Difference between revisions of "American Pie"

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Template:Infobox Single American Pie is an eight-and-a-half minute rock song by singer-songwriter Don McLean about "the day the music died."

Recorded in 1971 and released that year on the album of the same name, the single was a number-one U.S. hit for four weeks in 1972. The song is an allusive history of rock and roll that starts with the deaths of Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and J. P. Richardson, Jr. (The Big Bopper) in a plane crash in 1959, and ends in 1970. The importance of "American Pie" to America's musical and cultural heritage was recognized by the Songs of the Century education project which listed the song performed by Don McLean as the number five song of the twentieth century.

The song's lyrics are the subject of much debate. Although McLean dedicated the American Pie album to Buddy Holly, none of the singers in the plane crash are identified by name in the song itself. Music performers are also alluded to with easily decoded identifications, leading to much discussion, encouraged by McLean's canny lifelong refusal to explain the lyrics. Asked what "American Pie" meant, McLean once replied, "It means I never have to work again."^[1] Later, he more seriously stated, "You will find many 'interpretations' of my lyrics but none of them by me...Sorry to leave you all on your own like this but long ago I realized that songwriters should make their statements and move on, maintaining a dignified silence."^[2]

Recording history and release[edit]

"American Pie" was recorded by Don McLean on May 26, 1971, for Mediarts. The 45-rpm single record was cut for release with "Empty Chairs" on the B-side. On June 26, 1971, months before its release, "American Pie" aired on two New York City radio stations to honor the famous Fillmore East concert hall which held its final concert the next day, a time the disc jockeys felt was a day that music died in New York. This may also have been a reference to the lines "I went down to the Sacred Store/ Where I heard the music years before/ But the man there said the music wouldn't play". In October 1971, "American Pie" was released by United Artists, the company that bought Mediarts. The next month, the over eight-minute single version was released in two parts on the A- and B-sides. ^[3] "American Pie" first appeared on the Billboard charts on November 27, 1971, and rose to the top position in the United States from January 15 through February 5, 1972.

Interpretations[edit]

Don McLean's website describes the songwriter's purpose [11]:

"['American Pie' is] autobiographical and presents an abstract story of Don McLean's life from the mid 1950s until when he wrote the song in the late 1960s. It is almost entirely symbolized by the evolution of popular music over these years and represents a change from the lightness of the 1950s to the darkness of the late 1960s."

During its initial popularity, guessing the meaning of the song's lyrics was a popular pastime. Many radio stations and disc jockeys published unofficial interpretations. Over the years, assisted by the collective power of the Internet and McLean himself, something approaching a "standard interpretation" of the song has emerged. How much of it was actually in McLean's mind, consciously or subconsciously, when he wrote the lyrics, is often debated. The primary interpretation of "American Pie" in this article is based on McLean's stated intent, his other views, particularly regarding religion, war, and his life. These are used to filter alternative interpretations from the four sources (noted within the article as Dearborn, Kulawiec, Fann, Levitt) in the Reference section and other well-known events in music and American history. Each Reference section source, except for Kulawiec, was mentioned at one time or another on McLean's website and is in itself a compilation of the viewpoints of many more people as well as other references. Even so, "American Pie" remains somewhat of an enigma given McLean's sparse explanations. Though it is clear he intended multiple meanings for certain parts of his song, it is not clear where he intended to have them. When McLean's autobiographical theme is relaxed or ignored, the numerous allusions have been combined to create some novel impressionistic effects that have led to interpretations he may not have intended.

Autobiographical theme[edit]

Years after the original recordings, McLean said in 2000:

"The song starts off with my memories of the death of Buddy Holly. But it moves on to describe America as I was seeing it and how I was fantasizing it might become, so it's part reality and part fantasy but I'm always in the song as a witness or as even the subject sometimes in some of the verses."

He later went on to say, "The song was written as my attempt at an epic song about America, and I used the imagery of music and politics to do that."^[4]

The autobiographical theme of "American Pie" provides the chronological framework for the song's verses. The first verse describes McLean's memories of the music he loved as a young child and his reaction, at age thirteen, to the deaths of Holly, Valens, and Richardson. The phrase Miss American Pie suggests a contraction of Miss America and the old expression "as American as apple pie", both being icons of innocence and idealism; thus the expression "American Pie" likely represents the youthful, popular American culture of the mid- and late-1950s that involved the styles in music, dance, dress, movies, radio, television, and romance that McLean loved as a child and young teenager. The chorus marks the passing of that culture and its values with the accidental deaths of Holly, Valens, and Richardson in 1959.

