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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Xerxes_(film) This explains a lot. AfD is a locker room connected by carbon fibre]
 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Xerxes_(film) This explains a lot. AfD is a locker room connected by carbon fibre]
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List of precedents to prove that WP:GAMEGUIDE was wrong all along. Stutter step (tennis), Golf swing, Category:Chess openings, Category:Bridge squeezes,
  
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=Magherintemple=
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/List_of_rocket_and_mortar_attacks_in_Israel_in_2009
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Magherintemple_-_Machaire_an_Teampaill
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Magherintemple is an area in north County Cavan in the province of Ulster, Ireland. It encompasses seventeen townlands of the Parish of Drung, in the Barony of Tullaghgarvey. The name Magherintemple comes from the Irish Machair an Teampaill meaning Temple on the plain. The area, which holds no other significance today other than communal, was in all probability a ballybetagh or tributary area of a Gaelic lordship possibly the Priory of Fore in County Westmeath. It centres on the townland of Magherintemple a drumlin or high hill known locally as Maghera.
 
  
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Magherintemple as already stated is a high drumlin. Its summit is enclosed by two earthen enclosures. The extensive earthen formation is delimited from the surrounding terrain, by a massive ditch which was dug around the hill, and then by piling the excavated remains to the inside of the hill. In the survey of archaeological sites in Co. Cavan produced by the Office of Public Works and the Archaeological Survey of Ireland it is classified as follows; “Hilltop enclosure Marked ‘Fort’ on OS 1836 ed. Large oval area on the summit of a high drumlin hill enclosed by field boundaries. The outline of the enclosing elements which have been levelled from NNE-ENE and SSE-S-SSW is still traceable.”1 This information is not entirely correct. This formation has actually been levelled from ENE- N-NNW.
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Old article if it has not been deleted, of strikes against Palestine in 2008 /?9?
  
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This enclosure contains a cemetery with a very uneven surface known as the ‘graveyard’ and the site of a prepenal church. The church is shown on the ‘Escheated Counties Map’ or ‘Down Survey’ and again in William Petty’s Hiberniǽ Deliniatio credited as Ireland’s first atlas. The graveyard is a small burial site with an uneven surface. As stated it encompasses a very small area of less than half and acre. From S-SE-NE it is delimited from the surrounding terrain by field boundaries. There are also traces of a ditch although this could be a later addition. The Graveyard is also markedly higher at this point and was almost certainly artificially raised from the surrounding terrain.  The remaining inner enclosure outline has been preserved by a road from NW-N. The northern section also shows another interesting feature, at intermittent sections there is an unmortared field stone wall of about forty centimetres in height, it is inbedded into the formation at ground level. 
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=George Watsky=
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http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=george+watsky&aq=0
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/George_Watsky
  
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It served as a burial ground until the early 1930's for Magherintemple, Bunnoe a nearby area in the same parish, and much of the parish of Currin Co. Monaghan, with some burials from bordering parishes of Annagh and Kill "Killsherdany ". There are approximately 65 gravestones, (A small amount considering the antiquity of the site) but there are many standing stones without inscription, that may date from prefamine times. The earliest inscriptions are from the late 1700's and are in the English language. Many interesting carvings are to be found on the stones many of Celtic origin. No remains of the Church exist above ground today. On the examination of the site in 1948 an archaeologist Oliver Davies noted some masonry among which was cut stone fragment possibly from an early window. “The Church was a chapel-of-ease and not the centre of a parish. It is shewn with a tower on the Escheated Counties Map. It has disappeared. In the graveyard are several dressed blocks; but the only shaped one is, perhaps, a piece of an early window.”
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close paraphrase|source=http://georgewatsky.com/about/|date=January 2011
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{{Infobox Writer
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| name        = George Watsky
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| image        =
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| imagesize    =  464 × 642 - 174k - jpg
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| birthplace  = San Francisco, CA, USA 
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| occupation  = Poet and Performer<ref>[http://georgewatsky.com/about/]</ref>
  
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  Local information also points to another interesting feature of the site a cílín. A certain area of the graveyard was reserved for the burial of unbaptised children. It is overgrown. The practice is not uncommon in sites such as Magherintemple. “In some cases there is no surviving graveyard or merely an old graveyard without any inscribed headstones. Such sites were often used for the burial of unbaptised children during the last few centuries and are known by various names kileen, ceallúnach etc.).3 In Magherintemple the practice remained right up until the 1950’s.
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| nationality  = American
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| education    = Emerson College
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| website      = http://georgewatsky.com/
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Magherintemple is not merely a hillfort or simply a hilltop enclosure that are common formations across Cavan, but to the fact that the site is more likely to be an early enclosed ecclesiastical site. Leo Swan writes when discussing in his essay the nature of similar ecclesiastical enclosures. “ Certain features are consistently associated with the ecclesiastical sites under discussion. Taking all such features together, they may be listed as follows, more or less in the frequency of occurrence:
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'''George Watsky''' is a writer, performer, and environmental activist from [[San Francisco, California]]. Watsky performs [[slam poetry]], and was featured on Season 6 of Russell Simmons Presents Def Poetry on [[HBO]].<ref>http://www.studlife.com/news/2011/01/28/wu-slam-gears-up-for-3rd-annual-grand-slam/</ref> Watsky’s talents began to receive national and international acclaim in 2006 when he was the Youth Speaks Grand Slam Poetry Champion, and was also named Brave New Voices International Poetry Slam Champion.<ref>http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/3362391/Kid-posts-jaw-dropping-rap-vid.html</ref> He has been a performer in a record six consecutive Youth Speaks Grand Slam finals, his audiences being the largest for anyone in any poetry slam event.{{fact|date=January 2011}} He also was one of the three poets who performed live on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] at the [[NAACP Image Awards]] in honor of [[Russell Simmons]]’ lifetime achievement award.<ref>http://georgewatsky.com/about/</ref> Watsky graduated from [[Emerson College]] earlier this year and has achieved newfound fame with his viral [[YouTube]] video "Pale kid raps fast," which as of Jan. 30 had over five million views.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6XLswqiX0s]</ref> He was recently featured on [[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]] performing a slightly modified version of that rap. This year he produced a fifteen track [[hip-hop]] album titled "Watsky."
  
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Evidence of Enclosure. Burial area. Place-name with ecclesiastical element. Structure or structural remains. Holy well. Bullaun stone. Carved, shaped, inscribed or decorated stone cross or slab. Line of townland boundary forming part of enclosure. Souterrain. Pillar stone. Associated traditional ritual or folk custom.
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Watsky was profiled in the [[Boston Globe]] in 2009. The Arts section reviewed his one-man show "Where the Magic Happens" favorably and called him a "poetry-slam star."<ref>http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2009/12/04/slam_artist_george_watsky_plugs_into_poetry_as_a_media_platform/</ref>
  
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Swan also states that all these features need not all be present four or five being sufficient to confirm the sites original purpose.
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==References==
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{{Reflist}}
  
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Tradition has it that the site was the location of an early Patrician Monastery, however there are now no ruins to substantiate this. The tradition states that Saint Patrick was visiting the neighbouring parish of Castletara, while on a hill there he noticed a large crowd assembled on a far off hill and of course the inquisitive Saint went over to investigate. The parish of Drung is reputed to have gotten its name from this encounter An Drong being the Old Irish for a large crowd or gathering. The tradition goes further to state that after Saint Patrick had converted this large crowd and set up a church in the townland of Drung, he then set his eyes on Magherintemple to the north. It was in the settlement of Magherintemple that he set up a Monastery. The amount of truth in this folk tale is debatable. Legends of this sort abound Ireland, especially southern Ulster with its relative proximity to Armagh the traditional seat of Saint Patrick. What can be ascertained from this story in real archaeological terms is that the chronology of habitation at the site can possibly be pushed back as some evidence would indicate to pre or at least early Christian Ireland.
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[[Category:Living people]]
  
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Looking at the physical evidence the site provides one is immediately drawn to the earthen fortifications especially the outer enclosure. It is not hard to imagine the prominent position of the church and its enclosure over the surrounding area. Magherintemple is one of the highest hills in the area, and has an Ordinance Survey triangulation point. Records show that the monastic site in Magherintemple was under the Priory of Fore County Westmeath. After the Plantation of Ulster and The Act of Supremacy the lands of the ballybetagh of Magherintemple were given to the Protestant Church of Ireland.
 
  
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 The greater area around Magherintemple shows a large amount of other earthen formations. There are hillforts and ringforts are in almost all the surrounding townlands. Of course these sites were not erected or habitated at the same time but allowing for a degree of continual habitation over a period of time one sees an area preoccupied with defending itself! The proximity to the Worm Ditch or Black Pigs Dyke as it is sometimes called can here be taken into account. The Worm Ditch is just over a mile from Magherintemple. It is the supposed the frontier between the Gaelic kingdoms of Breffni and Oriel and the much more ancient provinces of Ulster and Connacht. The origins and functions of this triple ditch blockade remain a mystery, but have now been shown through excavation, to be clearly defensive. It has also been shown that these defences were tested on at least on one occasion, and coupled with what could be an ancient folk tradition from the area the theory gains more credence. In Medieval times Magherintemple fort as the site is locally called is reputed to have been the focal point where Cavan and Monaghan men came to settle disputes either by bouts of wrestling or duel. Looking to other like sites one can begin to therefore throw light on Magherintemple’s origins and functions. “The available material evidence, in particular that from excavations, indicates that these ecclesiastical enclosures are mainly habitation sites.”2
 
  
  
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Magherintemples survival as an ecclesiastical centre and habitated site may rest on its possible earlier pre-Christian origins. An example of some of the many ancient legends mixed with fact stored in the collective memory of the area is the ‘Stone’ at the fort. A large stone is reputed to have been present in the area to the north of the graveyard known as the ‘Fort’, up to the seventeen hundreds when it was stolen. This stone was a charm of some sorts. On May Day morning cattle from all surrounding areas were herded past the site. This it was believed would give the herd fertility and health in the coming year. The stone also oozed a greasy substance, which was highly prized for it’s medicinal value. From early Celtic times to the twilight era of the Gaelic control of Ulster there are many mentions of stones both magic and otherwise. Gaelic Taoisigh and Lords were traditionally married to the area they controlled in almost pre-Christian ritual. Possibly this ancient stone was like many others in Ulster and indeed Ireland and was a coronation stone of sorts. It’s importance remaining past the collapse of the Gaelic system in this ancient tradition.
 
  
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This cattle gathering led in the sixteenth century to the development of a market or fair of sorts in Magherintemple. The O’ Reilly kingdom of Breifne of which Magherintemple was part was increasingly becoming part of a market economy as the sixteenth century progressed. The Mac Brady’s of Cavan were trading with the Pale and traditional gatherings such as those at Magherintemple were possibly utilised as fairs or markets. “It [Magherintemple] is approached by several old roads, and was important as a fair ground in the sixteenth century”
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=Friends of Five Creeks=
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Friends_of_the_Five_Creeks
  
  
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{{Infobox organization
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|name = Friends of Five Creeks
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|image = Friends of Five Creeks logo.gif
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|image_border =
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|size = 108px
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|alt =
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|caption = Logo
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|map =
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|msize =
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|malt =
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|mcaption =
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|abbreviation =
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|motto =
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|formation = 1996
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|extinction =
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|type = Parent organization is a registered non-profit<ref name=registration>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpfp.org/index.php/bpfp-official-documents/bpfp-articles-of-incorporation/|title=Articles of Incorporation of Berkeley Partners for Parks|quote=Endorsed (1884392) and Filed in the office of the Secretary of State of the State of California on Mar 18, 1994.}}</ref>
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|status =
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|purpose = Wildlife habitat protection
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|headquarters = Albany Community Center, 1249 Marin
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|location =
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|region_served =
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|membership = Volunteer<ref>[http://articles.sfgate.com/2003-04-29/opinion/17485912_1_invasive-plants-eucalyptus-native-plants/2 The Right Shade of Green / We're being invaded by alien species]. Kurt True. 29-04-2003. Retrieved 28-01-2011.</ref>
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|language =
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|leader_title =
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|leader_name = Susan Schwartz
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|main_organ =
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|parent_organization = [[Berkeley Partners for Parks]]
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|affiliations =
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|num_staff =
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|num_volunteers =
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|budget =
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|website = http://www.fivecreeks.org/
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|remarks =
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}}
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'''Friends of Five Creeks''' is a regional community volunteer organization founded in 1996 by Sonja Wadman originally dedicated to the stewardship of creeks in northern [[Alameda County, California|Alameda County]] and [[West County|western Contra Costa]], [[California]], United States.<ref name="cacoco">[http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/directory/resdirectory/f_orgs/friendsoffivecreeks.html Friends of Five Creeks]. [[California Coastal Commission]]. 2011. 27-01-2011.</ref><ref name=found>[http://articles.sfgate.com/2008-10-05/living/17136538_1_uc-berkeley-east-bay-restore Environmental advocate nurtures a love for nature.] Shellah Moody. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''. 05-10-2008. Retrieved 27-01-2011.</ref><ref name=ecpatch>[http://elcerrito.patch.com/events/worldwide-work-party-with-friends-of-five-creeks "Worldwide Work Party" with Friends of Five Creeks ]. ''El Cerrito Patch''. 2011. Retrieved 27-01-2011.</ref> Education about wildlife and restoration is also a major facet of the FCC's mission.<ref name=elc>[http://www.el-cerrito.org/public_works/creeks.html Creeks]. El-Cerrito.org. ''City of El Cerrito website''. 2011. Retrieved 27-01-2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeansocialecologyinstitute.org/site/organics/2006/kauffman-1-2006.html |title=Paved Paradise in Berkeley |first=Turk |last=Kauffman |first2=Lauri |last2=Puchall |publisher=European Social Ecology Institute |date=May 2006 |accessdate=2011-01-28 |quote=In recent years, grassroots groups such as... Friends of Five Creeks are attempting to daylight and restore the local network of creeks and bring back wildlife to the watershed.}}</ref>
  
