt/ TechCrunch: Twitter blocked in Egypt]</ref> and [[Facebook]] was later blocked as well.<ref name="WSJ_FB_Egypt">[http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110128-706943.html Wall Street Journal, Egypt Communications Cut Ahead Of Further Protests]</ref>
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On January 27, various reports claimed that access to the Internet in the entire country had been shut down.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/27/egypt-internet-goes-down-_n_815156.html</ref> The authorities responsible achieved this by shutting down the country's official [[Domain Name System]], in an attempt to stop mobilisation for anti-government protests.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12306041</ref>  Later reports stated that almost all [[Wikipedia:BGP announcement]]s out of the country had been withdrawn, almost completely disconnecting the country from the global Internet, with only a single major provider, [[Wikipedia:Noor Data Networks]], remaining up.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/8288163/How-Egypt-shut-down-the-internet.html|title=How Egypt shut down the internet|date=28 Jan 2011|author=Christopher Williams|publisher=Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bgpmon.net/blog/?p=450|title=Internet in Egypt offline|date=2011-01-28|publisher=bgpmon.net}}</ref><ref name="renesys1">{{cite web| last =Cowie| first =James| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Egypt Leaves the Internet| work =| publisher =[[Renesys]]| date =| url =http://www.renesys.com/blog/2011/01/egypt-leaves-the-internet.shtml | doi =| accessdate =28 January 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5w51j0pga |archivedate=28 January 2011|deadurl=no}}</ref>
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The [[Hacktivism]] group [[Anonymous]] displayed the altruistic side of direct action for the uninitiated, with techniques used in the 1989 Beijing protests, to update Egyptians behind the information 'Iron Curtain' as [[Andy Greenberg]] dubbed it;<ref name=TF>[http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/01/28/amid-digital-blackout-anonymous-mass-faxes-wikileaks-cables-to-egypt/ Security1871Share13diggsdigg73inShareAmid Digital Blackout, Anonymous Mass-Faxes WikiLeaks Cables To Egypt] 28 Jan '11, Andy Greenberg, The Firewall</ref> Egypt's loss of internet access had kept them from news about WikiLeaks-intercepted Egyptian diplomatic cables, but Anonymous ducked under the obstruction with a low-tech solution: Faxes.<ref name=TF/>
  
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On January 27, various reports claimed that access to the Internet in the entire country had been shut down.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/27/egypt-internet-goes-down-_n_815156.html</ref> The authorities responsible achieved this by shutting down the country's official [[Domain Name System]], in an attempt to stop mobilisation for anti-government protests.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12306041</ref>  Later reports stated that almost all [[BGP announcement]]s out of the country had been withdrawn, almost completely disconnecting the country from the global Internet, with only a single major provider, [[Noor Data Networks]], remaining up.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/8288163/How-Egypt-shut-down-the-internet.html|title=How Egypt shut down the internet|date=28 Jan 2011|author=Christopher Williams|publisher=Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bgpmon.net/blog/?p=450|title=Internet in Egypt offline|date=2011-01-28|publisher=bgpmon.net}}</ref><ref name="renesys1">{{cite web| last =Cowie| first =James| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Egypt Leaves the Internet| work =| publisher =[[Renesys]]| date =| url =http://www.renesys.com/blog/2011/01/egypt-leaves-the-internet.shtml | doi =| accessdate =28 January 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5w51j0pga |archivedate=28 January 2011|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
  
 
== ISPs down ==
 
== ISPs down ==
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The [[New Hampshire]] (United States)-based network security firm [[Renesys]] reported that the five major Egyptian service providers--[[Telecom Egypt]], [[Vodafone]]/Raya, [[Link Egypt]], [[Etisalat|Etisalat Misr]], and [[Internet Egypt]]--all went dark one after the other  between 22:12 and 22:25 UTC (12:12-12:25 a.m. Friday 28 January Cairo time).  As a result, approximately 93% of all Egyptian networks were unreachable as of late afternoon.<ref name="renesys1" /> The shutdown happened within the space of a few tens of minutes, not instantaneously, which Renesys interpreted as companies receiving phone calls one at a time, ordering them to shutdown access, rather than an automated system taking all providers down at once.<ref name="renesys1" />
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The [[New Hampshire]] (United States)-based network security firm [[Renesys]] reported that the five major Egyptian service providers--[[Wikipedia:Telecom Egypt]], [[Wikipedia:Vodafone]]/Raya, [[Wikipedia:Link Egypt]], [[Wikipedia:Etisalat Misr]], and [[Wikipedia:Internet Egypt]]--all went dark one after the other  between 22:12 and 22:25 UTC (12:12-12:25 a.m. Friday 28 January Cairo time).  As a result, approximately 93% of all Egyptian networks were unreachable as of late afternoon.<ref name="renesys1" /> The shutdown happened within the space of a few tens of minutes, not instantaneously, which Renesys interpreted as companies receiving phone calls one at a time, ordering them to shutdown access, rather than an automated system taking all providers down at once.<ref name="renesys1" />
  