The second verse describes McLean's perception of American culture during his innocent boyhood and the beginning of the loss of innocence thereafter. McLean personified that perception as Miss American Pie, referring to her as "you" in the lyrics. By imagining that he asks her whether she wrote "the book of love" and whether she has faith in God above, and if the Bible tells her so, McLean appears to express his belief about how important the moral and spiritual values of the Christian faith were for America at the time. In addition, McLean may have imagined Miss American Pie dancing at a sock hop with Buddy Holly, symbolizing America's love of 1950s rock and roll. Added to the gloom he experienced by the deaths of Holly, Valens, and Richardson, McLean alluded to "Lonely Teenager", a song by Dion and The Belmonts released in 1960. (Dion performed with the other three musicians the night before they perished.) McLean has mentioned that 1959 to 1963 marked his acquaintance with "the darker realities of adulthood": his father died in 1961; and in 1963, he dropped out of Villanova University to become a professional musician, and suffered as President Kennedy was assassinated. Finally, the verse includes an allusion to being stood up at a prom by referring to the song "A White Sport Coat (And A Pink Carnation)" (1957) by Marty Robbins that likely represents McLean's final separation from Miss American Pie. The lines describe the songwriter himself, a native of metropolitan New York City, as a broncin' buck with a pink carnation and a pick-up truck which likely refers to the rural American roots of many of the musicians he loved so well—Holly and Richardson were native Texans raised in small towns, and Robbins was a popular country and western music star from Arizona.

Bob Dylan performs just days after President Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963. The third verse of "American Pie" is largely about Dylan. (See the Bob Dylan section of this article.)

The third verse focuses on the rise of Bob Dylan, and corresponds to McLean's years as a young adult, the songwriter being inspired by The Weavers to become a professional folk singer at the time Dylan emerged as a powerful and popular musical force. From 1963 to 1969, McLean performed and toured with the likes of Pete Seeger, Herbie Mann, Brownie McGee, Sonny Terry, Melanie, Steppenwolf, Arlo Guthrie, Janis Ian, Josh White, and Ten Wheel Drive. McLean's intimate knowledge of Bob Dylan's songs is reflected in multiple verses. As an observer and participant in the 1960s American music scene, McLean traced the rise from obscurity and domination of American music by The Beatles (1959–1970), starting in the third verse; and highlighted the tribulations of The Byrds (1966–1967), and the widespread use of illicit drugs by young Americans in the fourth verse.

By 1968, McLean, at age 22, was invited to become "Hudson River Troubadour" by the New York State Council for the Arts. In the song's fifth verse, McLean is at odds with the cultural and musical trends represented by Woodstock, which took place in his native New York in 1969. He also conveys his disgust with The Rolling Stones (1968–1969) who were at the center of the Altamont Free Concert in December 1969. While McLean recorded his first album, Tapestry, in 1969, a student riot took place just outside the Berkeley, California studio's door. By the last verse, McLean is saddened by the death of Janis Joplin (1970), and is dejected by the dissolution of music as an uplifting, spiritual, and moral force in the face of overwhelming violence in America and abroad.

Overall, McLean's musical "evolution" started with Bob Dylan's celebration of expanding liberty, freedom, and individuality in "a voice that came from you and me"; moved through the drug-influenced culture of the mid- and late 1960s of "Helter Skelter" and "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" by The Beatles; and ended with the apparent masochistic violence in "Jumpin' Jack Flash" by The Rolling Stones and the real violent mayhem at the Altamont Speedway in 1969.

Cultural references[edit]

The Day the Music Died[edit]

Main article: The Day the Music Died

The Day the Music Died is the name McLean gave to February 3, 1959, the day an airplane carrying musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper crashed, killing all three. But, as he explained on his web site [12], the date has a profound meaning to McLean because it marked a major change in his life:

"In Don's life the transition from light (the innocence of childhood) to the darker realities of adulthood probably started with the death of Buddy Holly and culminated with the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963 and the start of a more difficult time for America."

From the standpoint of about 1970, the twenty-five year old songwriter recalled the effect of six transitions on the day the music died, noted at the end of each verse of "American Pie".

• In the first verse, McLean tries to remember how he felt when Holly, Valens, and The Big Bopper died when he was a thirteen year old boy: But February made me shiver with every paper I delivered; and I can't remember if I cried when I read about his widowed bride (referring to Holly's pregnant wife Maria Elena Holly). But at the end, all he can say is, But something touched me deep inside the day the music died.
• At the end of the second verse that describes McLean's perceptions of middle class America during the mid- and late-1950s, McLean believes that events after the day the music died would portend to bad times ahead: But I knew I was out of luck the day the music died.
• At the end of the third verse that focuses on the rise of Bob Dylan, McLean speaks for a generation of songwriters and musicians that misses Holly, Valens, and Richardson: And we sang dirges in the dark the day the music died.
• At the end of the fourth verse, where McLean witnesses the effects of drug use on rock music, he asks if there was some higher meaning related to February 3, 1959: Do you recall what was revealed the day the music died?
• After McLean witnesses a murder and beatings at the Altamont Free Concert in December 1969, in the fifth verse, he says that Satan was happy on the day the music died: I saw Satan laughing with delight the day the music died.
• Finally, at the conclusion of "American Pie", McLean sees Holly, Valens, and The Big Bopper off to heaven on February 3, 1959: And the three men I admire most:/ The Father, Son, and the Holy Ghost, / They caught the last train for the coast the day the music died.

The Chevy and the Levee[edit]

The chorus contains the line Drove my Chevy to the levee but the levee was dry, which may have multiple meanings. The first is derived from lines in the 1956, General Motors jingle "See the USA in Your Chevrolet", advertising that brand of vehicles [Fann]:

On a highway or road along the levee,

Performance is sweeter, nothing can beat her,

Life is completer in a Chevy.