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==History==
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The organization is dedicated to improving creek habitats for environmental, flood control, pollution filtration, and beautification reasons. The original five creeks were [[Cerrito Creek]]-[[Middle Creek (California)|Middle/Blackberry]], [[Marin Creek]], [[Codornices Creek]], [[Schoolhouse Creek]] and [[Marin Creek|Marin/Village Creek]], however the organization's involvement has expanded to all the creeks in the area including the communities of [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[Albany, California|Albany]], [[El Cerrito, California|El Cerrito]], [[Kensington, California|Kensington]], [[Richmond, California|Richmond]], and the surrounding unincorporated areas.<ref name=ecpatch/><ref name=found/> Susan Schwartz the organizations leader states that the organization like other "friends of" groups would not have gotten off the ground without help from the [[Urban Creeks Council]].<ref>[http://articles.sfgate.com/2003-04-04/news/17485539_1_creek-restoration-concrete-channel-blackberry-creek/3 Water warriors / United Creeks Council quietly fights to bring streams to light]. Katherine Redding. ''San Francisco Chronicle''. 03-04-2003. Retrieved 27-01-2011.</ref> The group holds up to 40 events a year where the volunteers work on refuse collection, graffiti removal, removing culverts in addition to plating native vegetation and removing invasive species.<ref>[http://albany.patch.com/articles/friends-of-five-creeks-never-stops-catch-up-with-them-sunday#photo-2213253 Friends of Five Creeks Never Stops, Catch Up With Them Sunday]. ''Albany Patch''. 2011. Retrieved 27-01-2011.</ref><ref name=found/> There is a monthly work party to pick weeds and showcase the area's natural habitats with a new site each month.<ref name=elc/> The organization is registered with the [[California Coastal Commission]].<ref name="cacoco"/>
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==Creek work==
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[[File:Marin Creek.jpg|thumb|right|[[Marin Creek|Village Creek]] is maintained by FFC.]]
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The organization organizes more than 40 work parties each year, providing direction and tools for groups of volunteers who work to restore a section of one of the creeks.<ref>[http://articles.sfgate.com/2008-10-05/living/17136538_1_uc-berkeley-east-bay-restore ''Environmental advocate nurtures a love for nature''] San Francisco Chronicle, October 5, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2011]</ref>
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Cerrito Creek runs from the [[El Cerrito, California|El Cerrito]] [[Berkeley Hills|hills]] to the [[San Francisco Bay]]. The organization has daylighted and restored a portion of the creek along the parking lot of [[El Cerrito Plaza Shopping Center]].<ref name=elc/> Further down stream part of the creek runs through [[Pacific East Mall]]'s parking lot, where it forms the border between Richmond and [[Albany, California|Albany]].<ref name=creek>[http://museumca.org/creeks/1120-OMCerrito.html Cerrito Creek watershed map]. Museum of California. 2011. Retrieved 23-01-2011.</ref><ref name=five>[http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2007-01-26/article/26201?headline=Garden-Variety-An-Ecological-Calamity-Below-Albany-Hill Garden Variety: An Ecological Calamity Below Albany Hill]. Ron Sullivan. ''Berkeley Daily Planet''. 26-01-2007. Retrieved 23-01-2011.</ref> This portion of the creek was daylighted and restored by the organization in 2003.<ref>[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Mn1rQJWvoTIJ:www.fivecreeks.org/info/creekmouths.doc+%22Marin+Creek%22+albany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us&client=firefox-a Creek mouths along the Bay Trail in Berkeley, Albany, and south Richmond]. Susan Schwartz. Friends of Five Creeks. 09-03-2004. Retrieved 25-01-2011.</ref><ref name=five/> FFC president, Ron Sullivan, alleges that Pacific East Mall landscapers in Richmond have used herbicides and that this could explain his observations of dead grasses, plants and trees along the creek path near the mall's property line. Furthermore, Sullivan alleges that small native shrubs were mowed and that the mall has not agreed to a written maintenance plan as required by their use permit.<ref name=five>[http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2007-01-26/article/26201?headline=Garden-Variety-An-Ecological-Calamity-Below-Albany-Hill Garden Variety: An Ecological Calamity Below Albany Hill]. Ron Sullivan. ''Berkeley Daily Planet''. 26-01-2007. Retrieved 23-01-2011.</ref>
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In 2001 the organization received two separate grants totaling $400,000 to work on the restoration of [[Codornices Creek]].<ref>[http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2001-07-21/article/5968?headline=Beth-El-decision-set-for-Tuesday ''Beth El decision set for Tuesday''] Berkeley Daily Planet, July 21, 2001. Retrieved February 1, 2011</ref> In the 1990s the Friends of Five Creeks discovered the reappearance of steelhead and rainbow trout at Codornices Creek while performing restoration work.<ref name=5creeks>[http://www.fivecreeks.org/creekmap.html Friends of Five Creeks]</ref> The "Friends" are also lobbying for the creation of public space adjacent to the creek for a new [[Whole Foods]] supermarket and parking structure along the stream's banks in [[U.C. Village, Albany, California|U.C. Village]].<ref>{{citation |year=2007 |title=A Re-design Proposal: Connecting Whole Foods Market and Codornices Creek |publisher=University of California |oclc=657366554 |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3q5236vt |last1=Crampton |first1=Matthew |last2=Martin |first2=John}}</ref>
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The organization also helps to restore and work on some non-creek areas such as the [[Berkeley Meadow]] and [[Eastshore State Park]] in addition to blight abatement, and trash collection activities at local parks.<ref>[http://101010berkeley.org/ Berkeley Takes Action]. Global Work Party. 10-10-2011. Retrieved 31-01-2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.eastshorepark.org/eastshore_state_park.php Eastshore State Park’s Berkeley Meadow Restoration Nearing Completion]. 2010. Retrieved 27-01-2011.</ref><ref>[http://calrotaract.org/?p=2643 Friends of Five Creeks]. CalRotract. 16-02-2010. Retrieved 27-01-2011.</ref> Working with [[Citizens for Eastshore Parks]] FCC is studying the possibility of daylighting a portion of Schoolhouse Creek.<ref>[http://www.eastshorepark.org/resource_newsletters.html Citizens for East Shore Parks (CESP) E-Newsletter]. December 2004. Retrieved 27-01-2011.</ref>
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==Education work==
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Friends of Five Creeks works with school groups to educate them about the creek and bay environments.<ref>[http://articles.sfgate.com/2003-11-14/news/17517928_1_alternative-schools-esp-oakland-unified-school-district ''Environment for learning / At one Oakland alternative school, lessons grounded in ecology help guide students onto the right track''], [[San Francisco Chronicle]], November 14, 2003. Retrieved February 1, 2011</ref>
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==References==
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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==External links==
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* [http://www.fivecreeks.org/ Official website]
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* [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=albany+community+center,+ca&sll=42.67811,-73.807314&sspn=0.127967,0.31414&ie=UTF8&hq=albany+community+center,&hnear=California&ll=38.264063,-122.288818&spn=4.372761,10.05249&z=7 Google Maps]
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{{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area|Ecology}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
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[[Category:Alameda County, California]]
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[[Category:Contra Costa County, California]]
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[[Category:Environmental organizations based in the United States]]
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[[Category:1996 establishments]]
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[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in California]]
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[[Category:Albany, California]]
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=Marijuana and Pinky and the Brain and the other guy=
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Marijuana_and_the_brain
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'''[[Marijuana]]''' is the most widely used illicit drug in the [[United States]] in the [[adolescent]] population, and almost half (44%) of senior high-school students have reported using marijuana in their lifetime {{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}.  Of these, 5% report daily usage; which seems to decrease with age <ref name=Padula2007>Padula, C., Schweinsburg, A. & Tapert, F. (2007). Spatial working memory performance and fMRI activation interactions in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. ''Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(4),'' 478-487.</ref>.  Despite cognitive, social as well as neurological evidence to the contrary, the existence of marijuana addiction and conversely marijuana dependency has been disputed and it is not as of yet included as an addictive disorder in the fourth edition of the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM-IV).
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==Cognitive Correlates of Marijuana==
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[[Image:Bodily effects of cannabis.png|thumb|alt=A|Areas in the body affected by marijuana use.]]
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===Brain function and adolescent marijuana use===
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[[Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) has been used in a number of studies to observe patterns of brain activity in relation to cannabis use. These methods have shown some evidence that heavy marijuana users have a subtle reorganization of neural networks in relation to spatial [[working memory]] demands, which may largely resolve following several months of abstinence<ref name=Jacobus2009>{{cite journal |authors=Jacobus J, Bava S, Cohen-Zion M, Mahmood O, Tapert SF |title=Functional Consequences of Marijuana Use in Adolescents |journal=Pharmacol Biochem Behav |year=2009 |pmid=19348837 |pmcid=2697065}}</ref>. Adolescent marijuana users show a variety of minor changes in brain activation, including increased activity in the right [[parietal lobe]] and right [[dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]], areas important for executive functioning and attention.<ref name=Jacobus2009/> There has also been evidence for increased activation in parietal, superior, temporal, hippocampal, and posterior cingulate regions during working memory tasks <ref name=Jacobus2009/>. Adolescent regular marijuana users perform worse than control subjects on tests of attention, nonverbal memory, and learning, although the differences are not large in magnitude <ref name=Jacobus2009/>.
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===Implicit Cognition and Marijuana Use===
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The [[dopaminergic system]] is activated after using marijuana which creates a sense of pleasure within the user. Users learn from their physiological marijuana experience and many people do not experience the subjective effects of marijana until they have used it multiple times <ref>Linkovich-Kyle, T.L., & Dunn, M.E. (2001). Consumption-related differences in the organization and activation of marijuana expectancies in memory. ''Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 9,'' 3, 334-342.</ref>. The learning experienced from using marijuana multiple times suggests that memory may play a part in the use of marijuana, and it's not surprising that drug reinforcement and addiction has been examined from expectancy and memory association perspectives.  In these paradigms, expectancy is viewed as implicit nodes of information pertaining to marijuana that is connected to an extensive semantic network that joins the individual’s prior experiences (and therefore memories of these experiences) that are in some way related to the idea of marijuana.  These expectancies act as associations that bind memories, and the more memories an individual has that are related to a specific idea, the more probable it is that this network will be activated.  This network can be activated by a variety of stimuli that are captured by a variety of senses and subsequently encoded into memory, and is thus cross modal <ref name=Stacy1995>Stacy, A. (1995). Memory association and ambiguous cues in models of alcohol and marijuana use. ''Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 3(2),'' 183–194.</ref>. For instance, a particular smell may elicit a visual memory, or a particular sound heard by the individual may elicit a specific smell from memory.  These memories also extend to affective evaluations as well as motor sequences associated with a particular experience.  As a result, stimuli encountered in the environment may activate this network and thus influence the individual’s resulting behaviour.  Using this paradigm as a framework for research, studies have found that marijuana users are more likely than non-users to activate this network when presented with cues related to marijuana usage (i.e. marijuana paraphernalia) in comparison to neutral cues.  Furthermore, heavy users’ networks consist of positive expectancies such as relaxation, enhanced abilities on cognitive tasks, as well as stimulating social behaviour, whereas the opposite effect was found in non-users.  This may help explain the reinforcing effects of drugs on individuals who as a result become addicted to the substance. As such, it becomes difficult when attempting to disentangle the chemical effects of marijuana from the associations between previous experiences, since both play a part in addiction.  This becomes especially apparent in the phenomenon known as reverse tolerance, in which individual differences result in different experiences when initially exposed to marijuana.  Some individuals fail to experience the intoxicating effects associated with marijuana usage during primary exposure, and these effects materialize only after multiple exposures <ref>Dunn, M. & Linkovich-Kyle, T. (2001). Consumption-related differences in the organization and activation of marijuana expectancies in memory. ''Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 9(3),'' 334–342.</ref>.  Drug users attribute more positive connections to drug use than non-users, and as such they become biased in their evaluations of related as well as unrelated cues and are more likely to connect neutral cues to the drug network than non-users <ref name=Stacy1995/>.  This [[cue reactivity]] suggests that drug users are more likely to be reminded of drugs, and are thus more likely to engage in the act of using drugs <ref>Ames, S., Dent, C., Stacy, A. & Sussman, S. (1996). Implicit cognition in adolescent drug use. ''Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 10(3),'' 190–203.</ref>.  Furthermore, when presenting these cues to marijuana users, they are more likely to report cravings for the drug <ref>Gray, K., LaRowe, S. & Upadhyaya, H. (2008). Cue reactivity in young marijuana smokers: a preliminary investigation. ''Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 22(4),'' 582–586.</ref>.
