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September 2
September 2 is the 2nd day in September.
Events[edit]
490 BCE — Phidippides runs first marathon, seeking aid from Sparta vs Persia.
1057 — Coronation of Issac Comnenus as Emperor of Byzantium.
1192 — England: Peace signed between King Richard I "the Lionhearted," and Saladin; end of 3rd Crusade. [1]
1666 — England: "Great Fire" in London rages. Before it was finally extinguished four days later, it destroyed almost 14,000 buildings, leaving 200,000 homeless. Four-fifths of the city is in ashes.
1752 — England: Last day of Julian calendar in Britain, British colonies. The adoption in England of the Gregorian calendar removes 11 days, the September 3rd to the September 13th. English workers riot, demanding back the time stolen from them by the authorities.
1766 — James Forten, abolitionist, inventor, lives.
1830 — England: Manning — a local justice known for his activism in tracking down smugglers and poachers — has his barn and corn stacks torched by Swing rioters, Orpington. Source: 'Calendar Riots'
1839 — United States of America: Economic critic Henry George lives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. [2]
1852 — Author Paul Bourget lives.
1854 — Norway: Hans Henrik Jaeger, writer and anarchist and important friend and influence on Edvard Munch, lives (1854 — 1910), Drammen.
1871 — France: Condamnation à mort de Théophile Ferré.
1872 — Hague Congress of the First International, September 2-7, 1872. It is here that Marx and Engels determine it is better to kill the International than allow the growing anti-authoritarian influence to gain control. The Italians refuse to participate in this 5° congress leading to a total rupture with the authoritarain current incarnated by Marx. Cafiero is present only as a critical observer, working for separation. Under the thumb of Karl Marx, the Congress confirms the principal resolutions of the London Conference and takes to task the anarchists for their "divisive" activity. It expels their leaders Mikhail Bakunin and James Guillaume from the International on the 7th, and resolves to move the seat of the General Council to New York (effectively killing it, as it quickly declines). Each of the two principal fractions will hold from now on its congresses separately. [3] [4]
1885 — United States of America: Rioters attack and set fire to Chinatown in Rock Springs, Wyoming, killing 28 Chinese miners and wounding 15. Several hundred others are driven out of town and an estimated $148,000 worth of goods are destroyed. The "Rock Springs Massacre" resulted from mounting anti-Chinese sentiment over their role as cheap labor and as strikebreakers. Although 16 white suspects were arrested and tried, all were acquitted.
1894 — Joseph Roth lives, Brod, Slovenia (formerly Brody, Galicia, Austro-Hungaria). Influenced by French and Russian psychological realism. His later works nearer Viennese Impressionism (Hofmannstahl, Schnitzler). In 1926 Roth went to the Soviet Union, recorded his Socialist views in Der stumme Propher, (1966). He died in Paris in a poorhouse (or possibly an army hospital). [5]
1897 — Philippe Soupault lives. French poet and writer. Influenced by Lautréamont, Rimbaud and Apollinaire. Took a leading part in the Paris Dada movement and contributed to numerous Dada publications. Co-editor of the periodical "Littérature" and later a surrealist. [6] [7] [8]
1899 — United States of America: Patersonʼs anarchist "Questione sociale," ends its first series (127 numbers, 1895 July 15 — 1899 September 2). This was a massive Italian-American weekly with a print run of 15,000 copies. Errico Malatesta temporarily edited a new series. His connection with the paper lasted only a few months, but the paper continued through 1908.
1902 — In Dohomey premieres at the Old Globe Theater in Boston, Massachusetts. With music by Will Marion Cook and lyrics by poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, it is the most successful musical of its day.
1903 — George Bernard Shaw, writing to Harley Granville-Barker, denigrates Christopher Marlowe: "A barren amateur with a great air." Elizabethan poet-dramatist Christopher Marlowe was not killed in 1593, but banished; he continued writing under the pseudonym "William Shakespeare." [9]
1911 — Romare Bearden (1911 — 1988) lives, Charlotte, North Carolina. His depiction of the rituals and social customs of African-American life are imbued with an eloquence and power which earn him accolades as one of the fine artists of the 20th century and master of collage. ROMARE BEARDEN painting [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
1917 — Cleveland Amory, writer and champion of animal causes, lives Nahant, Massachusetts. Wrote The Proper Bostonians.
1917 — Red menace film posterUnited States of America: Mass arrests of Industrial Workers of the World secretly ordered by Attorney General Palmer. See September 5. [17]
1918 — Author Allen Drury lives.