 
Analysis by BGPMon<ref name="bgpmon">http://bgpmon.net/blog/?p=450</ref> showed that only 26 [[BGP routes]] of the registered 2903 routes to Egyptian networks remained active after the blackout was first noticed; this is an estimate of 88% of the whole Egyptian network disconnected. [[RIPE NCC]] has two [http://stat.ripe.net/egypt/ graphs] of routing activity from Egypt, announcements/withdrawals and available prefixes, including a snapshot of activity during the shutdown.<ref name="stat-ripe">[http://stat.ripe.net/egypt/ routing activity in Egypt]</ref>
 
Analysis by BGPMon<ref name="bgpmon">http://bgpmon.net/blog/?p=450</ref> showed that only 26 [[BGP routes]] of the registered 2903 routes to Egyptian networks remained active after the blackout was first noticed; this is an estimate of 88% of the whole Egyptian network disconnected. [[RIPE NCC]] has two [http://stat.ripe.net/egypt/ graphs] of routing activity from Egypt, announcements/withdrawals and available prefixes, including a snapshot of activity during the shutdown.<ref name="stat-ripe">[http://stat.ripe.net/egypt/ routing activity in Egypt]</ref>
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Translations of some calls are posted at [http://egypt.alive.in alive in egypt]</ref> Twitter was used by a large number of users outside Egypt for up-to-the-minute commentary on the situation and several news sources provided real-time coverage. But few people from inside the country use Twitter (there are only 14,000 Twitter users in Egypt,  according to the social media firm [[Sysomos]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.sysomos.com/2011/01/31/egyptian-crisis-twitte/|title=Egyptian Crisis: The Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted|date=31 Jan 2011|accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref>). Twitter has set up a new account @twitterglobalpr to talk specifically about Egypt's use of the tool<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/twitter_blocked_in_egypt.php|title=Twitter Blocked in Egypt|date=31 January 2011|accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref> after it was blocked on 25 January.<ref>[http://twitter.com/#!/twitterglobalpr/status/30063209247408128 Twitter]</ref>
 
Translations of some calls are posted at [http://egypt.alive.in alive in egypt]</ref> Twitter was used by a large number of users outside Egypt for up-to-the-minute commentary on the situation and several news sources provided real-time coverage. But few people from inside the country use Twitter (there are only 14,000 Twitter users in Egypt,  according to the social media firm [[Sysomos]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.sysomos.com/2011/01/31/egyptian-crisis-twitte/|title=Egyptian Crisis: The Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted|date=31 Jan 2011|accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref>). Twitter has set up a new account @twitterglobalpr to talk specifically about Egypt's use of the tool<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/twitter_blocked_in_egypt.php|title=Twitter Blocked in Egypt|date=31 January 2011|accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref> after it was blocked on 25 January.<ref>[http://twitter.com/#!/twitterglobalpr/status/30063209247408128 Twitter]</ref>
  
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[[Image:RadioCairoNetworkQuoteErrorUnquote.jpg|thumb|widthpx|Radio Cairo DNS error]]
 
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Beginning on the first day of protests the Egyptian government censored most of the [[media of Egypt|media outlets inside Egypt]] and took measures to block social media websites<ref name="Facebook & Twitter Both Blocked in Egypt">{{cite web|author=Kessler, Sarah|url=http://mashable.com/2011/01/26/facebook-blocked-in-egypt/|title=Facebook & Twitter Both Blocked in Egypt|publisher=[[Mashable]]|accessdate=27 January 2011}}</ref> which had helped protesters to spread news about the events on the ground. On 27 January, it was reported that the government had blocked text messaging and [[BlackBerry]] messaging services.<ref name="BlackBerry Internet Service Reportedly Blocked In Egypt">{{cite web|author=Rao, Leena|url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/01/27/blackberry-internet-service-reportedly-blocked-in-egypt|title=BlackBerry Internet Service Reportedly Blocked In Egypt|work=[[Techcrunch]]|date=27 January 2011|accessdate=27 January 2011}}</ref> Starting just after midnight local time on the night of 27/28 January<ref name="jamescowie_techdetails_Egyptfullblock"/> the Egyptian government almost entirely cut off [[Internet in Egypt#2011 Internet shutdown|
 