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===Motor Skills===
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Not only are the [[motor skills]] of adults and adolescents affected by marijuana, but children and newborns born to cannabis users also suffer from such motor problems. Newborns and infants born to cannabis users have increased tremors, exaggerated startle responses and poor [[habituation]] to novel stimuli and by the age of 10 children were reported to have increased [[hyperactivity]], inattention, and impulsive symptoms <ref>Lutz, B. (2009). From Molecular neurodevelopment to psychiatry: new insights in mechanisms underlying cannabis-induced psychosis and schizophrenia. ''Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 259,'' 369-370.</ref>.
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==Impact on adolescent users==
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Marijuana use during [[adolescence]] is fairly common and the implications of its use are many. During adolescence the brain is developing and exposure to marijuana during this critical period could result in an interruption of maturational processes, however as of yet there is no evidence to prove this. Adolescents who use marijuana heavily tend to show disadvantaged attention, learning, and processing speed; subtle abnormalities in brain structure; increased activation during cognitive tasks despite intact performance.<ref name=Jacobus2009/>
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===Neurological Impact of Marijuana in Adolescence===
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Adolescents are the most frequent users of marijuana in the United States, and they may be particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects associated with this illicit substance since the brain undergoes rapid neurodevelopment during this stage of life.  Studies have examined these aversive effects in adolescent rats and found them to be impaired in tasks involving spatial working memory.  Since the hippocampus is the neurological correlate of spatial memory, neuroplasticity in the form of less synaptic contacts is exhibited in this region in response to THC treatment <ref name=Braida2009>Braida, D., Bartesaghi, R., Capurro, V., Guidali, C., Sala, M., Parolaro, D., Pinter, M., Realini, N., Rubino, T. &  Vigano, D. (2009).  Changes in hippocampal morphology and neuroplasticity induced by adolescent THC treatment are associated with cognitive impairment in adulthood. ''Hippocampus, 19,'' 763-772.</ref>.  Synaptic contacts connect neurons (nerve cells in the brain) by enabling them to communicate with each other, and if these contacts are disturbed, the area will not be able to function properly.  Furthermore, it seems as though depressive mood states in females are initiated by chronic THC administration to adolescent rats, thus indicating morphological changes in the emotional circuit in the brain.  Lasting deficits in recognition memory were also found in adult rats that had been chronically treated with THC in adolescence, and short-term learning impairments were also found.  Adult rats who are administered THC in adulthood do not show any of these long-term effects, thus providing evidence that adolescents are especially vulnerable to these adverse effects produced by THC.  These changes have been objectively measured by counting the amount of presynaptic (before the synapse) and postsynaptic proteins (after the synapse) VAMP2 and PSD95, respectively, in the hippocampus.  Complex brain functions (such as learning and memory) require new synaptic contacts to be made, and decreases in VAMP2 and PSD95 can be found in adolescent rats treated with THC, thus indicating less synaptic contacts during these processes <ref name=Braida2009/>.
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==Marijuana and mental illiness==
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Research has also found that cannabis use, particularly heavy cannabis use, can produce confusion, [[amnesia]], [[delusions]], [[hallucinations]], anxiety, or agitation <ref name=Hall1998/> These consequences are more likely to occur more rapidly following a period of abstinence from marijuana.<ref name=Hall1998>{{cite journal |authors=Hall, W., & Solowij, N. |year=1998 |title=Adverse effects of cannabis |journal=The Lancet volume=352 |pages=1611-1616 |pmid=9843121}}</ref>
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Cannabis use has been linked with psychosis. A study involving a large sample of [[Swedish people|Swedish]] conscripts found a relationship between the amount of cannabis consumed by participants and [[schizophrenia]]. Specifically, frequency of consumption by the age of 18 predicted the risk of obtaining a diagnosis of schizophrenia within the next 15 years.<ref name=Hall1998/> It was found that cannabis use only exacerbated underlying schizophrenic symptoms and disorders within vulnerable users; cannabis use did not cause schizophrenia within an individual who did not have any underlying or genetic predisposition to the disorder.<ref name=Hall1998/>
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==Effects on neurophysiology==
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===Role of the Endocannabinoid System===
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Recent neurobiological studies have investigated the role of the [[endocannabinoid system]] in drug addiction in the brain and have examined its role in motivation and reward.  It was found that this system is connected to the [[ventral tegmental area]] (VTA, which contains dopaminergic cell bodies) via the release of endocannabinoids in response to drug intake.  It is through this mechanism that the rewarding effects of not only cannabinoids (found in marijuana), but nicotine (found in cigarettes), alcohol and opioids are mediated.  This provides evidence for a common underlying mechanism in drug addiction that is activated by a variety of substances of abuse.  Furthermore, the endocannibinoid system is involved in relapse, in which behaviour to actively seek drugs is re-instated following extinction.  This behaviour is influenced by the social context of the environment; which initiates the motivation to seek drugs.  The effects of the endocannabinoid system is regulated by the CB1 cannabinoid receptor found in the central nervous system.<ref name=Berrendero2006>Berrendero, F., Maldonado, R. & Valverde, O. (2006). Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in drug addiction. ''Trends in Neurosciences, 29(4),'' 225-232.</ref>  These receptors are for the most part pre-synaptic in location, and exert their effects by inhibiting the release of [[neurotransmitters]]<ref name=Cassidy2008>Cassidy, M., Collier, L., Martin, B., McKinney, D., Selley, D., Sim-Selley, L. & Wiley, J. (2008). Dose-related differences in the regional pattern of cannabinoid receptor adaptation and in vivo tolerance development to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 324,'' 664-673.</ref>.  There are certain antagonists of this receptor, such as [[rimonabant]], that are able to block the activation of the cannabinoid receptor. These antagonists could serve as a contemporary means for treating drug addiction since they prevent drugs from accessing the brain, which in turn would extinguish the rewarding effects associated with these substances <ref name=Berrendero2006/>.
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It is the neurological changes that are effected by the properties of drugs of abuse that mediate the behaviour of the individual, and as such the prevention of these cellular changes will manifest as a cessation of habitual drug taking behaviour.  This is accomplished by eliminating the rewarding properties of drugs and thus the motivation to seek drugs.  The environmental conditions associated with initial drug taking, abstinence and relapse all cause neurological adaptations in the brain that the organism attempts to physically adapt to <ref name=Berrendero2006/>.  This is what underlies the phenomena of tolerance and withdrawal, and it provides a complex view of interacting biological and environmental forces in drug addiction.  These neural circuits are modulated by chemicals in the brain (called neurotransmitters) as well as by the chemicals provided by drugs, and change morphologically in response to the concentration of the chemicals from the drugs <ref name=Berrendero2006/>.  When the organism suddenly terminates drug intake, these circuits become dysregulated, causing adverse side-effects which then serve to motivate the individual to re-initiate drug taking.
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The phenomenon of morphological changes in neural circuits is referred to as plasticity, and this has been found in a brain structure called the [[nucleus accumbens]].  The nucleus accumbens is involved in behaviour initiated by the lure of reward, and as such contributes to drug addiction.  Not only does the nucleus accumbens contain CB1 receptors, but they can be found in many other brain structures as well, some of which include the VTA (as mentioned earlier), the [[basolateral amygdala]], the cerebellum, the basal ganglia as well as the [[hippocampus]] <ref name=Cassidy2008/>.  Furthermore, deactivation has been found in the prefrontal cortex in response to THC administration in rats.  The [[amygdala]] shares connections with the prefrontal cortex, and together they act to mediate anxiety.  Thus, THC has been found to influence anxiety-like behaviour in rats by reducing the automatic fear-response that accompanies uncertain situations, and instead induces risky behaviour <ref name=Braida2007>Braida, D., Castiglioni, C., Guidali, C., Limonta, V., Parolaro, D., Realini, N., Rubino, T. & Sala, M. (2007). Cellular mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic effect of low doses of peripheral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. ''Neuropsychopharmacology, 32,'' 2036-2045.</ref>.  It is assumed that these findings can be generalized to humans, so it is clear to see the possible implications that this may pose socially.  The hippocampus is critically involved in memory processes and the cerebellum and basal ganglia play a role in movement; which suggests an involvement of cannabinoids in short-term memory interference and inhibition of movement <ref name=Cassidy2008/>.
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===Cannabinoids and Pain===
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Studies on mice have shown that chronic administration of delta9-[[tetrahydrocannibinol]] (THC); which is the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, produces tolerance in the form of neurological adaptation.  Some of the symptoms asscociated with cannabinoid administration are decreased sensitivity to pain <ref name=Cassidy2008/>.  Due to their analgesic properties, cannabinoids have been used clinically for patients suffering from chronic pain.  However, since tolerance is known to develop after chronic use, these antinociceptive effects become reduced and increasing doses are required to maintain these effects.  Specifically, tolerance is exhibited by the interaction of the CB1 receptor with a G-protein-associated sorting protein (GASP1), which is a protein that sorts CB1 receptors into compartments called lysosomes that act to digest the receptor.  This digestion process breaks the receptor apart through the action of enzymes, thus deactivating and destroying it.  When this interaction is disrupted, tolerance developed in response to cannabinoid administration is also disrupted, and thus the analgesic effects produced by cannabinoids continue to be experienced <ref>Agarwal, N., Katona, I., Kuner, T., Kuner, R., Mackie, K., Martini, L., Mopnyer, H., Parolaro, D.,Rubino, T.,  Swiercz, J., Tappe-Theodor, A. & Whistler, J. (2007). A molecular basis of analgesic tolerance to cannabinoids. ''Journal of Neuroscience, 27(15),'' 4165-4177.</ref>.  Individual differences have been found with respect to cannabanoid tolerance.  This can be explained on a cellular level, where different people display varying concentrations of CB1 receptors in different locations in the brain.  Repeated administration of high doses of cannabinoids or chronic administration of smaller doses of cannabinoids leads to tolerance in the form of the downregulation and desensitization of receptors; which has recently{{when|date=January 2011}} been found in the brains of human cannabis users.  This adaptive mechanism varies by brain region, where some regions exhibit greater tolerance in comparison to other regions <ref name=Berrendero2006/><ref name=Cassidy2008/>.
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===Tetrahydrocannabinol and Anxiety===
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[[Image:THC structure.png|thumb|alt=A|Molecular structure of THC, the primary active ingredient found in marijuana.]]
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Recent studies using animal models have shown that tetrahydrocannabinol may play a role in inducing anxiety-like behaviour in rats.  This had been demonstrated using the elevated plus maze (EPM), which is a method used to determine the relative anxiety experienced by rats by observing how much time they spent in an enclosed arm of the maze versus an open arm of the maze.  However, the specific role of cannabinoids in anxiety is controversial.  Previous studies have found mixed results, where certain doses of cannabinoids produce [[anxiolytic]]-like response whereas others seem to produce [[anxiogenic]]-like responses, thus suggesting a dose-dependent behavioural response <ref name=Braida2007/>.  Interestingly, these effects were also mediated by contextual factors in the environment, thus reinforcing the notion that internal and external variables interact to produce the organism’s experience.  These studies have also used cFos expression to map anatomical regions and identify cells belonging to specific neurological circuits as they are activated to specific chemical as well as environmental stimuli.  This helps researchers to identify the regions in the brain that are involved in certain responses to drugs of abuse.  Evidence supporting this comes from the use of CB1 receptor antagonists, which when administered block and reverse the anxiolytic effects of THC <ref name=Braida2007/>.
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==References==
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{{Reflist|2}}
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[[CDC 29]] [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001143.htm] Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Marijuana And The Brain}}
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[[Category:Cannabis]]
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[[Category:Neuroscience]]
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=Luis Posada Carriles=
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'so evil even the US wants him'
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=Traditional western medicine=
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redirected but not deleted. not much there anyway. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Traditional western medicine
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Authenticity in art  wait. little content http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Authenticity_in_art
  