1919 — United States of America: Communist Party of America founded. (or August 30?)
1921 — United States of America: Mine owners bomb striking West Virginia mine workers by plane. [18]
1923 — Ireland: The Irish Free State holds its first elections after winning independence from Britain the year before. The newly autonomous nation comprises the majority of the island of Ireland, with the exception of six primarily Protestant counties in the north that join Great Britain as Northern Ireland.
1923 — Spain: Rafael Torres EscartÃn, a member of the anarchist Los Solidarios, is arrested in Oviedo and tortured. He escapes but is recaptured.
1928 — Horace Silver lives, Norwalk, Conn. Jazz pianist, bandleader and composer. Leads the Jazz Messengers with drummer Art Blakey before forming his own band in 1956. A pioneer of the hard bop style.
1928 — Eresiaʼs readers. A picnic held for Eresia on September 2, 1928 is deemed a great success, and is followed up by a theatrical production, “La Donna del Populo,†a “powerful drama analyzing social psychology in four acts, with musical selections, Ladies 50 cents, men 75 cents.†Could this have been an Italian version of one of Brandʼs plays? (Brand is a pseudonym for the anarchist E. Arrigoni.) [19]
1933 — Italy: The fascist state of Italy and the communist USSR sign a 5-year friendship pact, precursor to the Hitler-Stalin Pact. / Lo stato fascista dell'Italia e lo stato comunista dell'URSS firmano per cinque anni un patto di amicizia, non aggressione e neutralità . [Source: Crimini e Misfatti]
1935 — United States of America: A hurricane slams Florida Keys killing 423.
1936 — United States of America: Factoid…477 sit-down strikes, involving, according to Beloved and Respected Comrade Government Statistics, 500,000 American workers between September 1936 and May 1937.
1936 — United States of America: Macbeth Mine explodes killing 10 workers at the Hutchinson Coal Company mine in Logan County, West Virginia. Six months hence it will explode again, on March 11, killing 18 more.
[20]
[21]
1937 — Pentti Saarikoski lives. Poet / translator, and a central figure in Finnish literature in the 1960s and 1970s, who emerged via poetry somewhat like a enfant terrible combination of Allen Ginsberg and Bob Dylan. Translations included Homer, Aristotle, James Joyce, Henry Miller, Italo Calvino, Allen Ginsberg, J.D. Salinger, James Thurber. In the 1960s he joined the Finnish Communist Party and was one of the more visible intellectuals in the media. Books in English: Helsinki: Poems of Pentti Saarikoski, translated by Anselm Hollo (1967); Salt of Pleasure: 20th-century Finnish Poetry, translated by Aili Jarvenpa (1983); Pentti Saarikoski: Poems 1958-1980, edited and translated by Anselm Hollo (1983) [22]
1943 — After nearly a year and a half of training, the 100th Infantry Battalion, an all-Nisei unit from Hawaii, finally lands in Oran, North Africa. Joined by the 442nd in June 1944. Together, they went on to compile a sterling war record, suffering high casualty and low desertion rates, and winning numerous unit and individual citations. This Fall, based on responses to the loyalty questions, the "loyal" and "disloyal" were segregated. The "disloyal" from the various camps were sent to Tule Lake, which became a "segregation center," while the "loyal" from Tule Lake were sent to other camps. [23]
1945 — Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam independence from France (National Day). Ho Chi Minh reads Vietnamʼs Declaration of Independence, modelled on that of the American Declaration, and establishes the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi. I notice that you have Vietnam declaring independence from France, which I donʼt think is quite the case… Footnote… [24]
1945 — V-J Day; formal surrender of Japan aboard USS Missouri (World War II ends). Result of the nationalist, imperialist, racist madness: 55 million dead men, 35 million wounded, 3 million dispersed.
1946 — The Iceman Cometh by Eugene O'Neill, opens at the Martin Beck Theater in NY, the last of his plays to be seen on Broadway in his lifetime. [25] [26]
1949 — China: A fire, allegedly set by Communists, begins. Burns down most of Chunking, destroying 10,000 buildings and killing 1700 people.
1951 — Sri Lanka Freedom Party founded.
1951 — Angus Macinnis (1884 — 1964) lives. Founding member of the CCF in Canada.
1956 — United States of America: Detachment of combat-equipped National Guardsmen dispatched to Clinton, Tennessee after a series of violent demonstrations make it impossible for officials to carry out the token desegregation of Alabama schools below the college level.