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Internet access]]<ref name="jamescowie_techdetails_Egyptfullblock">{{cite web| last =Cowie| first =James| title =Egypt Leaves the Internet|publisher =[[Renesys]]| date =| url =http://www.renesys.com/blog/2011/01/egypt-leaves-the-internet.shtml| accessdate =28 January 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5w51j0pga|archivedate=28 January 2011|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="IDGnews_Egyptfullblock">{{cite news| first=Jeremy| last=Kirk| pages=| language =| title=With Wired Internet Locked, Egypt Looks to the Sky| date=28 January 2011| publisher=''[[IDG|IDG News]]'' (via ''[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]'')| url=http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/218064/with_wired_internet_locked_egypt_looks_to_the_sky.html|accessdate=28 January 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5w518Yu9B|archivedate=28 January 2011|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pomed.org/blog/2011/01/egypt-ap-confirms-government-has-disrupted-internet-service.html/|title=Egypt: AP Confirms Government has Disrupted Internet Service|publisher=pomed.org|date=|accessdate=28 January 2011}}</ref> in an act of unprecedented<ref name="jamescowie_techdetails_Egyptfullblock"/><ref name="IDGnews_Egyptfullblock"/> [[Internet censorship]]. Virtually all of Egypt's Internet addresses were unreachable, worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kanalley, Craig|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/27/egypt-internet-goes-down-_n_815156.html|title=Egypt's Internet Shut Down, According to Reports|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=27 January 2011|accessdate=28 January 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://renesys.com/blog/ "Egyptian Internet Shut-Down Video"].  renesys.com.</ref> In response, Egyptians, with the help of assorted [[hacktivism|hacktivists]] worldwide,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/huffpost/20110130/cm_huffpost/815889 |title=Anonymous Internet Users Help Egypt Communicate  |publisher=News.yahoo.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> circumvented the restrictions by variously using the [[Tor anonymity network]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/recent-events-egypt |title=Recent events in Egypt blog on [[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor]] |publisher=Blog.torproject.org |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> [[smartphone]]s as modems, [[land line]]s with [[dial-up modem]]s to make international calls to access the internet, fax machines in universities and embassies, and even [[ham radio]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfnews13.com/article/news/2011/january/202674/Egypt-without-Internet|title=Egypt Without Internet|publisher=Cfnews13.com|date=|accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref> After Egypt's last functional internet service provider, Noor Data Networks, finally went offline,<ref>{{cite web|last=Zmijewski |first=Earl |url=http://www.renesys.com/blog/2011/01/egypts-net-on-life-support.shtml |title=Egypt's Net on Life Support - Renesys Blog |publisher=Renesys.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> the internet activist group Telecomix rated Egyptian internet access on par with that of [[North Korea]] and [[Burma]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Tay |first=Liz |url=http://www.itnews.com.au/News/246715,more-trouble-for-egypt-when-the-lights-flick-back-on.aspx |title=More trouble for Egypt when the lights flick back on |publisher=Itnews.com.au |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref>
 
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On 1 February, [[Google]] and [[Twitter]] launched the so-called speak-to-tweet system that allows people caught up in the unrest to post messages, without any need to use an internet connection, by dialing an international telephone number and leaving a [[voicemail]] message. The message is then sent out as a tweet with the [[hashtag]] of the #state, where the call came from.<ref>[http://twitter.com/speak2tweet speak2tweet] at [[Twitter]]<br />
 
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Translations of some calls are posted at [http://egypt.alive.in alive in egypt]</ref> Twitter was used by a large number of users outside Egypt for up-to-the-minute commentary on the situation and several news sources provided real-time coverage. But few people from inside the country use Twitter (there are only 14,000 Twitter users in Egypt,  according to the social media firm [[Sysomos]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.sysomos.com/2011/01/31/egyptian-crisis-twitte/|title=Egyptian Crisis: The Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted|date=31 Jan 2011|accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref>). Twitter has set up a new account @twitterglobalpr to talk specifically about Egypt's use of the tool<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/twitter_blocked_in_egypt.php|title=Twitter Blocked in Egypt|date=31 January 2011|accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref> after it was blocked on 25 January.<ref>[http://twitter.com/#!/twitterglobalpr/status/30063209247408128 Twitter]</ref>
 