  
 
=Grand External Propaganda Strategy=
 
=Grand External Propaganda Strategy=
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Grand_External_Propaganda_Strategy
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Grand_External_Propaganda_Strategy Keep, discuss, possibly merge
  
 
'''Grand External Propaganda Strategy''', (Chinese:宏大的對外宣傳格局), short for （大外宣), is a Chinese government propaganda project with a budget worth RMB 45 billion Yuan(450亿元人民币), initiated in early 2009 by [[Hu Jintao]]. The aim of the project is  "To take the first initiative, to have the first say, to be on the active side, to direct and lead public opinion, to improve the ability to propagate message internationally. (Chinese:“抢占先机，赢得话语权，掌握主动权，抓住提高舆论引导能力和国际传播能力”)
 
'''Grand External Propaganda Strategy''', (Chinese:宏大的對外宣傳格局), short for （大外宣), is a Chinese government propaganda project with a budget worth RMB 45 billion Yuan(450亿元人民币), initiated in early 2009 by [[Hu Jintao]]. The aim of the project is  "To take the first initiative, to have the first say, to be on the active side, to direct and lead public opinion, to improve the ability to propagate message internationally. (Chinese:“抢占先机，赢得话语权，掌握主动权，抓住提高舆论引导能力和国际传播能力”)
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*{{zh icon}}[http://www.yzzk.com/cfm/Content_Archive.cfm?Channel=ag&Path=3188660351/05ag2.cfm 胡錦濤部署大外宣格局　．江迅]
 
*{{zh icon}}[http://www.yzzk.com/cfm/Content_Archive.cfm?Channel=ag&Path=3188660351/05ag2.cfm 胡錦濤部署大外宣格局　．江迅]
 
*{{zh icon}}[http://soundofhope.org/programs/1057/163638-1.asp 新华社办CNC 大外宣粉墨登场  2010å¹´7月6æ—¥]
 
*{{zh icon}}[http://soundofhope.org/programs/1057/163638-1.asp 新华社办CNC 大外宣粉墨登场  2010å¹´7月6æ—¥]
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*[http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2009hearings/written_testimonies/09_04_30_wrts/09_04_30_brady_statement.php]Testimony of Associate-Professor Anne-Marie Brady
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*[http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2009hearings/written_testimonies/09_04_30_wrts/09_04_30_brady_statement.php Testimony of Associate-Professor Anne-Marie Brady] School of Political and Social Sciences University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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School of Political and Social Sciences University of Canterbury,  
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Christchurch, New Zealand
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==Reference==
 
==Reference==
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= Afghan(istan) Justice Project=
 
= Afghan(istan) Justice Project=
 
CIA front, no doubt about it. Invisible net presence and funding, at least 18 articles quote them on Wikipedia
 
CIA front, no doubt about it. Invisible net presence and funding, at least 18 articles quote them on Wikipedia
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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=Afghanistan+Justice+Project
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=Afghanistan+Justice+Project
  
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=Kim Wan-seop=
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=[[Wikipedia:Kim Wan-seop]]=
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South Koreans that compare & contrast Japanese rule to current to say, how much better off are we?
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|birth_name  = 김완섭 (金完燮)
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'''Kim Wan-seop''' (born 1963) is a [[South Korea]]n writer, novelist, jouirnalist, and educator. A native of [[Gwangju]], he participated in the 1980 [[Gwangju Democratization Movement]], and is a critic of his home country's alleged nationalism and fascism.
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== Life ==
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Kim was born in Gwangju in 1963.<ref name="kookmin">{{citation|title=김완섭을 만나다 2: '나를 아는자，나를 욕하라!' {{bracket|Meeting Kim Wan-seop, part 2: 'know me, curse me'}}|date=2006-02-24|accessdate=2011-01-21|periodical=Kookmin Ilbo|url=http://news.kukinews.com/article/view.asp?page=1&gCode=tok&arcid=0920103450&code=41191111|last=Kim|first=Sang-gi}}</ref> He graduated from [[Salesian High School (Korea)|Salesian High School]] in 1982, and entered [[Seoul National University]] the same year, majoring in physics and also studying history and political economy. However, he dropped out in 1989 to begin working as a journalist, at first focusing on computers.<ref name="independent">{{citation|url=http://www.independent.co.kr/news/article.html?no=5296|periodical=[[Tongnip Sinmun]]|last=Ji|first=Man-won|date=2005-03-27|accessdate=2011-01-21|title=자기 똥, 남의 옷에 바르는 파렴치한 인간들}}</ref>
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He dropped out in the same year of the [[strike of Kuro-Kuchung]]. He later began work as a novelist. He lived in Australia between 1996 and 1998.
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==Political views==
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Kim is one of the last survivors of the "Gwangju Democratization Movement's Peoples Army".{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}
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Kim is identified in the media as pro-Japanese due to his political positions and alleged glamorization of [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial rule in Korea]], and has been accused of character defamation against various historical Korean nationalists. In 2004, a Seoul prosecutor indicted him for comments he made about [[Kim Gu]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://news.mk.co.kr/newsRead.php?sc=30500001&cm=%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C&year=2004&no=269938&relatedcode=|periodical=[[Maeil Business Newspaper]]|date=2004-07-27|accessdate=2011-01-21|title='백범 김구 명예훼손' 검찰, 친일작가 기소 {{bracket|Prosecutor indicts pro-Japanese author who 'defamed Kim Gu'}}}}</ref> In 2006, Kim Eul-dong, the granddaughter of early 20th-century Korean nationalist [[Kim Jwa-jin]], accused him of defamation of character for comments he made about Kim Jwa-jin in an essay posted on portal site [[Daum]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.chosun.com/national/news/200602/200602250174.html|date=2006-02-25|accessdate=2011-01-21|periodical=[[Chosun Ilbo]]|title=김을동, 친일작가 김완섭씨 명예훼손으로 고소 {{bracket|Kim Eul-dong accuses pro-Japanese author Kim Wan-seop of defamation of character}}}}</ref>
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== Works ==
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*{{citation|title={{asiantitle|마이크로소프트 윈도우 3||Microsoft Windows 3|a}}|publisher=紀翰齋 [Gihanjae]|year=1991|url=http://lib.halla.ac.kr/WebHIOT/aspx/search/searchdetail.aspx?sjno=30&rowid=1&sjid=&sorttype=&sorttype2=ASC&maxcount=2&page=0&StartPage=1&otlcnt=10&otopt=all&otod1=%EA%B9%80%EC%99%84%EC%84%AD&otwa1=A&otod2=&otwa2=&otod3=&otwa3=&otbool1=&otbool2=&otyear1=&otyear2=&contenttype=%EB%8B%A8%ED%96%89%EB%B3%B8&Trans=&cntchk=ok&otbcnt=2&otncnt=0&otscnt=0&otkcnt=0&totcnt=2&view=}}
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*{{citation|title={{asiantitle|한글 윈도우 : 3.01||Hangul Windows: 3.01|a}}|publisher=하이테크정보출판부 [Haitekeu Jeongbo Chulpanbu]|year=1992|isbn=5000164521}}
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*{{citation|title={{asiantitle|창녀론: 21세기형 인간 을 위한 새 여성 이론||Whores: a new theory of feminism for 21st-century humanity|a}}|publisher=춘추사 [Chunchusa]|year=1996|isbn=9788978150163|oclc=35893721}}
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== See also ==
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* [[Park No-ja]]
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==References==
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= Abdul Ghafour (Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin leader)=
 
= Abdul Ghafour (Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin leader)=
 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Abdul_Ghafour_(Hezb-e-Islami_Gulbuddin_leader) deleted from Wikipedia] Little information. Have to start it from scratch.
 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Abdul_Ghafour_(Hezb-e-Islami_Gulbuddin_leader) deleted from Wikipedia] Little information. Have to start it from scratch.
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'''Metapedia''' is a [[white nationalist]] and [[Far right|extreme right-wing]] [[online encyclopedia]].<ref name="register">[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/07/23/metapedia/ Conservapedia too pinko? Try Metapedia], [[The Register]], 23 July 2007</ref><ref name="report08">[http://www.im.nrw.de/sch/doks/vs/verfassungsschutzbericht_2008_presse.pdf  "Metapedia" als nationales Pendant zu "Wikipedia"] (i.e "Metapedia" as a nationalist counterpart to "Wikipedia") from: "Report by the NRW Office for the Protection of the Constitution for the year 2008" by the [[Ministry of Interior]] of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]. pp. 59f. {{de icon}}</ref> It was officially founded on 28 April 2007.<ref><nowiki>http://en.metapedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&dir=prev&action=history</nowiki></ref> However the archives of Metapedia indicate that its history begins earlier with Swedish language content starting August 9, 2006. The Hungarian version is the most popular and has by far the most articles (83,600 as of August 2010).
 
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== Content ==
 
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According to the [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]n Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Metapedia's articles are characterized by [[historical revisionism]] and lauding [[Nazi Germany]]<ref name="report08" />. For this reason the German federal agency "[[Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien|BPjM]]" (Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons) started a "indexing process".<ref name="bulletin1610215">[http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/16/102/1610215.pdf  Bulletin of the German Parliament 16/10215] from September 12, 2008, pp. 6f.:  Answer of the German government to a parliamentary query by the Green Member of the German Parliament Monika Lazar {{de icon}}</ref>
 
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An investigation was also started in Sweden, which involved the Justitiekanslern (Chancellor of Justice), to examine whether the site should be prosecuted for inciting hatred.<ref name="corren0729b">[http://www.corren.se/ostergotland/linkoping/?articleId=4185002 Nazistsida blir fall för JK] [[Östgöta Correspondenten]], 09 February 2007 {{sv icon}}</ref>
 
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However, after reviewing the site's contents, the Chancellor of Justice decided, based on the Yttrandefrihetsgrundlagens (Freedom of Speech Act), to terminate the investigations.<ref>[http://www.sr.se/ostergotland/nyheter/artikel.asp?artikel=1213676 Ingen förundersökning kring Metapedia], Sveriges Radio Östergötland, 20 February 2007 {{sv icon}}</ref>
 
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In January 2009 the Swedish Chancellor of Justice declared that Metapedia presented a positive image of [[Adolf Hitler]], but decided not to take up the investigation.<ref>[http://www.fgj.se/Filuppladdning.asp?did=202&OmrID=4&SubID=110&SubSubID=0 JK: Positiv text om Hitler inte hets mot folkgrupp] Föreningen Grävande Journalister, 26 January 2009 {{sv icon}}</ref>
 
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The site's mission statement states that one of its goals is "to present a more balanced and fair image of the pro-European struggle for the general public as well as for academics, who until now have been dependent on strongly biased and hostile 'researchers' like Searchlight, [[Anti-Defamation League]], [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], [[Simon Wiesenthal Centre]], and such."<ref><nowiki>http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Metapedia:Mission_statement</nowiki></ref> The Metapedia logo features the head of a sculpture ("''Youth''") by the Nazi artist [[Arno Breker]].<ref><nowiki>http://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Metapedia:Projektbeschreibung</nowiki></ref>
 
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The site has more than 1300 articles in English and has versions in nine European languages.<ref name="splc">[http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2007/winter/white-nationalism Aryan Encyclopedia Takes Off], [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]</ref> Topics covered include European history, Norse mythology, and white nationalist music.<ref name="splc" />  ''[[The Register]]'' states that "a good percentage of Metapedia's content seems to be dedicated to Woden, the White Order of Thule, runes, and other subject matter which would undoubtedly have found favour with Aryan hocus-pocus aficionado Heinrich Himmler."<ref name="register" /> ''[[Crítica de la Argentina]]'' has noted its glowing descriptions of [[Adolf Hitler]] and other Nazi figures.<ref>[http://www.criticadigital.com/impresa/index.php?secc=nota&nid=5766 Llegó la Wikipedia de ultraderecha], [[Crítica de la Argentina]] {{es icon}}</ref> Metapedia's [[Alexa ranking]] is 82,296 worldwide.<ref>[http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/metapedia.org Alexa.com]</ref>
 
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== Operation ==
 
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The operation of Metapedia depends on [[MediaWiki]], a [[free software|free]] and [[open source software|open source]] [[wiki software]] platform written in [[PHP]] and built upon the [[MySQL]] database.<ref>[http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/debatt-essa/judeforfoljelser-pa-internet-1.646996 Judeförföljelser på internet] , [[Dagens Nyheter]], 08 February 2007 {{sv icon}}</ref><ref name="corren0729">[http://www.corren.se/archive/2007/2/9/j2hmaalwr3pyawb.xml?category1=1096984640-4&category2=1096984640-7& Extremisternas ”uppslagsverk” kan vara olagligt], [[Östgöta Correspondenten]], 09 February 2007 {{sv icon}}</ref><ref name="bulletin1610215"/>
 