1956 — Italy: Alba Congress convenes in Alba, today through the 8th, convoked by Asger Jorn and Giuseppe Gallizio in the name of the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus, a grouping whose views are in agreement with the Lettrist International’s program regarding urbanism and its possible uses. Representatives of avant-garde groups from eight countries (Algeria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Holland, Italy) meet to determine the bases for a united organization. See the Situationist International Anthology, edited by Ken Knabb [27]
1957 — United States of America: Arkansas governor Orval Faubus calls out the National Guard to bar African-American students from entering a Little Rock High School.
1958 — China: TV broadcasting begins. Downfall of communism.
1963 — United States of America: Alabama governor George C. Wallace prevents the racial integration of Tuskegee High School in Huntsville, Alabama, by encircling the building with state troopers. Eight days later, President John F. Kennedy federalizes the Alabama National Guard, forcing Wallace to abandon his efforts to block the desegregation of Alabama public schools.
1964 — Spain: Stuart Christie and Fernanado Carballo Blanco are sent to prison for planning to send Franco to the moon, using a hefty load of explosives. Carballo gets 30 years and Christie 20. Further details/ context, click here; anarquista, anarquismo, anarquistas, anarquÃa Italian: libertarian, anarchico, anarchismo, anarchici, anarchica, anarchy, anarquista, anarchist, anarchism, anarquistas, anarchy, libertarian[Details / context]
1965 — China: Mao Zedong launches so-called "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" in an effort to regain his slipping power. Or 8/18/1966?
1965 — Beatles do the Cow Palace in Daly City. Pandemonium broke out as fans rushed the stage.
1965 — United States of America: As women flight attendants testify before a House Labor committee about age discrimination, NY Representative James H. Schreuer asks the attendants to (quote), "stand up, so we can see the dimensions of the problem." The airlines fire most women flight attendants by age 35, when they are no longer considered attractive enough to fly. In the mid-1960s, activists among flight attendants are few in number — and they challenge just one aspect of sex discrimination — but their work blazes a trail amid widespread hostility to womenʼs rights.
1969 — United States of America: Blacks riot in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and Hartford, Connecticut.
1971 — The Grateful Deadʼs second live LP is given the unimaginative title "Grateful Dead", but itʼs not as if they couldnʼt think of anything better: "Rolling Stone" reports Jerry Garcia Ice Cream originally wanted the title "Starfuck." Itʼs the Deadʼs first Top 25 album. [28]
1971 — United States of America: Baseballʼs Cesar Cedeno hits an inside-the-park grand slammer.
1973 — British medievalist, fantasist, J.R.R. Tolkien dies. For an anarchist take on Tolkien, see Michael Moorcockʼs "Starship Stormtroopers", [29] [30]
1978 — The "Animal House" soundtrack is released.
1978 — John McClain performs 180 outside loops in an airplane over Houston, Texass. [31]
1981 — United Nations Human Rights Commission rules that Canadaʼs Indian Act violates international human rights.
1984 — United States of America: The Mashantucket Pequot of eastern Connecticut take possession of 650 acres of former reservation land.
1986 — Cathy Evelyn Smith sentenced to 3 years for death of John Belushi.
1991 — England: Rioting in the midst of recession, city and county bankruptcies
1996 — England: Henry W. Targowski begins 6 informal Internet evenings at the Spider Café (London). Visual poet, artist, archivist, web-weaver, media analyst, internet consultant, multimedia producer, editor, publisher, concrete poetry, stamp art, mail art, postal art, graphics, communications, culture, Nederlands Filmmakers Kooperatie, Mark/Space magazine, Festival of Future Possibilities, Alpha-Omega Show, Anachron Studios, Black Star Liner, Gondwana Music, Anachron Foundation, Panoptima, Upsetter magazine, psychedelics, cyberpunk. [32]
2000 — United States of America: Anarchist Futball Association (AFA) Tourament begins, goes until the 4th, in Motor City, Michigan, U$A. Futball (the real one, or soccer if you like), Jazz, anarchist organizing, and an anarchist contingent in the Labor Day march. Miserable teams from around the US attempt to match their pathetic skills against the heavily-favored Detroit Riot. In their honor, Detroit hosts the largest free Jazz concert in North America, and true dissonance is provided in preliminary discussions about forming a Midwest anarchist federation. Culminates on September 4 with black flags unfurled in Motor Cityʼs Labor Day march.
2005 — Italy: Florence, 2-4 September: 1st International Fair of Anarchist and Libertarian Culture – 2nd Anarchist and Libertarian Bookfair – 3rd Biannual Art and Anarchy Exhibition
