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Difference between revisions of "Nestor Makhno"
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| − | }}</ref> He opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution | + | }}</ref> He opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution leading an extraordinary guerrilla campaign and was committed to form an anarchist society, resisting state authority, both [[Capitalism|capitalist]] and authoritarian [[Marxist]].<ref name="OIHMW163"/> |
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| + | Nestor Makhno was born into a poor peasant family in [[Hulyai Pole]], Yekaterioslav Governorate in [[Novorossiya]] region of [[Russian Empire|Russia]] (now [[Zaporizhia Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]).<ref name="AP111">{{cite book | ||
| + | |author= Paul Avrich | ||
| + | |title= Anarchist portraits | ||
| + | |publisher= Princeton University Press | ||
| + | |location= | ||
| + | |year= 1988 | ||
| + | |pages= p111 | ||
| + | |isbn= 0691006091 | ||
| + | |oclc= | ||
| + | |doi= | ||
| + | }}</ref><ref name="NMAC17">{{cite book | ||
| + | |author= Alexandre Skirda | ||
| + | |title= Nestor Makhno: Anarchy's Cossack | ||
| + | |publisher= AK Press | ||
| + | |location= | ||
| + | |year= 2004 | ||
| + | |pages= p17 | ||
| + | |isbn= 1902593685 | ||
| + | |oclc= | ||
| + | |doi= | ||
| + | }}</ref> His father died when he was only ten months old. Due to extreme poverty, he had to work as a shepherd at the age of seven. Makhno studied at the Second Hulyai Pole primary school in winter at the age of eight and worked for local landlords during the summer. He left school at the age of twelve and was employed as a farmhand on the estates of nobles and on the farms of wealthy peasants called kulaks.<ref name=LIBCOMMAKHNO>[http://libcom.org/history/makhno-nestor-1889-1934 Makhno, Nestor, 1889-1934] ''Libcom''</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | At the age of seventeen, he was employed in Hulyai Pole itself as an apprentice painter, then as a worker in a local iron foundry and, ultimately worked as a founder in the same organization. During this time he became involved in revolutionary politics. His involvement in revolutionary politics was based on his experiences of injustice at work and seeing the terror of the [[Russian Empire|Tsarist regime]] during the 1905.<ref name=LIBCOMMAKHNO/> In 1906, he joined an anarchist organization in Hulyai Pole.<ref name="AP111"/> Makhno was arrested in 1906, tried, and acquitted, and was again arrested in 1907, but he could not be incriminated, and the charges were dropped. The third arrest came in 1908, when an infiltrator testified against him. In 1910 Makhno was sentenced to death by hanging, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and he was sent to [[Butyrka|Butyrskaya]] prison in [[Moscow]].<ref name=LIBCOMMAKHNO/> In prison he came under the influence of intellectual cell mate [[Piotr Arshinov]].<ref name=LIBCOMMAKHNO/><ref name="AP112">{{cite book | ||
| + | |author= Paul Avrich | ||
| + | |title= Anarchist portraits | ||
| + | |publisher= Princeton University Press | ||
| + | |location= | ||
| + | |year= 1988 | ||
| + | |pages= p112 | ||
| + | |isbn= 0691006091 | ||
| + | |oclc= | ||
| + | |doi= | ||
| + | }}</ref><ref name="RN173">{{cite book | ||
| + | |author= Edward R. Kantowicz | ||
| + | |title= The Rage of Nations | ||
| + | |publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing | ||
| + | |location= | ||
| + | |year= 1999 | ||
| + | |pages= p173 | ||
| + | |isbn= 0802844553 | ||
| + | |oclc= | ||
| + | |doi= | ||
| + | }}</ref> He was released from prison after the [[February Revolution]] in 1917.<ref name="AP112"/> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 04:11, 8 July 2008
Nestor Makhno (October 26, 1888 – July 25, 1934) was an anarcho-communist revolutionary who leaded the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine during the Russian Civil War.[1] He opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution leading an extraordinary guerrilla campaign and was committed to form an anarchist society, resisting state authority, both capitalist and authoritarian Marxist.[1]
Nestor Makhno was born into a poor peasant family in Hulyai Pole, Yekaterioslav Governorate in Novorossiya region of Russia (now Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine).[2][3] His father died when he was only ten months old. Due to extreme poverty, he had to work as a shepherd at the age of seven. Makhno studied at the Second Hulyai Pole primary school in winter at the age of eight and worked for local landlords during the summer. He left school at the age of twelve and was employed as a farmhand on the estates of nobles and on the farms of wealthy peasants called kulaks.[4]
At the age of seventeen, he was employed in Hulyai Pole itself as an apprentice painter, then as a worker in a local iron foundry and, ultimately worked as a founder in the same organization. During this time he became involved in revolutionary politics. His involvement in revolutionary politics was based on his experiences of injustice at work and seeing the terror of the Tsarist regime during the 1905.[4] In 1906, he joined an anarchist organization in Hulyai Pole.[2] Makhno was arrested in 1906, tried, and acquitted, and was again arrested in 1907, but he could not be incriminated, and the charges were dropped. The third arrest came in 1908, when an infiltrator testified against him. In 1910 Makhno was sentenced to death by hanging, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and he was sent to Butyrskaya prison in Moscow.[4] In prison he came under the influence of intellectual cell mate Piotr Arshinov.[4][5][6] He was released from prison after the February Revolution in 1917.[5]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Charles Townshend, John Bourne, Jeremy Black (1997). The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War, p. p163, Oxford University Press.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Paul Avrich (1988). Anarchist portraits, p. p111, Princeton University Press.
- ↑ Alexandre Skirda (2004). Nestor Makhno: Anarchy's Cossack, p. p17, AK Press.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Makhno, Nestor, 1889-1934 Libcom
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Paul Avrich (1988). Anarchist portraits, p. p112, Princeton University Press.
- ↑ Edward R. Kantowicz (1999). The Rage of Nations, p. p173, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