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The project was started by the publisher Anders Lagerström and is headed by him and the economist Lennart Berg, who is an associate professor at the [[Uppsala University]] and runs the supporting NFSE Media [[Aktiebolag|AB]].<ref name="corren0729" /><ref name="corren0729b" />
 
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== See also ==
 
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*[[Far-right politics]]
 
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*[[Neo-fascism]]
 
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*[[Neo-Nazism]]
 
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*[[Right-wing populism]]
 
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*[[White nationalism]]
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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{{White nationalism}}
 
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[[Category:MediaWiki websites]][[Category:White supremacy]][[Category:Online encyclopedias]][[Category:Neo-Nazi websites]]
 
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[[cs:Metapedie]][[de:Metapedia]][[sv:Metapedia]]
 
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=dead map=
 
=dead map=
 
A '''dead map''' is a term often applied to sensitive government maps that show the location of top secret facilities and other highly sensitive installations within a country. [[Russia]] the [[United States]] and [[UK|Great Britain]] all have such maps. Many activists, conspiracy theorists etc compile their own unofficial maps, though these can often be more flights of fancy than actually related to any real locations[[Category:Map types]]
 
A '''dead map''' is a term often applied to sensitive government maps that show the location of top secret facilities and other highly sensitive installations within a country. [[Russia]] the [[United States]] and [[UK|Great Britain]] all have such maps. Many activists, conspiracy theorists etc compile their own unofficial maps, though these can often be more flights of fancy than actually related to any real locations[[Category:Map types]]
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=Opposition to the Guangzhou-Hong Kong Express Rail Link=
 
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Nice article, but opposition to a renewable energy source of transportation? I want to label the photo of the demonstrators doing the prostrating crawl as "Demonstrators demonstrating alternatives to rail travel"
 
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Will keep til the result of the AfD
 
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{{Infobox historical event
 
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  |Event_Name    = Opposition to the Guangzhou-Hong Kong Express Rail Link
 
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  |Image_Name    = Anti-guangzhoushenzenHK rail pic5.jpg
 
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  |Imagesize      = 300px
 
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  |Image_Alt      = A group of protesters wearing green behind a black banner with Chinese writing in front of a building entrance surrounded by photographers
 
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  |Image_Caption  = Villagers of the to-be-demolished Tsoi Yuen Chuen in front of HK Government offices in November 2009
 
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  |AKA            =
 
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  |Participants  = [[Government of Hong Kong|HK Govt.]], [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|LegCo]], [[Pan-democracy camp|Pan-democrats]], people of Hong Kong
 
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  |Location      = [[Legislative Council Building]], [[Central Government Offices]], Hong Kong
 
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  |Date          = Mid-2009 &ndash; early 2010
 
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  |Result        =
 
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  |URL            =
 
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}}
 
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'''Opposition to the Guangzhou-Hong Kong Express Rail Link''' ({{zh|t=反高鐵運動|l=Anti-High Speed Rail Movement}}), is a movement and period of civil discontent in [[Hong Kong]] between mid 2009 and early 2010. Select groups of Hong Kong residents protested the proposed Hong Kong section of the [[Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link|Guangzhou-Hong Kong Express Rail Link]] (abbreviated '''XRL'''), a high-speed railway that would link Hong Kong with mainland China's growing [[High-speed rail in China|high-speed rail network]].
 
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== Background ==
 
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Segments of the general public and various interest groups opposed to certain aspects of the [[Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link Hong Kong Section|Hong Kong section]] of the project mobilised through, petitions, marches, hunger-strikes, rallies to show their discontent at government insistence on pushing through the project. They cited cost, noise pollution, customs and border control complications, and existing rail links as main reasons for the opposition.
 
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Pan-democracy legislators made the most of their limited opportunity within committee to query the project rationale within the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] (LegCo), while civil groups kept vigil outside LegCo during the debate.  The January protest has also been called the "siege of Legco" by local media.<ref>The Standard, "[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=93256&sid=26736417&con_type=1&d_str=20100118&sear_year=2010 Fast and Furious]" ''The Standard'' Retrieved on 19 January 2010.</ref> Ultimately, the movement was unsuccessful in impeding the government's plans to build the railway.
 
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==Protest timeline==
 
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==== November 2009 ====
 
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On 29 November, a demonstration of more than 1,000 people protesting against the construction of the Express Rail link gained the attention of the local media when a group of 100 people engaged in a sit-in protest in front of the [[Central Government Offices|government headquarters]] in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]].<ref>[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=4&art_id=91254&sid=26254076&con_type=1&d_str=20091130&fc=1 Angry rail-link protesters clash with police], ''The Standard'', 30 November 2009</ref>
 
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==== December 2009 ====
 
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On 18 December, the funding application was debated in the Finance Committee of the Legislative Council.  A demonstration of an estimated 1,000 to 2,000 people was staged around the [[Legislative Council Building]]. The debate was put on hold and the funding was not yet finalised.<ref name="SCMP-19-Dec">Opponents of high-speed rail link claim victory as pan-democrats delay funding, ''South China Morning Post'', 19 December 2009</ref>
 
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==== January 2010 ====
 
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[[File:Promotion activity of HK 80 Night Anti-Express Rail Link 01.jpg|thumb|left|120px|prostrating walk by citizens|alt=group of people prostrating in line each wearing a green top with the Chinese character for 'stop']]
 
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[[File:Hk bitter marchers 1.JPG|thumb|120px|Lead marcher of prostrating walk|alt=person wearing spectacles carrying a green banner with the words '苦行反高鐵' (penance against High-speed rail link) leading a group of protesters]]
 
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A group performed a "prostrating walk" (苦行) imitating Tibetan pilgrims, dubbing it the "Prostrating Walk of the Five Districts", in which participants kneel down and touch the ground with their heads every 26 steps (to symbolise the length of the rail link), from 5 to 8 January. Protesters also walked around the LegCo building in a similar fashion during the protest from 15 to 16 January.<ref>MSN.com. "[http://news.hk.msn.com/local/%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%80%E8%8B%A6%E8%A1%8C%E5%8F%8D%E9%AB%98%E9%90%B5_article_1_57441_1.asp MSN.com]." ''周五再包圍立法會.'' Retrieved on 16 January 2010.</ref>
 
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A series of disputes and arguments were held in and out of the HK legislative council chamber for four weeks.  Lawmakers that were for or against the line traded insults during debate that lasted 25 hours straight.  On 15 January, hundreds of young protesters swarmed the [[Government House, Hong Kong|government house]] gates.<ref name="scmp2">''South China Morning Post'', "[http://www.scmp.com/portal/site/SCMP/menuitem.2af62ecb329d3d7733492d9253a0a0a0/?vgnextoid=9a82458652836210VgnVCM100000360a0a0aRCRD&ss=Hong+Kong&s=News Rail cash approved amid protests]", Retrieved on 16 January 2010.</ref>
 
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[[File:Anti-Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong rail oppositions Jan 2010 protest 06.jpg|thumb|220px|Police in riot gear assembled in road adjacent to the LegCo|alt=A tightly-bundled group of police officers in riot gear assembled in Jackson Road]]
 
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On the morning of 16 January, protests carried on, along with the debates inside the LegCo building. About 10,000 people showed up at the peak according to organizers.  Police gave the figure of 1,700.<ref name="scmp1">South China Morning Post. "[http://www.scmp.com/portal/site/SCMP/menuitem.2af62ecb329d3d7733492d9253a0a0a0/?vgnextoid=1993458652836210VgnVCM100000360a0a0aRCRD&ss=Hong+Kong&s=News SCMP]." ''Hard core came prepared for trouble.'' Retrieved on 16 January 2010.</ref> About 1,200 police officers were involved.<ref name="ming1">[http://news.mingpao.com/20100117/gaa1.htm. "反高鐵困鄭汝樺6小時669億元撥款通過 警民多次爆衝突"] Mingpao.com, Retrieved on 16 January 2010.</ref>  Just before the approval of the budget at around 18:00, an initial group of people tried to storm the [[Legislative Council Building|Legislative Council building]], but was blocked by the police. Then scuffles broke out as the police used [[pepper spray]] on the citizens while they covered their face with sheets of [[plastic wrap]].<ref name="scmp1" />
 
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Arming with mobile devices and communicating with [[Twitter]], protesters quickly moved into 6 separating strategic positions on the streets around the LegCo building, blocking all the exits. [[Eva Cheng]] and pro-government legislators were trapped inside the Legco building until 17 January.<ref name="scmp1" /><ref>Mingpao.com. "[http://news.mingpao.com/htm/Content_PhotoDisplay.htm?http://news.mingpao.com/20100117/_17ga702.jpg Mingpao.com]." ''Map of surrounding of Legco building.'' Retrieved on 16 January 2010.</ref>  Blogger Martin Oei drew a detailed strategic map showing the distribution of police and protesters, and gave an estimation of about 1700 protesters in that night.<ref>[http://maps.google.com.hk/maps/ms?source=s_q&hl=zh-TW&geocode=&brcurrent=3,0x3404006712263003:0x38c87d6371e23496,0,0x3403ff80eb6f67b1:0x46c3c89b39011247&ie=UTF8&hq=%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%83&hnear=%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%83,%20%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%83%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%B0,%20%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%82,%20%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80&msa=0&msid=103994143539058092237.00047d5ad2b262f498835&ll=22.281274,114.159676&spn=0.003475,0.005364&z=17 Google Map, retrieved on 7th February 2010]</ref> The crowd that surrounded the building promised Eva Cheng her safety if she would only come out to talk.<ref name="ming1" />  She did not.
 
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The [[Pro-Beijing camp|pro-Beijing]] [[Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong]] had to be escorted out of the building while the crowd chanted "shame".<ref name="scmp1" />  Five police officers were injured.<ref name="ming1" />
 
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−
==== February 2010 ====
 
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On 15 February 2010, and shadowing the tradition of [[Lau Wong Fat]] of the [[Heung Yee Kuk]], about 20 post-80s generation anti-rail representatives joined the [[Hong Kong Lunar New year kau cim tradition|annual HK kau cim tradition]] at [[Che Kung Miu|Che Kung temple]], [[Sha Tin]] to draw three divination sticks for the [[Tiger (zodiac)|year of the tiger]]. They said the fortune of the city should not depend on unelected, unrepresentative business/political personalities leaders. Two 'mid' sticks were drawn with #89 and #24, along with one 'misfortune' stick.<ref>Singpao.com. "[http://www.singpao.com/NewsArticle.aspx?MenuID=2&NewsID=77864&Lang=sc 「80後」得下签　促停拆菜园村], Singpao.com, Retrieved on 2010-02-16.</ref>  The misfortune stick #74 was interpreted as 凡事待遲 (roughly translated as "Everything should be carried out later").<ref>Cablenews.i-cable.com. "[http://cablenews.i-cable.com/webapps/news_video/index.php?news_id=325808&category= i-cable.com]." ''八十後青年為港人求得下籤.'' Retrieved on 2010-02-16.</ref>
 
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==Reasons for opposition==
 
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The opposition was initiated by media activists already active in high key campaigns such as the struggle for the preservation of the Star Ferry and Queen's Piers in 2006 and 2007, at the outset, only focused on saving Choi Yuen Tsuen village, which was painstakingly built by its residents over four decades. Yet, while the activists were working on ways to solve the problem, they found out the many inconsistencies with the government plan and finally went out to oppose the rail link as a whole. It was widely regarded as sacrificing the interests of the common people to a small minority of economic elites.
 
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Besides possible damage to the environment during its construction and operation, the rail link would cost [[HK$]]69.9&nbsp;billion (US$9&nbsp;billion), while the estimated return over 50 years is only HK$80b. A village along the track, [[Tsoi Yuen Tsuen]], home to about 500 people, would be dismantled. [[Tai Kok Tsui]] residents said the railway would cause unbearable noise pollution to residents in some districts and could cause a number of old buildings with poor foundations to collapse.<ref>[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=92560&sid=26584793&con_type=1&d_str=20100104 New front opens in fight against hi-speed rail link], ''The Standard'' (4 January 2010)</ref>
 
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−
A number of different groups, ranging from [[environmentalist]]s to the affected villagers, oppose the project for different reasons. With regular demonstrations, the collection of signatures and various other forms of protest, they are trying to raise awareness among the population and to exert pressure upon the respective politicians. By the end of June 2009 more than 10,000 signatures, opposing plans for the railway, were collected.<ref>[http://www.expressrailtruth.com/news20090629_05.html Village fights rail line that will wipe it out], ''South China Morning Post'', (28 June 2009) (third party link)</ref>
 
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Doubts have also been cast on the official projections and plans for the national rail link. While the rail link is officially needed to connect to the high-speed national rail network at [[Shibi Railway Station|Shibi, Guangzhou]], reports show that nearly 80% of the trains will actually end in [[Shenzhen]].<ref>[http://www.expressrailtruth.com/news20090916_01.html Most trains will stop short of new mega hub], ''South China Morning Post'' (16 September 2009) (third party link)</ref>  Hong Kong's [[Pro-democracy camp]] has said that the project will only benefit developers.<ref>"[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2010/01/17/2003463671 HK protesters fight police over new Guangzhou railway]", ''Taipei Times'', retrieved on 16 January 2010.</ref>
 
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−
Meanwhile, Mirana Szeto, a member of the Stop XRL Alliance compared the civil opposition to the [[1989 Tiananmen Square Protests]] in Beijing some 20 years earlier. They want the government to stop collusion and corruption, and wanted to fight for democracy.<ref name="scmp1" /> The ''Professional Commons'', a think tank of the [[Civic Party]], has reportedly exposed many flaws in the project using testimonials from rail experts.<ref name="scmp2" /> '''Post 80s generation'''. According to some government members, who opted for a purely generational analysis of the phenomenon, many of them feel helpless in today's society where it is impossible to move forward/up.<ref>Yahoo.com. "[http://hk.news.yahoo.com/article/100110/4/g1q7.html Yahoo.com]." ''共同反省「80後」至今的香港社會.'' Retrieved on 16 January 2010.</ref>{{Clarify|date=March 2010}}.
 