Since traveling is a common metaphor for making one's way through life, driving a Chevy meant living in a patriotic, middle class lifestyle that the owner could be proud of. A drive on a "road along the levee" beside a river or other body of water represents a scenic, fulfilling sojourn, so, the missing water along the levee implies that the trip, life, became empty. In this interpretation, the loss associated with the departure, passing, or separation from Miss American Pie befits a mournful drinking song:

Them good ol' boys were drinking whisky and rye singing

This'll be the day that I die

This'll be the day that I die

That separation is similar to the one feared by the guy with his gal in the Buddy Holly and The Crickets' song "That'll Be The Day". [Dearborn, Kulawiec, Fann, Levitt]

It is possible that "the levee" also refers to the name of the bar in New Rochelle, New York (now known as the Beechmont Tavern) where McLean imagined he and his friends mourned the death of Buddy Holly. The next chorus phrase meaning whiskey in rye rather than whiskey and rye may refer to the nearby town of Rye where McLean would often go with his friends after The Levee closed. [alternative of Levitt]A sample of the song is currently in use on the Chevy commercial for one of their cars. The line "put the Chevy to the levy" is conveniently used as a marketing tool for the company.

The Chevy and the levee may refer to a famous lawsuit regarding an easement in which an owner of a Chevrolet truck owned an easement to cross a neighbor's land to get to the main highway. Unfortunately, over time, the dirt road on the easement would begin to flood during heavy rains. The original owner of the property with the easement road built a levee to keep his land [and the easement road] from flooding. Many years later, the subsequent landowner refused to repair the damaged levee and the easement road was impassable during a significant part of the year. The owner of the Chevy sued to require the owner of the levee to make repairs so that the easement could be used. The analogy here is the loss of the musicians in the crash are symbolized by the dry levee and the Chevy represents American culture.

In late 2006 / early 2007, TV ads for the Chevrolet automobile line played this segment of the song as an underscore.

Miss American Pie[edit]

Some mistakenly believe that "Miss American Pie" is the name of the airplane that crashed. This is an urban legend: the plane had no name, only a registration number N3794N.^[5] Others, however, believe that Miss American Pie refers to McLean's then girlfriend, Miss America. See the Autobiographic theme section for interpretation of the chorus and second verse.

This'll be the day that I die

The part of the refrain saying "This'll be the day that I die, this'll be the day that I die." could refer to Buddy Holly's song "That'll be the Day" where in one verse he states "That'll be the day that I die."

Religion[edit]

"American Pie" includes a number of Christian religious elements that includes an allusion to Jesus wearing his Crown of Thorns and the Trinity; and the mentioning of "angels born in hell", Satan, and titles of two songs with lyrics that allude to God. In addition, some people believe that "American Pie" alludes to the Apocalypse. The purpose of these elements probably is not to promote a Christian theme because in December 2005, McLean explained that he is a pantheist but not a Christian.^[6]

One purpose of the song's religious elements might be to remind the listener that music can provide spiritual fulfillment. McLean appears to have expressed his belief in this power of music in the two questions asked in the second verse: Now do you believe in rock and roll[?] and can music save your mortal soul[?]. It also seems that McLean believed the antithesis is true, that music can corrupt the soul since the fifth verse describes a murder while The Rolling Stones performed music with wicked themes at the Altamont Free Concert in December 1969.

The book of love and the Bible tells you so[edit]

The second verse of "American Pie" opens with a Christian theme: Did you write the book of love. The phrase refers to the title of the 1958 song "The Book of Love" by The Monotones [Dearborn, Kulawiec, Fann, Levitt], that includes the lines:

Tell me, tell me, tell me

Oh, who wrote the Book Of Love

I've got to know the answer

Was it someone from above?

The second verse also asks ... and do you have faith in God above? / If the Bible tells you so. Given McLean's characterization of 1950s American culture in the second verse, the line likely alludes to the title of the 1955 song "The Bible Tells Me So" by Don Cornell [Kulawiec, Levitt]. The song includes the word "faith" in the refrain:

Have faith, hope and charity

That's the way to live successfully

How do I know, the Bible tells me so

The line might also or alternatively allude to the popular nineteenth century hymn "Jesus Loves Me" [Kulawiec, Levitt] created by William Bradbury in 1862 with words drafted two years earlier by Anna Warner that includes the lines:

Jesus loves me, this I know

For the Bible tells me so

This verse may also allude to John Lennon's remarks that the Beatles were more popular than Jesus.

The Trinity[edit]

The final verse of "American Pie" includes the lines:

And the three men I admire most: The Father, Son, and the Holy Ghost,

They caught the last train for the coast the day the music died.