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
 
* [[Wikipedia:Internet in Egypt#2011 Internet shutdown]]
 
* [[Wikipedia:Internet in Egypt#2011 Internet shutdown]]
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* [[Wikipedia:Egyptian protests#Media censorship]]
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* [[Wikipedia:2011 Egyptian protests#Media censorship]]
  
 
== Citation ==
 
== Citation ==
 
{{reflist|2}}
 
{{reflist|2}}
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[[Category:2010–2011 North Africa protests]][[Category:Egyptian protests]][[Category:Riots]][[Category:Politics of Egypt]][[Category:Internet in specific countries]][[Category:Internet censorship]][[Category:Internet technical issues]]

Latest revision as of 22:42, 2 February 2011

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Internet censorship in Egypt
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DEL
File:Switch off internet in case of political dissent.jpg
Satirical graphic made in reaction to the internet blackout in Egypt

On January 25 and 26, 2011, Wikipedia:Twitter was blocked in Egypt due to the 2011 Egyptian protests (WP),[1] and Facebook was later blocked as well.[2]

On January 27, various reports claimed that access to the Internet in the entire country had been shut down.[3] The authorities responsible achieved this by shutting down the country's official Domain Name System, in an attempt to stop mobilisation for anti-government protests.[4] Later reports stated that almost all Wikipedia:BGP announcements out of the country had been withdrawn, almost completely disconnecting the country from the global Internet, with only a single major provider, Wikipedia:Noor Data Networks, remaining up.[5][6][7]

The Hacktivism group Anonymous displayed the altruistic side of direct action for the uninitiated, with techniques used in the 1989 Beijing protests, to update Egyptians behind the information 'Iron Curtain' as Andy Greenberg dubbed it;[8] Egypt's loss of internet access had kept them from news about WikiLeaks-intercepted Egyptian diplomatic cables, but Anonymous ducked under the obstruction with a low-tech solution: Faxes.[8]


ISPs down[edit]

The New Hampshire (United States)-based network security firm Renesys reported that the five major Egyptian service providers--Wikipedia:Telecom Egypt, Wikipedia:Vodafone/Raya, Wikipedia:Link Egypt, Wikipedia:Etisalat Misr, and Wikipedia:Internet Egypt--all went dark one after the other between 22:12 and 22:25 UTC (12:12-12:25 a.m. Friday 28 January Cairo time). As a result, approximately 93% of all Egyptian networks were unreachable as of late afternoon.[7] The shutdown happened within the space of a few tens of minutes, not instantaneously, which Renesys interpreted as companies receiving phone calls one at a time, ordering them to shutdown access, rather than an automated system taking all providers down at once.[7]

Analysis by BGPMon[9] showed that only 26 BGP routes of the registered 2903 routes to Egyptian networks remained active after the blackout was first noticed; this is an estimate of 88% of the whole Egyptian network disconnected. RIPE NCC has two graphs of routing activity from Egypt, announcements/withdrawals and available prefixes, including a snapshot of activity during the shutdown.[10]

Noor not blocked[edit]

The Noor Advanced Technologies[11] network initially appeared to be unaffected by the block.[12] Noor provides services to "large, multi-national companies like Coca-Cola, Canon, Ernst & Young, Microsoft, FedEx, and Exxon Mobil",[12] ministers, banks, 5-star hotels, the Cairo Stock Exchange and American University in Cairo[13]. Routes to the Noor network started to be withdrawn 20:46 UTC January 31.

Free modem access[edit]

Internet service providers such as the French Data Network (FDN) provided free (zero-cost) dial-up access to Egyptians with landline (analogue) international telephone access. FDN provided the service as a matter of principle, to "contribute to the freedom of expression of the Egyptian people and allow them to keep a connection with the rest of the world."[12]

Radio Cairo DNS error

Beginning on the first day of protests the Egyptian government censored most of the media outlets inside Egypt and took measures to block social media websites[14] which had helped protesters to spread news about the events on the ground. On 27 January, it was reported that the government had blocked text messaging and BlackBerry messaging services.[15] Starting just after midnight local time on the night of 27/28 January[16] the Egyptian government almost entirely cut off Internet access[16][17][18] in an act of unprecedented[16][17] Internet censorship. Virtually all of Egypt's Internet addresses were unreachable, worldwide.[19][20] In response, Egyptians, with the help of assorted hacktivists worldwide,[21] circumvented the restrictions by variously using the Tor anonymity network,[22] smartphones as modems, land lines with dial-up modems to make international calls to access the internet, fax machines in universities and embassies, and even ham radio.[23] After Egypt's last functional internet service provider, Noor Data Networks, finally went offline,[24] the internet activist group Telecomix rated Egyptian internet access on par with that of North Korea and Burma.[25]