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However, other observers regard them as a new civil force bringing along a positive project for Hong Kong. Via its discourse on a more inclusive developmental approach, an encompassing form of democracy<ref>Leg. Cyd Ho Sau-lan, Letter to Hong Kong, 27th June 2010, http://cydho.org.hk/chi/node/486</ref> and the decolonization of the territory it has developed during its various urban campaigns, the movement is regarded as striving for the emancipation of both the city and the citizen.<ref>"From the Star Ferry Pier to the Express Rail : emancipate the city and the citizen - Analysis of Hong Kong's new civil society" [http://www.scribd.com/doc/34334722/Pierre-Martin-Du-Star-Ferry-a-l-Express-Rail-analyse-de-la-nouvelle-societe-civile-hongkongaise-From-the-Star-Ferry-Pier-to-the-Express-Rail-an Le mouvement civique urbain hongkongais Emanciper la ville et le citoyen] {{fr-icon}}</ref> Cultural critic Law Wing-sang regards the opposition to the Guangzhou-Hong Kong Express Rail Link as the first step of the collapse of the dominant ideology and analyses the movement as having initiated the process of decolonization for Hong Kong, where local economic elites and colonizers have historically worked hand in hand with each other, in what he termed collaborative colonial power.<ref>Kwong wing-yuen (ed.), Zhan zai dan de yi bian, Xianggang bashihou, Hong Kong, UP Publications Limited, 2010, pp. 16-32.</ref><ref>Law Wing-seng, Collaborative colonial power, The Making of the Hong Kong Chinese, Hong Kong University Press, 2009</ref> Ma Ngok, another prominent political observer, also supported the protesters, and regarded the "black box" process through which the project of the Rail Link was arrived at as epitomizing the structural governance problem of the Hong Kong administration.
 
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==Final approval==
 
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The pro-government lawmakers who form a majority in the legislature approved the funding at 31 votes to 21.<ref name="scmp2" /> The government's HK$2 billion compensation for affected residents was approved 30-0, as pan-democratic lawmakers stormed out in protest.
 
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<ref name="ming1" />
 
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==Death threats==
 
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In February 2010 [[e-mail]]s were sent to the pro-Beijing [[Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong|DAB]] to "chop you guys to death" over support for the express rail link and a boycott of the possible by-elections related to the [[Five Constituencies Referendum]].<ref>The Standard HK. "[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=94446&sid=27032534&con_type=1 The Standard.com]." ''Death threats place DAB on `chop' alert.'' Retrieved on 2010-02-10.</ref>  The incident has been reported to the police.
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist|2}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{Commons category|Opposition to the Guangzhou-Hong Kong Express Rail Link}}
 
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*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nj40C2Zk9tE&feature=player_embedded NowTV video report of demonstrations at Government House]
 
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*[http://daisann.com/2010/01/17/siege-of-legco.aspx Siege of LegCo, by reporter and blogger dm]
 
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}
 
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Opposition To The Guangzhou-Hong Kong Express Rail Link}}
 
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[[Category:2009 in Hong Kong]]
 
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[[Category:2010 in Hong Kong]]
 
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[[Category:Protests]]
 
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[[Category:Politics of Hong Kong]]
 
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[[Category:Political controversies]]
 
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[[zh:反高鐵運動]]
 
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== Political rights, voting and representation, judiciary  ==
 
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Ahmadi Muslims are required to declare themselves as non-Muslims against their beliefs which effectively bars Ahmadi Muslims form registering for vote and to stand in elections.<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127370.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2009]</ref>
 
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..nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
 
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Judiciary has also bowed to the religious fanatics as is evident in a number of case decisions in recent years.<ref>Freedom of Religion and Religious Minorities in Pakistan: A study of judicial practice [http://pakteahouse.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/ssrn-id9843201.pdf]</ref>
 
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== Passports, National identification cards and Religious Profiling ==
 
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Ahmadis are heavily profiled and every Pakistani has to curse Ahmadiyya beliefs when applying for Pakistani passport, Pakistani National ID cards and applying for jobs etc.
 
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From official Pakistan passport application;
 
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I …… hereby solemnly declare that:-
 
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(i) I am a Muslim and believe in the absolute and unqualified finality of the Prophethood of Muhammad (Peace be upon Him) - the last of the Prophets.
 
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(ii) I do not recognize any person who claims to be a prophet in any sense of the word or of any description whatsoever after Muhammad (Peace be upon Him) or recognize such a claimant as a prophet or a religious reformer as a Muslim.
 
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(iii)<strong> I consider Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Quadiani to be an impostor nabi and also consider his followers whether belonging to the Lahori or Qadiani group to be Non-Muslim</strong>.<ref>[http://www.pakmissionfrankfurt.de/passport_a.pdf Pakistan Passport Renewal Form issued by the Pakistan Consulate in Frankfurt]</ref>
 
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==Media==
 
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In 2008, the Asian Human Rights Commission protested that the government of Pakistan had taken no action against a TV journalist who had made "stoked religious hatred" of the Ahmadi community.<ref>PAKISTAN: No action taken against Geo TV presenter who incited Muslims to murder members of Pakistan minority on air ; Asian Human Rights Commission 18 September 2008[http://ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2008statements/1694/]</ref>
 
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Ahmadiyya Muslims are not invited to present their views on the media , thus allowing only anti-Ahmadiyya prejudice to be spread in the Pakistan society.
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}
 
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan And The Apartheid Analogy}}
 
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[[Category:Apartheid]]
 
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[[Category:Pakistani society]]
 
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[[Category:Religion in Pakistan]]
 
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[[Category:Comparative politics]]
 
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[[Category:Persecution of Ahmadiyya]]
 
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Line 371: Line 286:
  
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blogs Withdrawn from AfD
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blogs Withdrawn from AfD
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cat:Microfinance sub of Banking | Credit | Development | Mutualism
 
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cat mutualism sub of Social movements | Cooperatives | Social systems | Insurance
 
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=The International Network of Alternative Financial Institutions=
 
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/International_Network_of_Alternative_Financial_Institutions
 
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The result was no consensus with leave to speedy renominate
 
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Cooperative Banking: Alternative finance, microfinance , microcredit, microgrant, microloan
 
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The International Network of Alternative Financial Institutions ([[INAFI]]) is an umbrella organization of [[microfinance]] operations spanning 38 countries across 3 continents: Asia, Africa and Latin America.  With a mandate to meet the [[Millennium Development Goals]] (MDGs), INAFI seeks to alleviate poverty, provide access to health care and education, as well as promote gender equality through its 118 member organizations.
 
−
 
−
==External links==
 
−
*[http://www.inafi.org INAFI]
 
−
*[http://www.inafiasia.net INAFI Asia]
 
−
*[http://www.inafiafrica.com INAFI Africa]
 
−
*[http://www.inafi-la.org INAFI Latin America]
 
−
 
−
[[Category:International finance institutions]]
 
−
[[Category:Microfinance]]
 
−
 
−
http://www.maduraisymposium.in/symposium05/docs/INAFI-Micro_Insurance.pdf 2005 conference
 
−
 
−
 
−
=Justin Capră=
 
−
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Justin_Capr%C4%83
 
−
Deleted
 
−
 
−
'''Justin Capră''' (born 22 February 1933) (Iustin)  is a [[Romanian people|Romanian]] inventor. He was born in Măgureni, [[Prahova County|Prahova]], Romania.
 
−
 
−
He invented and built small vehicles that consumed very little fuel. Before that, he invented an individual jet device, which allows a person to fly by jet.
 
−
 
−
His invention has never been patented or applied.
 
−
 
−
Without support from the Romanian government or private companies, he built his tiny vehicles mostly on his own. Capra's most famous car was the Soleta 150 Ecor; it had a total weight of 95&nbsp;kg and was capable of covering 100&nbsp;km on 0.5 liters of fuel.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} He also produced another model, the Soleta I.C.200, which could reach 67&nbsp;km/h. None of his cars have been produced commercially.
 
−
 
−
==References==
 
−
{{reflist}}
 
−
*[http://www.hotnews.ro/pp_articol_9765-Masina-cu-cel-mai-mic-consum.htm Maşina cu cel mai mic consum] at hotnews.ro ( Sâmbătă, 26 May 2007)
 
−
*[http://www.gandul.info/viata/justin-capra-inventator-maturator-filozof-si-pustnic.html?3931%3B2380119 Justin Capră: inventator, măturător, filozof şi pustnic] at gandul.ro (14 February 2008)
 
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−
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}
 
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−
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
 
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| NAME              =Capra, Justin
 
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
 
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
 
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| DATE OF BIRTH    =
 
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| PLACE OF BIRTH    =
 
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| DATE OF DEATH    =
 
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| PLACE OF DEATH    =
 
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}}
 
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Capra, Justin}}
 
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[[Category:People from Prahova County]]
 
−
[[Category:Romanian inventors]]
 
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[[Category:Romanian scientists]]
 
−
[[Category:Living people]]
 
−
[[Category:1933 births]]
 
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−
[[ro:Justin Capră]]
 
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=[[Wikipedia:Chickamauga Indian]]=
 
=[[Wikipedia:Chickamauga Indian]]=
Line 444: Line 297:
 
* http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chickamauga&action=historysubmit&diff=390195501&oldid=390185341
 
* http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chickamauga&action=historysubmit&diff=390195501&oldid=390185341
 
** Bkonrad deletes C. Indians from Dab
 
** Bkonrad deletes C. Indians from Dab
−
 
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==[[Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky]]==
 
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Southern_cherokee_nation_of_kentucky
 
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The '''Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky''' are descended from "half blood" or "mixed-blood" Cherokee, a group of passionate [[Cherokee]] who signed the [[Treaty of New Echota]] with the US Government in 1835, which signed away much of the sovereign Cherokee territory in the southern [[Appalachian Mountains]] in exchange for lands in northeastern [[Oklahoma]]. The primary signatories of the treaty were subsequently assassinated by Pin Cherokee also known formally as the [[Original Keetoowah Society]]. A secret organization formed by a Christian missionary, and controlled by [[John Ross]] Principle Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Confederate Brigadier General [[Albert Pike]] wrote in 1861 that the Pin organization “was established by Evan Jones, a missionary, and at the service of Mr. John Ross, for the purpose of abolitionizing the Cherokees and putting out of the way all who sympathized with the Southern States.” <ref>''THE CIVIL WAR IN THE INDIAN TERRITORY 1861'',Volume 17, No. 3, p. 325 September, 1939 Dean Trickett, Chronicals of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Historical Society</ref><ref>''The Keetoowah Society and the Avocation of Religious Nationalism in the Cherokee Nation, 1855-1867'', ''Between Two Fires'', Chapter Three, U.S. Data Repository</ref> 
 
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−
==History==
 
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−
The Southern Cherokee of Kentucky have gone by many names: They were originally known as the [[Overhill Cherokee]], [[Chickamauga]] Cherokee, the Treaty Party, and during the [[American Civil War]] they became known as Southern Cherokee, and finally the Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky. The Treaty of New Echota was rejected by most of the Cherokee Nation, but the US Government enforced the [[Indian Removal Act]] of 1830 in what came to be known as the "[[Trail of Tears]]". An estimated 4'000 of 15'000 died during this enforced removal to [[Indian Territory]]. Most of those who had accepted the Treaty fought on the side of the [[Confederate States of America]] in the American Civil War.  Ironically, at the end of the war many of the "Southern Cherokee" intermarried with "[[Freedmen]]", former Afro-American slaves that were also removed on the Trail of Tears.  Subsequent warring between the Pin Cherokee and the "Southern Cherokee", and the death of Confederate Brigadier General [[Stand Watie]] in 1871, resulted in the fleeing of Southern Cherokee refugees across several States which included Kentucky.
 