The three persons are an allusion to the Christian Trinity. The interpretation that is most consistent with song's events is that the three persons are The Big Bopper, Ritchie Valens, and Buddy Holly, respectively. [Kulawiec, Fann] Specifically, The Father is The Big Bopper, who was the oldest of the three musicians, as well as being the only father. At the time of Richardson's death at age 28, he had been married to Adrian Joy Fryon for over six years, and the couple had a daughter, Deborah, and were expecting a son, Jay Perry. The Son is Valens, who died as a child at age seventeen. The Holy Ghost of rock and roll is Buddy Holly because of his pervasive influence on that music (and it may very well be a pun on his name, "The Holly Ghost"). Holly was an original inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Their travel on "the last train for the coast" is a metaphor for death (a train, in dream symbolism, is traditionally interpreted that way), with the coast representing heaven as their final destination.

Numerous other trios have been suggested, the most popular being the three American leaders assassinated during the 1960s: President John F. Kennedy as The Father; his younger brother Robert F. Kennedy as the Son; and the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as the Holy Ghost. [Kulawiec, Fann]

New Age Religions and The Death of God[edit]

The line in the last verse, They caught the last train for the coast the day the music died, derives the notion of the Christian Trinity's departure, withdrawal or defeat, or abandonment. These may allude to the many New Age religions that took root in the west coast of the U.S. during the 1960s [one alternative of Kulawiec, Levitt], what some believe is the Christian God's abandonment of the United States [Fann], or the death of God himself (see God is dead) [Levitt].

Apocalypse and nuclear war[edit]

Some people believe that "American Pie" includes an allusion to a battle between Satan and the Christian Trinity in the fifth and sixth verses. The impression is enhanced by the fourth verse's conflict between "players", interpreted as everyday people who want to dance, being prevented from accessing a field already occupied by a "marching band" composed of sergeants, interpreted as a military force. Another area in which the idea of an apocalyptal Earth is exemplified are in the lines "The planes climbed high into the night/ To light the sacrificial rite/ I saw Satan laughing with delight/ The day the music died." This suggests that the planes are leaving to fight Satan's war, perhaps even going so far as to sacrifice another country. The image of desolation in the song's last lines, And in the streets the children screamed, the lovers cried, and the poets dreamed, / But not a word was spoken, the church bells all were broken, and the Trinity's subsequent departure or retreat, are interpreted as the Trinity's defeat [Fann]. Because the fourth verse mentions a fallout shelter and what might seem to be a bomb dropped from "Eight miles high", some people perceive that the desolation is the aftermath of a future nuclear war [Levitt] that a morally-weakened America, though still represented by the Trinity, loses to America's Cold War adversary, the Soviet Union that is represented by Satan. For some others, the crises illustrate a prophecy from the Book of Revelation that may or may not be realized as a nuclear war.

Music[edit]

In late 2006 / early 2007, TV ads for the Chevrolet automobile line played this segment of the song as an underscore.

In addition to the cultural references discussed above, there are several other references to events or changes in the world of music throughout "American Pie".

The decline of dance music[edit]

The fourth verse, which contains music references for 1966 to 1968, seems to mark the decline of rock and roll dance music where the lyrics reads:

... while the sergeants played a marching tune

We all got up to dance, oh but we never got the chance

'As the players tried to take the field, the marching band refused to yield.

The conflict between the sergeants and players may allude to competition between the newer, now classic rock, music style represented by The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and the earlier rock and roll style that invited dancing represented by groups like The Beach Boys. In "American Pie", the marching music is victorious, meaning McLean thought that the era of rock and roll dance music was over [Dearborn, Kulwiec]. Overall, McLean's football game image corresponds to The Beatles' domination of popular American music during the time as measured in the sheer volume of The Beatles' record sales. Both the June 1967 release of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and release of Magical Mystery Tour only five months later became U.S. best selling albums for 19 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively. The lines may contain additional or alternative references to the Vietnam War (discussed later), The Beatles' last live performance (see The Beatles section), and competition between The Beatles and The Byrds (see The Byrds section).

Bob Dylan[edit]

The jester, the king, and the queen[edit]

The third and fourth verses contain references to Bob Dylan. The third verse includes the lines:

When the jester sang for the king and queen in a coat he borrowed from James Dean

And a voice that came from you and me

Oh and while the king was looking down, the jester stole his thorny crown

A strong case has been made that the jester is Bob Dylan. [Dearborn, Kulawiec, Fann] James Dean famously wore a red windbreaker in the movie Rebel Without a Cause, and Dylan was shown in a windbreaker on the cover of one of his albums, Freewheelin' Bob Dylan. Dylan also described himself as a clown chasing his muse in "Mr. Tambourine Man" (1965). The fact that the jester sang in a "voice that came from you and me" would refer to the populist origins of American folk music. Rob Stoner, McLean's bassist on the album and former bassist and bandleader for Dylan, maintains that the 'Jester' reference indeed refers to Dylan.^[unverified]

Another interpretation of the "Coat Borrowed From James Dean" is the Levi jacket. The Levi jacket became popular with young people after James Dean wore one in the movie Rebel Without A Cause. Dylan frequently performed in one in early sixties.