On 1 February, Google and Twitter launched the so-called speak-to-tweet system that allows people caught up in the unrest to post messages, without any need to use an internet connection, by dialing an international telephone number and leaving a voicemail message. The message is then sent out as a tweet with the hashtag of the #state, where the call came from.[26] Twitter was used by a large number of users outside Egypt for up-to-the-minute commentary on the situation and several news sources provided real-time coverage. But few people from inside the country use Twitter (there are only 14,000 Twitter users in Egypt, according to the social media firm Sysomos.[27]). Twitter has set up a new account @twitterglobalpr to talk specifically about Egypt's use of the tool[28] after it was blocked on 25 January.[29]


External links[edit]

Citation[edit]

  1. ↑ TechCrunch: Twitter blocked in Egypt
  2. ↑ Wall Street Journal, Egypt Communications Cut Ahead Of Further Protests
  3. ↑ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/27/egypt-internet-goes-down-_n_815156.html
  4. ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12306041
  5. ↑ Christopher Williams. How Egypt shut down the internet. Daily Telegraph.
  6. ↑ Internet in Egypt offline. bgpmon.net.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Cowie, James Egypt Leaves the Internet. Renesys. Archived from source 28 January 2011. URL accessed on 28 January 2011.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Security1871Share13diggsdigg73inShareAmid Digital Blackout, Anonymous Mass-Faxes WikiLeaks Cables To Egypt 28 Jan '11, Andy Greenberg, The Firewall
  9. ↑ http://bgpmon.net/blog/?p=450
  10. ↑ routing activity in Egypt
  11. ↑ About us – NOOR – Empowering the realities of life.. Noor Advanced Technologies. Archived from source 2011-01-31. URL accessed on 2011-01-31.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Albanesius, Chloe (2011-01-31). "Egypt Turns to Sole Provider, Dial-Up for Internet Access". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on 2011-01-31. http://www.webcitation.org/5w9e3qolv. Retrieved 2011-01-31. </li>
  13. ↑ Egypt's Net on Life Support. Renesys.
  14. ↑ Kessler, Sarah. Facebook & Twitter Both Blocked in Egypt. Mashable. URL accessed on 27 January 2011.
  15. ↑ Rao, Leena. BlackBerry Internet Service Reportedly Blocked In Egypt. Techcrunch. URL accessed on 27 January 2011.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Cowie, James Egypt Leaves the Internet. Renesys. Archived from source 28 January 2011. URL accessed on 28 January 2011.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Kirk, Jeremy (28 January 2011). "With Wired Internet Locked, Egypt Looks to the Sky". IDG News (via PC World). Archived from the original on 28 January 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5w518Yu9B. Retrieved 28 January 2011. </li>
  18. ↑ Egypt: AP Confirms Government has Disrupted Internet Service. pomed.org. URL accessed on 28 January 2011.
  19. ↑ Kanalley, Craig. Egypt's Internet Shut Down, According to Reports. The Huffington Post. URL accessed on 28 January 2011.
  20. ↑ "Egyptian Internet Shut-Down Video". renesys.com.
  21. ↑ Anonymous Internet Users Help Egypt Communicate. News.yahoo.com. URL accessed on 2011-02-02.
  22. ↑ Recent events in Egypt blog on Tor. Blog.torproject.org. URL accessed on 2011-02-02.
  23. ↑ Egypt Without Internet. Cfnews13.com. URL accessed on 1 February 2011.
  24. ↑ Zmijewski, Earl Egypt's Net on Life Support - Renesys Blog. Renesys.com. URL accessed on 2011-02-02.
  25. ↑ Tay, Liz More trouble for Egypt when the lights flick back on. Itnews.com.au. URL accessed on 2011-02-02.
  26. ↑ speak2tweet at Twitter
    Translations of some calls are posted at alive in egypt
  27. ↑ Egyptian Crisis: The Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted. URL accessed on 31 January 2011.
  28. ↑ Twitter Blocked in Egypt. URL accessed on 31 January 2011.
  29. ↑ Twitter

    30. </ol>

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