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−
The ''[[Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma]]'', (CNO), are recognized as the official Cherokee Nation, while those of the ''Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky'', ''Southern Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma'', and the ''Sovereign SOUTHERN CHEROKEE Government'' are not Federally recognized. However, The treaty of 1866 was made with the Southern Cherokee to ensure they were protected from the Pin Cherokee. This treaty also guarantees all Southern Cherokee a separate government and jurisdiction.
 
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−
==Status==
 
−
The Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky is a state recognized tribe now headquartered in [[Henderson, Kentucky]], which is situated on the high banks of the Ohio River in an area once known as Red Banks by Native Americans. The Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky was recognized by past Governor [[John Y. Brown (1835–1904)]] on "Executive Letter Head" on December 26, 1893, and then by Governor [[Ernie Fletcher]], via proclamation, on November 20, 2006. The city of Henderson, Kentucky also issued a proclamation recognizing the Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky on February 24, 2009. The Cherokee Nation of Kentucky is officially recognized in the [[Commonwealth of Kentucky]] by the Executive Branch of their host government. <ref name="Historical Documents">[http://www.southerncherokeenationky.com/historicaldocuments.html Photos taken of display cases located at "The Depot" in downtown Henderson,  Kentucky] southerncherokeenationky.com</ref><ref>''Indian Child Welfare Act Compliance Desk Aid For Kentucky Child Welfare Workers'', Facts: Two State Recognized Tribes, Cabinet for Health and Family Services</ref><ref>''500 Nations''[http://500nations.com/tribes/Tribes_States.asp "State Recognized tribes"]</ref><ref>USA.GOV [http://www.usa.gov/Government/Tribal_Sites/index.shtml "Tribal Governments"]</ref>
 
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−
==See also==
 
−
* [[Cherokee freedmen controversy]]
 
−
* [[State recognized tribes]]
 
−
 
−
==References==
 
−
{{Reflist}}
 
−
 
−
==External links==
 
−
*[http://www.southerncherokeenationky.com/home.html Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky] official website.
 
−
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/SouthernCherokeeNation/ Southern Cherokee Nation of kentucky] groups.yahoo.com
 
−
*[http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Cherokee#Southern_Cherokee_Nation_of_Kentucky Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky]  new world encyclopedia.org
 
−
*[http://www.native-languages.org/kentucky.htm Native American Tribes of kentucky]
 
−
*[http://www.state-journal.com/news/simple_article/4534557?page=0 Henderson recognizes Southern Cherokee Nation] state-journal.com
 
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−
[[Category:Native American tribes in Tennessee]][[Category:Native American tribes in Alabama]][[Category:Native American culture]][[Category:Native American people]][[Category:Native American tribes]][[Category:Cherokee Nation (19th century)]][[Category:Cherokee tribe]][[Category:Muscogee]][[Category:Slavery in the United States]][[Category:South Appalachian Mississippian culture]]
 
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−
= Random searches =
 
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[[Category:Policing post-Patriot Act]]
 
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−
Author's comments as lead, to Talk page.
 
−
"Since 9/11 we’ve all grown accustomed to security procedures that, 11 years ago, most of us would have considered unreasonable intrusions on our liberty and privacy, all in the name of safety. That, I think, is the real measure of what terrorism does to a free society. It’s not the bombs or the airplanes that hurt us most, but the gradual intrusions into personal freedom that are implemented in response to those threats. Little by little, the freedom of movement we once knew is being chipped away and, in the event that we ever again face a mass terrorist attack with catastrophic loss, the stage will have been set for a ramp up in “security procedures” that will make America an unrecognizable shell of its former self." - [[Wikipedia:User:DamionMC72]] . Added by A
 
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−
== [[4th Amendment]] Violations & Start Dates of Security Theater Metro Timelines ==
 
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'''2 Jul 2004: MBTA Transit Police conducted random bag searches for a limited time before and during the Democratic National Convention in 2004''' -[http://www.ble-t.org/pr/news/headline.asp?id=10912 MBTA Democratic Convention Bag Searches]
 
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−
'''21 July 2005:  New York Starts to Inspect Bags on the Subways''' -[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/22/nyregion/22york.html NYPD Bag Searches]
 
−
:* Paul J. Browne, deputy commissioner of the New York police, “We periodically find illegal weapons and drugs, but we have not uncovered explosives as part of a terrorist plot”
 
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−
'''5 Oct 2006: MBTA Security Inspections''' -[http://www.mbta.com/transitpolice/default.asp?id=19050 MBTA Bag Searches]
 
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−
'''14 Jun 2008:  Los Angeles Metrolink abolishes the Fourth Amendment, begins bogus "random bag searches"''' -[http://boingboing.net/2008/06/14/los-angeles-metro-ab.html LA Metro Bag Searches]
 
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−
'''27 Oct 2008:  Random Bag Searches on Metro''' -[http://dc.metblogs.com/2008/10/27/random-bag-searches-on-metro/ Metro Bag Searches]
 
−
 
−
'''29 Apr 2009: TSA To Take Over Subway Bag Check From NYPD''' -[http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/local_news/nyc/090428_TSA_to_Replace_NYPD_on_Subway_Bag_Checks TSA NYPD Bag Searches]
 
−
:* city's overall budget cuts are apparently hitting the NYPD right in the subway bag check area. "Transportation Security Administration bag screeners from Kennedy, LaGuardia and Newark Liberty airports will be replacing most NYPD cops in the subway that screen bags for explosives."  "About 30 TSA screeners a day will be pulled from the three area airports Monday through Friday to inspect bags at various subway locations throughout the city. At each location they'll be teamed up with one police officer instead of the two or three officers you currently see at inspection sites."
 
−
 
−
'''16 Dec 2010: Security Theater, D.C. Metro Edition''' -[http://www.openmarket.org/2010/12/16/security-theater-dc-metro-edition/ DC Metro Bag Searches]
 
−
 
−
== Making Commuters Less Safe ==
 
−
[http://greatergreaterwashington.org/post/8594/wmata-bag-searches-make-transit-less-safe-not-more/ WMATA bag searches make transit less safe, not more]
 
−
== Court Cases Regarding Suspicionless Checkpoints - Random Bag Searches ==
 
−
=== MacWade v Kelly (NYPD) ===
 
−
[http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Court_finds_random_bag_searches_in_NYC_subway_constitutional Court finds random bag searches in NYC subway constitutional]
 
−
 
−
=== City of Jersey City/PAPD v Cocchi ===
 
−
[[:Category:United States]]
 
−
 
−
 
−
[[Wikipedia:Lifeboat Foundation]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Log/2010_December_28#Lifeboat_Foundation AfD with sources] survivalist space colony
 
−
 
−
 
−
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Lifeboat_Foundation deleted
 
−
= Lifeboat Foundation =
 
−
 
−
[[image:Guarded.title.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lifeboat Foundation#GETAS|GETAS]] threat level]]
 
−
 
−
The '''Lifeboat Foundation''' is a non-profit organization aiming to reduce [[existential risk]]s to ensure the survival of human civilization.  It focuses on both natural and man-made threats by initiating a variety of programs and undertakings on its website.  The foundation seeks to inform the public of the dangers of increasingly powerful technologies, including [[genetic engineering|genetic]] and [[nanoengineering]].<ref name=mission>{{cite web|title=Mission Statement|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/mission.statement|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation|accessdate=2010-11-17}}</ref>  The misuse of such technologies by only a few individuals, it argues, could produce devastating results.  It maintains a system&mdash;called [[Lifeboat Foundation#GETAS|GETAS]]&mdash;for alerting the public about changes in existential threat levels.  It also has in its mission to encourage scientific and technological advancement.  In the long run, the Lifeboat Foundation is promoting the establishment of self-sufficient space colonies to help preserve human society.
 
−
 
−
The foundation was created by American entrepreneur Eric Klien shortly after the terrorist attacks of September 11.  It has several [[Lifeboat Foundation#Programs|Programs]] and its [[Lifeboat Foundation#Advisory Boards|Advisory Boards]]  include over 1000 scientists and specialists.  Lifeboat Foundation sponsors conferences, competitions, and research grants. It is funded entirely through membership dues (as of 19 November 2010: 1 232) and donations (as of 19 November 2010: 249) by individuals and corporations.<ref name=finances>{{cite web|url = http://lifeboat.co/ex/finances|title=Finances|accessdate=2010-10-29|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation}}</ref>
 
−
 
−
==Mission==
 
−
In its mission statement on the lifeboat website, the organization states it is "dedicated to encouraging scientific advancements while helping humanity survive existential risks and possible misuse of increasingly powerful technologies, including genetic engineering, nanotechnology, and robotics/AI, as we move towards the Singularity." As part of its mission statement, the website indicates it is "pursuing a variety of options, including helping to accelerate the development of technologies to defend humanity, including new methods to combat viruses (such as RNA interference and new vaccine methods), effective nanotechnological defensive strategies, and even self-sustaining space colonies in case the other defensive strategies fail."<ref name=mission />
 
−
 
−
==History==
 
−
===Origins===
 
−
{{Refimprove|section|date=November 2010}}
 
−
Founder Eric Klien's interest in [[Libertarian]] principles led him in 1993 to start the Atlantis Project: "to build a floating city in the Caribbean Sea that would be free of the bureaucratic limitations of modern governments".  The city was to be called Oceania.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/bios.eric.klien|title=Eric Klien|accessdate=2010-11-01|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation}}</ref> The project was eventually abandoned due to lack of funding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oceania.org/|accessdate=2010-11-01|title=Final Words|publisher=The Atlantis Project}}</ref>
 
−
 
−
The [[September 11th attacks]] led Klien to found a humanitarian organization "bent on the preservation of human life, against all odds".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/bios.eric.klien|title=Eric Klien|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation|accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref>  The Lifeboat Foundation was established as a permanent nonprofit organization in October, 2002.  Several of those who previously worked on The Atlantis Project joined the new foundation.  The Lifeboat Foundation has steadily grown in its membership, financial position, and public exposure since its inception.
 
−
 
−
===Guardian Award===
 
−
The Guardian Award is presented annually by the Lifeboat foundation to "a respected scientist or public figure who has warned of a future fraught with dangers and encouraged measures to prevent them".<ref name=winner2010/>
 
−
The following persons have received a Guardian award:
 
−
*2004  [[Martin Rees]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/guardian2004|title=2004 Guardian Award|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation|date=19 November 2010}}</ref> (English cosmologist)
 
−
*2005  [[Ray Kurzweil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/guardian2005|title=2005 Guardian Award|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation|date=19 November 2010}}</ref> (American inventor, author)
 
−
*2006  [[Robert A. Freitas Jr.]]/[[Bill Joy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/guardian2006|title=2006 Guardian Award|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation|date=19 November 2010}}</ref> "proposing solutions to the dangers of advanced technology since 2000."
 
−
*2007  [[James Martin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/guardian2007|title=2007 Guardian Award|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation|date=19 November 2010}}</ref> "in recognition of the achievements of his ''[[Future of Humanity Institute]]'' in studying global catastrophic risks and impacts of future technologies."
 
−
*2008  [[Stephen Hawking]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/guardian2008|title=2008 Guardian Award|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation|date=19 November 2010}}</ref> "in recognition of his continuous warnings that global catastrophic risks will eventually come and therefore it is unsafe and unwise for all of humanity to be on a single planet."
 
−
*2009 [[Peter de Jager]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/guardian2009|title=2009 Guardian Award|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation|date=19 November 2010}}</ref> "in recognition of his 1993 warning which alerted the world to [[Millennium problem|the potential disaster that might have occurred on January 1, 2000]]."
 
−
*2010 [[Russell Schweickart]]<ref name=winner2010>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/guardian2010|title=2010 Guardian Award|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation|date=19 November 2010}}</ref> "in recognition of his efforts for humans to escape [[Extinction_of_dinosaurs#Non-avian dinosaurs|the fate of the dinosaurs]]."
 