The jester is mentioned again in the fourth verse line ... with the jester on the sidelines in a cast. Assuming the jester is Dylan, this refers to his July 29, 1966, motorcycle crash that left him badly injured. [Dearborn, Kulawiec, Fann]

In music, "the king" is Elvis Presley for McLean and much of America. [Dearborn, Kulawiec, Fann] "Looking down" refers to Presley's reduced success as a recording artist after 1963. The thorny crown, a Christian symbol for suffering, represents the price of fame and power — specifically, Presley's struggle to cope with celebrity. The jester stealing the king's crown probably refers to Dylan overtaking Presley in record sales by the mid-1960s and also suffering the side effects of celebrity. McLean's line, The courtroom was adjourned, no verdict was returned, may refer to America's continued regard for Presley as "The King" even though Dylan was in the limelight. [Kulawiec, Fann].

Also in music, "the queen" of rock and roll in the late 1950s was Connie Francis. As with Elvis Presley, Francis' music recording successes were used to launch a successful movie career. [one alternative of Dearborn, Kulawiec, Fann]

An alternate theory suggests that the "king and queen" are Pete Seeger and Joan Baez, regarded in the early 1960s as the king and queen of folk music. Seeger, who had strong ties to Dylan's inspiration, Woody Guthrie, was seen in the late 1950s and early '60s as the reigning figure in folk music, a title Dylan would soon steal. Dylan would also take up, both professionally and personally with Baez, the queen of folk. It has been suggested that the line "when the jester sang for the king and queen" could refer to the 1963 Newport Folk Festival, at which Baez and Seeger were in attendance, and which marked Dylan's rise to national fame.^[unverified]

A final theory, first offered on CBS News when the song was a hit in early 1972 suggests that the "king" is Little Richard, while Elvis Presley is the "jester." Under this interpretation, "the jester on the sidelines in a cast" refers to Presley giving more attention to making movies than to recording music.

The fourth verse ends with the rhetorical questions "Do you recall what was revealed?" This is a reference to Dylan's song "The Ballad of Frankie Lee and Judas Priest."

No one tried to say a thing When they took him out in jest, Except, of course, the little neighbor boy Who carried him to rest. And he just walked along, alone, With his guilt so well concealed, And muttered underneath his breath, "Nothing is revealed."

The Rolling Stones[edit]

Some believe the third verse's second line and moss grows fat on a rollin' stone is a reference to The Rolling Stones (see below). It is also a line from a verse in the Buddy Holly song "Early in the Morning". However, given that Bob Dylan is the main subject of the third verse, the phrase is more likely taken from the title of Dylan's 1965 hit, "Like a Rolling Stone". The line is a play on words on the proverb that "a rolling stone gathers no moss", but McLean says the stone grew moss by 1970 — a criticism of Dylan's relative, post-1966 motorcycle crash inertness, and diminished daring, creative energy, and intensity. From the vantage point of 1970, McLean notes Dylan's decline in the third line: But that's not how it used to be. The moss that grew fat around Dylan may represent all the musicians who prospered by performing Dylan's 1962-1965 songs like "Blowin' in the Wind", "Mr. Tambourine Man", "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right", "Like a Rolling Stone", and numerous others (see Bob Dylan), or the royalties Dylan earned from other performers' efforts.

The Beatles[edit]

The Beatles are linked to Buddy Holly because, in 1958, The Quarry Men that included John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison, and two others, produced the pre-Beatles trio's first ever recording — a demo that included an arrangement of "That'll Be The Day". In addition, The Beatles name was also an imitation of The Crickets name [13].

Lennon and Marx[edit]

The third verse ends with the following enigmatic lines:

And while Lennon read a book on Marx, the quartet practiced in the park

And we sang dirges in the dark the day the music died."

A historically consistent interpretation of the lyrics is that the quartet that practiced separately from the Marx-reading John Lennon on February 3, 1959, was an obscure band of teenagers known as The Les Stewart Quartet that included George Harrison. [14] Some versions of the lyric read Lenin rather than Lennon, in reference to Vladimir Lenin, the Russian communist revolutionary who died in 1924. In lieu of settling the debate, the American Pie liner notes teasingly offer the ambiguous Lennin.

The Les Stewart Quartet practiced to open the Casbah Coffee Club in the summer of 1959. [15] The Casbah was a Liverpool social club for teenagers, run by Mona Best, the mother of Pete Best. Harrison joined the Quartet after The Quarry Men that included founder, John Lennon, and Paul McCartney, broke-up in January 1959. However, The Les Stewart Quartet proved unstable, losing two members (Les Stewart and Ken Brown) who were replaced by Lennon and McCartney. The Quartet was recomposed as The Quarry Men, and its first performance was at the opening of the Casbah Club on August 29, 1959. Groucho and Me, Groucho Marx's humorous autobiography, was published in 1959. McLean may have imagined the eighteen year-old John Lennon reading the book after the break-up of his band in January. The Beatles' film A Hard Day's Night is also often said to have been influenced by the Marx Brothers. The "park" is likely the Casbah, as it was located at 8 Heyman's Green, West Derby, Liverpool.[16][17]

As alternatives, the quartet is often believed to be The Beatles, though, this would be inconsistent with interpreting Lennon reading and the quartet practicing as separate events because The Beatles quartet included John Lennon. The Beatles, however, did perform as a quintet consisting of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, Pete Best, and Chas Newby (substituting for Stuart Sutcliffe) at the Casbah Club in December 1960, after the group (that included Sutcliffe) performed for several months in Hamburg, Germany ^[7]. In this case, McLean might be alluding to Germany, since Marx could mean Karl Marx, a German, and meaning that Lennon read about communism [Kulawiec, Fann], creating a pun for the political theory Marxist-Leninism.

Some believe "Lennon read a book on Marx" suggests a reference to Lennon's song Imagine, since many of that song's lyrics parallel Marx's theories on communism. This is a coincidence, however, since at the time McLean recorded "American Pie" neither the Lennon song, nor the album of the same name had been released.

Another possibility is simply that the lyric is actually "Marks", not "Marx", its homonym, and that "Lennon" and "Marks were simply a play on words with "Lenin" and "Marx." The significance of "Lennon read a book of marks" is found in that Lennon was a heralded two-time author, of two delightfully absurdist, whimsical tomes - "In His Own Write" and "A Spaniard in the Works" - which contained poetry, and more telling, doodles and cartoons such as "The Wrestling Dog" - which could be construed as.... "marks." The biographers Peter Brown and Albert Goldman both commented that the same doodles that had once gotten Lennon in hot water as a schoolboy were now landing Lennon huge kudos from the most respectable corners of the literary community.

A more credible and obvious reference would be to the cover of the 1969 album "How Can You Be In Two Places At Once When You're Not Anywhere At All" by (American comedy troupe) The Firesign Theater, which features pictures of Groucho Marx and John Lennon being hailed as heroes by Russian-type politicos.

Also, "park" as a synonym for stadium could refer to any number Beatles' performances, including the August 15, 1965, show in Shea Stadium (which is located in Flushing Meadows Corona Park)^[8] [Kulawiec, Levitt], or The Beatles' last public concert at Candlestick Park in San Francisco, California on August 29, 1966 [Fann]; or to England or Europe where The Beatles "practiced" before first coming to America in 1964.

Helter skelter[edit]

The fourth verse begins with Helter skelter in a summer swelter. "Helter Skelter" is a Beatles song that was released in two versions on two albums. The "summer swelter" may allude to The Beatles' efforts during the summer of 1968 to record different versions of the song: one session to record a single over 27 minutes long and an edited version appearing on the 1996 The Beatles Anthology, Volume III; and another two day long session that included eighteen takes of approximately five minutes each to create the White Album version. The strain of the second session earned Ringo Starr blistered and bleeding fingers.

The "summer swelter" may also or alternatively refer to the August 9, 1969, Tate/LaBianca murders. The mastermind behind the killings, Charles Manson, claimed "Helter Skelter" inspired the bloodbaths he convinced his followers to commit. [alternative of Kulawiec, Fann] There was a heatwave in Los Angeles at the time of the murders.

The sergeants[edit]

Some people believe the lines in the fourth verse ... while the sergeants played a marching tune / We all got up to dance, oh but we never got the chance refers to The Beatles' (the sergeants) last live concert at Candlestick Park in San Francisco on August 29, because their performance lasted for only 35 minutes. The interpretation is inconsistent with The Beatles' discography because the concert pre-dates the 1967 release of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and the album's recording sessions which started on November 24, 1966.^[9]

Another interpretation of the following verse: "While sergeants played a marching tune, We all got up to dance, Oh, but we never got the chance, 'Cause the players tried to take the field, The marching band refused to yield" is that the music of the sixties was dominated by The Beatles, and for this reason other artists did not get a chance to shine.

The Byrds[edit]

The fourth verse contains the lines

... the birds flew off with a fallout shelter

Eight miles high and fallin' fast, it landed foul on the grass.

"The birds" are likely the American rock group The Byrds. The fact they "flew off with a fallout shelter" refers to their huge initial success, which they owed to their arrangement of Bob Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man". An American fallout shelter sign appears on Dylan's 1965 Bringing It All Back Home album cover containing the song. However, The Byrds' popularity suffered ("falling fast") when their reputation for drug use rubbed off on their 1966 release of "Eight Miles High". Many radio stations banned the recording when some thought it was about drug consumption ("it landed foul on the grass" - literally, a term from the American game of baseball). [Dearborn, Kulawiec, Fann]

With the fourth verse mentioning the songs "Helter Skelter" (1968) and "Eight Miles High" (1966), and 1966 as the "halftime" of the 1960s decade (1961-1970), and alluding to The Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (1967), McLean addressed the period, 1966 to early 1969, since the fifth verse alludes to two music concerts that took place in the second half of 1969. The lines, The players tried for a forward pass with the jester, on the sidelines in a cast, probably refers to Dylan's prolonged absence from recording after a serious motorcycle accident. [Dearborn, Kulawiec, Fann]

The Woodstock generation[edit]

McLean described his own generation as being lost to drug use in the opening of the fifth verse:

Oh, and there we were all in one place, a generation lost in space

With no time left to start again.

The generation is represented by the 400,000 to 500,000 mostly young people "all in one place", the Woodstock Music and Art Fair held at White Lake, New York, August 15-19, 1969. In addition, Woodstock hosted a gamut of some of the generation's greatest music artists. [Kulawiec, Fann]

It also makes yet another passing allusion to Christianity and Jesus' apostles. "There we were all in one place" may be an allusion to the Book of Acts in the New Testament: "When the day of Pentecost came, they were all together in one place." Bible: New International Version

"Lost in space" may have been an intentional corruption of the title of the 1967 musical "Hair" song "Walking In Space". The song vividly describes a clandestine, hallucinogenic drug experience. Alternatively, the term might refer to the state of being "spaced out", i.e., dazed from the intoxicating effects of drugs. Finally, it could alternatively or also refer to the popular, campy American television science fiction series of the time, Lost in Space, about a group of space travelers, that includes a family, who lose their way and are unable find their way back home. [alternatives of Kulawiec, Levitt]

McLean may have felt his generation permanently lost its innocence to drug use since it had "no time left to start again". The loss is represented in the verse's next lines that open a nursery rhyme to which McLean adds a perverted twist:

So, come on Jack be nimble, Jack be quick, Jack Flash sat on a candlestick 'cause

Fire is the devil's only friend

To start with, the lines allude to the well-remembered children's rhyme of Jack Be Nimble:

"Jack be nimble, Jack be quick Jack jumped over the candlestick."

Then, McLean layers the imagery: Jack flash is a British slang term for heroin, and its sitting on a candlestick is an image for preparing the drug for injection. [Levitt] In music, Jack Flash is the crazed character in the 1968 The Rolling Stones song "Jumpin' Jack Flash".^[10] McLean's adding "sat on a candlestick" to Jack Flash's list of pleasures may represent masochism. [Dearborn, Kulwiec, Fann] "Candlestick" may refer to Candlestick Park, a landmark of the San Francisco Bay Area that includes Livermore, where The Rolling Stones organized and held the Altamont Free Concert less than four months after Woodstock. (See the next section.)

The Rolling Stones[edit]

The Altamont Free Concert[edit]

The fifth verse is believed to describe the December 6, 1969 Altamont Free Concert, organized by The Rolling Stones, at the Altamont Speedway near Livermore, California, in which the Stones and others performed. The Stones and The Grateful Dead are identified by references to their songs, "Jumpin' Jack Flash" (1968) and "Friend of the Devil" (1970), respectively: So come on Jack be nimble, Jack be quick, Jack Flash sat on a candlestick 'cause / Fire is the devil's only friend, though the "devil" may rather allude to The Stones' 1968 song, "Sympathy for the Devil", a more historically consistent interpretation. The concert was captured on film in the 1970 documentary, named after the The Stones' 1969 song, Gimme Shelter. The "devil" is Mick Jagger, who performed "Sympathy for the Devil" that night dressed in black with a red cape before 300,000 people. "Angels born in hell" refers to members of the Hells Angels gang, who were hired to provide security. That night, gang members beat concert goers and Marty Balin of the band Jefferson Airplane. McLean, who did not attend the concert, wrote that he was enraged:

Oh, and as I watched him on the stage my hands were clenched in fists of rage

No angel born in hell

Could break that Satan's spell

McLean imagined the music agitating the Hells Angels into a killing frenzy that resulted in their stabbing to death the armed concert goer Meredith Hunter: And as the flames climbed high into the night to light the sacrificial rite. The murder, which occurred while the The Rolling Stones performed "Under My Thumb", was captured on film. Hundreds were injured in the violence. [Dearborn, Kulwiec, Fann] Coincidentally, McLean's album cover was a "thumbs-up" sign.

Janis Joplin[edit]

The final verse opens with I met a girl who sang the blues, which probably alludes to Janis Joplin, whom many consider to be the greatest white blues singer of all time. Her death through an accidental heroin overdose in October 1970, is alluded to in the third line: But she just smiled and turned away. [Dearborn, Kulawiec, Fann, Levitt]

The Vietnam War[edit]

Some people interpret the lines in the fourth verse

... while the sergeants played a marching tune

We all got up to dance, oh but we never got the chance

'Cause the players tried to take the field, the marching band refused to yield

as a reference to the Vietnam War, where the conflict is perceived between the U.S. government (represented by the sergeants) administering the draft and young people resisting it. [alternatives of Kulawiec, Fann] The players getting up to dance (the opposite of marching) trying to take the field might represent anti-war and anti-draft protesters. The marching band refusing to yield may represent security forces such as police, troops, or national guardsmen, or America's collective refusal to withdraw from Vietnam during the 1960s. This also may refer to the Kent State shootings where students protesting the Cambodian Incursion were attacked by Ohio National Guardsmen.

Some people also say the lines

As the planes climbed high into the night

To light the sacrificial rite

are a reference to the US bombings of Vietnam.

Covers and parodies[edit]

• The epic length and deeply personal nature of the song has made it largely resistant to cover versions; a few attempts have been made, however, first and most bizarrely by The Brady Bunch in 1972. Ska punk band Catch 22 made a reggae version of the song a staple of their live show and released several recordings of it; alternative rock band Killdozer recorded a thrashing, ironic version of the song in 1989. Additionally, several disco versions have appeared over the years.

• Country singer Garth Brooks would also sing this song during concerts in the early to mid-1990s and, during Brooks "Live in Central Park" concert, he performed this song as a duet with McLean himself at the end of the concert. The audience of over 100,000 people were also invited to sing the chorus lines near the end of the song.

• In 1999, parodist "Weird Al" Yankovic did a Star Wars-inspired lyrical adaptation of "American Pie" entitled "The Saga Begins" in which the lyrics recount the whole plot of Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace through the eyes of Obi-Wan Kenobi. While McLean gave permission for the parody, he did not make a cameo appearance in its video, despite popular rumour. However, he has stated that at live shows he almost starts singing Yankovic's lyrics, due to his children playing the song so often.

• A parody of American Pie about Bill Clinton's affair with Monica Lewinsky has been recorded. This song is often misattributed to Weird Al. The chorus goes as follows:

I, deny,
Miss Lewinsky and I,
Had a sexual relationship;
It's simply a lie,
Them good ol' boys on the Republican side,
Aren't gonna let Slick Willy slide,
Aren't gonna let Slick Willy slide.

• American pop singer Madonna released a cover of the song in 2000.

• The Christian parody band ApologetiX wrote Parable Guy, a parody based on the parables of Jesus.

• Recently, the Harry Potter website Mugglenet featured a parody of American Pie in their editorial "The U-Bend". Half-Blood Pie is a summary of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and can be heard. ^[11]

• There is a Mathematical parody."^[12] It almost mimics the real song, except for the "sevens" in the chorus.

• Singer Lori Lieberman attended a McLean concert; in describing the experience to songwriters Norman Gimbel and Charles Fox, she said he'd "killed her softly." Gimbel and Fox wrote Killing Me Softly about Lieberman's experience, and the song became a huge hit for Roberta Flack, and many years later for the Fugees. This created a unique Grammy situation: in 1973, Flack won Record of the Year, beating out American Pie, a song by McLean; in 1974, she won the same award for a song about McLean. Flack and McLean have performed Killing Me Softly together in concert at least once.

• On the Web parody site, Am I Right, the American Pie is considered as one of the most difficult songs to parodize, and successfully spoofing the song is a hallmark of a skilled parodist.

• A parody of the song appeared in the final episode of series 11 of Bremner, Bird and Fortune being supposedly sung by Tony Blair with the lyrics;

Bye, bye pro-american guy
Things are heavy with Lord Levy
And my luck's running dry
Those history boys will be the ones who decide
Whether this will be the day the dream dies

The dream here being a reference to New Labour.

• Andy Breckman tells this story on his Don't Get Killed album:

Don McLean and I shared the same manager, so I used to open for him. Until one night, I came out on stage and sang American Pie. Now, I don't know if any of you will ever have the opportunity in your life to open for Don McLean. It's a mistake. It turns out, it's a song that he wants to do. So you live and learn.

Hector[edit]

• Finnish rock musician Hector (Heikki Harma) made a Finnish cover of the song "American Pie" in 1971, under name Suomi-Neito (Maid Finland). While the original song covered the American issues, Hector's version was likewise "translated" to deal with the Finnish post-WWII history and loss of innocence in the Finnish popular culture.

References[edit]

• The Official Website of Don McLean and American Pie provides the songwriter's own biography and clues to the song's meaning. This article correlated McLean's biography with the historic events in the song. In particular, McLean pointed to the February 1972, interpretation of Bob Dearborn, a Chicago, Illinois radio disc jockey as the partial basis for most mainstream interpretations of "American Pie."
• The Annotated "American Pie", maintained by Rich Kulawiec was started in 1992 and was essentially completed in 1997.
• "American Pie — A Rock Epic" is Rich Kulawiec's multi-media presentation of The Annotated "American Pie".
• Understanding American Pie by Jim Fann provides a historically-oriented interpretation of "American Pie". The interpretation was specifically noted on in an archived version of McLean's website page on "American Pie". The material, dated November 2002, includes a recording of Dinah Shore singing "See The USA In Your Chevrolet", and a photograph of Mick Jagger in costume at the Altamont Free Concert with a Hells Angel member in the background.
• The Ultimate American Pie Website by Saul Levitt was specifically noted on in an archived version of McLean's website page on "American Pie". The material appears to have been completed in 2003.
• Karnow, Stanley, Vietnam: A History (1983), ISBN 0-670-74604-5.
• Kissinger Henry, The White House Years (1979), ISBN 0-316-49661-8.
• Johns Hopkins University's Center For Talented Youth Camp's anthem

External links[edit]

• The Straight Dope author Cecil Adams published an interpretation of the lyrics based on a supposed interview of McLean by DJ Casey Kasem in his May 14 column of 1993. McLean later confirmed the Buddy Holly reference in a letter to Adams but denied ever speaking to Kasem. [18]
• Full "See the USA in Your Chevrolet" lyrics for Dinah Shore on the "The Dinah Shore Chevy Show" (1956 - 1961).