−
 
−
===Conferences===
 
−
The Lifeboat Foundation has co-hosted and sponsored conferences related to its mission.  It cosponsored the Global Catastrophic Risks summit in Mountain View, CA.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/eventinfo/ieet20081114/|accessdate=2010-11-01|publisher=Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies|title=Global Catastrophic Risks: Building a Resilient Civilization}}</ref> and the June 2010 H+ Summit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hplussummit.com/2010/east/index.html|publisher=2010 H+ Summit|accessdate=2010-11-01|title=H+ Summit @ Harvard}}</ref> The foundation was also media sponsor for the 2009 [[Singularity Summit]] in New York City<ref name=sing>{{cite web|url=http://www.singularitysummit.com/summit|title=Overview|accessdate=2010-11-01|publisher=The Singularity Summit}}</ref>
 
−
 
−
==Structure==
 
−
The Lifeboat Foundation is structured with advisory boards, a [[board of director]]s, and a general staff. The board of directors includes founder Eric Klien as chairman, and four other directors; the advisory boards comprise a diversity of societal and scientific specialists; and the staff had 21 employees on November 12, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/about|accessdate=2010-11-12|title=About|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation}}</ref><ref name=staff>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/staff|accessdate=2010-11-12|title=Staff|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation}}</ref>  The foundation also has a technology research department that is charged with tracking new technological developments.  The Lifeboat Foundation intends to operate as an [[umbrella organization]]; in case of growth, it plans on funding larger research grants and prizes rather than hiring more employees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/procedures|title=procedures|accessdate=22 November 2010|publisher=Lifeboat foundation}}</ref>
 
−
 
−
===Advisory Boards===
 
−
The organization has formed advisory boards consisting of over 1000 specialists in various disciplines. Board members develop [[Lifeboat Foundation#programs|programs]], or propose new areas in which the Lifeboat Foundation should be involved.<ref name=boards>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/boards|accessdate=2010-11-18|title=Advisory Boards|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation}}</ref>
 
−
 
−
There are also over a dozen Scientific Advisory Boards (SABs).  The SABs are specifically focused on scientific questions, such as [[cosmology]] and [[neuroscience]].  Some of the SABs are dedicated to more technical fields like [[economics]] and [[information science]].  They comprise scientists from around the world, including [[Nobel Prize]] winners [[Clive Granger]] and [[Wole Soyinka]].<ref name=boards />
 
−
 
−
===Finances===
 
−
The Lifeboat Foundation is funded by donations and membership fees.  Donations can go to either the general fund or a specific fund.  The general fund is called the Lifeboat Fund and its website states a value of US$ 466,394.62 on October 29, 2010.<ref name=finances />
 
−
 
−
==Activities==
 
−
===GETAS===
 
−
The Global Existential Threat Advisory System (GETAS) is the mechanism the Lifeboat Foundation uses to disseminate information about current existential threats.  GETAS consists of five threat levels plus an emergency condition.  The levels are designed to be cumulative; that is, the recommended precautions of each level build on those of lower levels.  The current GETAS condition is displayed on the Lifeboat Foundation's website, and visitors can subscribe to receive email notifications if the level changes.
 
−
 
−
The goal of the warnings is to "to create a common vocabulary, context, and structure for an ongoing international, global discussion about the nature of the threats that confront our species on planet Earth and the appropriate measures that should be taken in response."<ref name=GETAS/>  The system uses the internet to communicate rapidly to subscribers.
 
−
 
−
GETAS levels are set by "the Executive Director of the Lifeboat Foundation in consultation with the Scientific Advisory Boards".<ref name=GETAS>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/getas|title=Global Existential Threat Advisory System (GETAS)|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation|accessdate=2010-11-06}}</ref>  The levels (and the explanations given by the Lifeboat foundation website) are as follows:
 
−
 
−
{| class="wikitable"
 
−
|-
 
−
| align="center"|[[File:low.condition.jpg]] ||  "The low threat condition calls for only the most basic of protective measures.  Since the creation of GETAS, the Lifeboat Foundation has not yet issued a low threat condition.  Typical measures under a low threat condition include training Lifeboat personnel in GETAS procedures and maintaining Lifeboat facilities in a disaster-ready condition."<ref name=GETAS />
 
−
|-
 
−
| align="center"|[[File:guarded.condition.jpg]] || "The guarded condition is declared when there is a general underlying risk of existential catastrophe.  Under a guarded condition, the foundation will post any information that would aid in responding to potential disasters.  Recommendations during a guarded threat level are similar to the common-sense recommendations provided by government agencies."<ref name=GETAS />
 
−
|-
 
−
| align="center"|[[File:elevated.condition.jpg]] || "An elevated threat condition is issued when significant events point to a heightened state of risk.  Since the beginning of GETAS, Lifeboat has raised the threat level to elevated only twice.  For example, when North Korea [[2006 North Korean nuclear test|detonated a nuclear device in 2006]], it raised global political tension and prompted the Lifeboat Foundation to declare an elevated threat condition."<ref name=GETAS/>
 
−
|-
 
−
| align="center"|[[File:high.condition.jpg]] || "The high threat level would require significant coordination between organizations at the local, national, and [[supranational]] level to address risks." (never declared) <ref name=GETAS/>
 
−
|-
 
−
| align="center"|[[File:severe.condition.jpg]] || "The severe condition reflects an extreme global risk&mdash;the justification for this threat level should be a very clear event somewhere in the world.  This level is not intended to remain in effect for a substantial amount of time.  The Lifeboat Foundation would be primarily focused on coordinating emergency response efforts, closing public facilities and transportation systems, and preparing evacuations."<ref name=GETAS />  (never declared)
 
−
|-
 
−
| align="center"|[[File:emergency.condition.jpg]] || "An emergency condition indicates the occurrence of an existential catastrophe.  At this point, the priority of the foundation would be to preserve human civilization.  Lifeboat Foundation bunkers would be switched to autonomous power and [[hermetically seal]]ed off from the outside world.  Space evacuees would be launched to their designated space arks." (not yet declared)<ref name=GETAS />
 
−
|}
 
−
 
−
===Programs===
 
−
The Lifeboat Foundation's website states programs to help assess and reduce existential risks.  "Shield" programs are attempts to explicitly identify and mitigate threats posed by misuse of a particular technology. Examples include:
 
−
*'''AsteroidShield''', aiming at detecting and altering the trajectory of [[asteroid]]s and [[comet]]s on a collision course with Earth, thus avoiding [[impact events]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Asteroid Shield|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation|accessdate=20 November 2010|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/asteroid.shield}}</ref>
 
−
*'''BioShield''', aiming at preventing and countering the effects of attacks with [[biological agent]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/bio.shield|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation|accessdate=2010-11-16|title=BioShield}}</ref>
 
−
*'''Space Habitats''', designing and encouraging the technology for [[space colonies|human colonies in space]]. The organization's website mentions design on a habitat called ''Ark 1'', a "self-sustaining space habitat being designed to ensure the survival of humanity in the event Earth becomes uninhabitable".<ref name=spacehabitats>{{cite web|title=Space habitats|publisher=Lifeboat Foundation|accessdate=20 November 2010|url=http://lifeboat.com/ex/space.habitats}}</ref>
 
−
 
−
<!-- suppressed copyrighted image [[image:Stanford torus under construction.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|Building colonies in space is-->
 
−
 
−
==See also==
 
−
*[[Existential risk]]
 
−
*[[Eschatology]]
 
−
*[[Man-made disasters|Man-made]] or [[Natural disaster|Natural]] disasters
 
−
*[[Human extinction]]
 
−
*[[Risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth]]
 
−
*[[Survivalism]]
 
−
*[[Technological singularity]]
 
−
*[[Technological escalation]]
 
−
*[[Space and survival]] and [[Terraforming]]
 
−
 
−
==External links==
 
−
*[http://lifeboat.com/ex/main Lifeboat Foundation]
 
−
 
−
==References==
 
−
{{Reflist|2}}
 
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−
[[Category:Risk]][[Category:Space colonization]][[Category:Non-profit organizations]][[Category:Non-governmental organizations based in the United States]][[Category:Articles nominated for deletion on Wikipedia (AfD)]]
 
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=[[Wikipedia:WikiDoc]]=
 
=[[Wikipedia:WikiDoc]]=

Revision as of 02:28, 5 February 2011

This explains a lot. AfD is a locker room connected by carbon fibre List of precedents to prove that WP:GAMEGUIDE was wrong all along. Stutter step (tennis), Golf swing, Category:Chess openings, Category:Bridge squeezes,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/List_of_rocket_and_mortar_attacks_in_Israel_in_2009


Old article if it has not been deleted, of strikes against Palestine in 2008 /?9?

George Watsky

http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=george+watsky&aq=0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/George_Watsky

close paraphrase|source=http://georgewatsky.com/about/%7Cdate=January 2011 Template:Infobox Writer

George Watsky is a writer, performer, and environmental activist from San Francisco, California. Watsky performs slam poetry, and was featured on Season 6 of Russell Simmons Presents Def Poetry on HBO.[1] Watsky’s talents began to receive national and international acclaim in 2006 when he was the Youth Speaks Grand Slam Poetry Champion, and was also named Brave New Voices International Poetry Slam Champion.[2] He has been a performer in a record six consecutive Youth Speaks Grand Slam finals, his audiences being the largest for anyone in any poetry slam event.[unverified] He also was one of the three poets who performed live on Fox at the NAACP Image Awards in honor of Russell Simmons’ lifetime achievement award.[3] Watsky graduated from Emerson College earlier this year and has achieved newfound fame with his viral YouTube video "Pale kid raps fast," which as of Jan. 30 had over five million views.[4] He was recently featured on The Ellen DeGeneres Show performing a slightly modified version of that rap. This year he produced a fifteen track hip-hop album titled "Watsky."

Watsky was profiled in the Boston Globe in 2009. The Arts section reviewed his one-man show "Where the Magic Happens" favorably and called him a "poetry-slam star."[5]

References

  1. ↑ http://www.studlife.com/news/2011/01/28/wu-slam-gears-up-for-3rd-annual-grand-slam/
  2. ↑ http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/3362391/Kid-posts-jaw-dropping-rap-vid.html
  3. ↑ http://georgewatsky.com/about/
  4. ↑ [1]
  5. ↑ http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2009/12/04/slam_artist_george_watsky_plugs_into_poetry_as_a_media_platform/



Friends of Five Creeks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Friends_of_the_Five_Creeks


Template:Infobox organization Friends of Five Creeks is a regional community volunteer organization founded in 1996 by Sonja Wadman originally dedicated to the stewardship of creeks in northern Alameda County and western Contra Costa, California, United States.[1][2][3] Education about wildlife and restoration is also a major facet of the FCC's mission.[4][5]

History

The organization is dedicated to improving creek habitats for environmental, flood control, pollution filtration, and beautification reasons. The original five creeks were Cerrito Creek-Middle/Blackberry, Marin Creek, Codornices Creek, Schoolhouse Creek and Marin/Village Creek, however the organization's involvement has expanded to all the creeks in the area including the communities of Berkeley, Albany, El Cerrito, Kensington, Richmond, and the surrounding unincorporated areas.[3][2] Susan Schwartz the organizations leader states that the organization like other "friends of" groups would not have gotten off the ground without help from the Urban Creeks Council.[6] The group holds up to 40 events a year where the volunteers work on refuse collection, graffiti removal, removing culverts in addition to plating native vegetation and removing invasive species.[7][2] There is a monthly work party to pick weeds and showcase the area's natural habitats with a new site each month.[4] The organization is registered with the California Coastal Commission.[1]

Creek work

Village Creek is maintained by FFC.

The organization organizes more than 40 work parties each year, providing direction and tools for groups of volunteers who work to restore a section of one of the creeks.[8]

Cerrito Creek runs from the El Cerrito hills to the San Francisco Bay. The organization has daylighted and restored a portion of the creek along the parking lot of El Cerrito Plaza Shopping Center.[4] Further down stream part of the creek runs through Pacific East Mall's parking lot, where it forms the border between Richmond and Albany.[9][10] This portion of the creek was daylighted and restored by the organization in 2003.[11][10] FFC president, Ron Sullivan, alleges that Pacific East Mall landscapers in Richmond have used herbicides and that this could explain his observations of dead grasses, plants and trees along the creek path near the mall's property line. Furthermore, Sullivan alleges that small native shrubs were mowed and that the mall has not agreed to a written maintenance plan as required by their use permit.[10]

In 2001 the organization received two separate grants totaling $400,000 to work on the restoration of Codornices Creek.[12] In the 1990s the Friends of Five Creeks discovered the reappearance of steelhead and rainbow trout at Codornices Creek while performing restoration work.[13] The "Friends" are also lobbying for the creation of public space adjacent to the creek for a new Whole Foods supermarket and parking structure along the stream's banks in U.C. Village.[14]

The organization also helps to restore and work on some non-creek areas such as the Berkeley Meadow and Eastshore State Park in addition to blight abatement, and trash collection activities at local parks.[15][16][17] Working with Citizens for Eastshore Parks FCC is studying the possibility of daylighting a portion of Schoolhouse Creek.[18]

Education work

Friends of Five Creeks works with school groups to educate them about the creek and bay environments.[19]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Friends of Five Creeks. California Coastal Commission. 2011. 27-01-2011.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Environmental advocate nurtures a love for nature. Shellah Moody. San Francisco Chronicle. 05-10-2008. Retrieved 27-01-2011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Worldwide Work Party" with Friends of Five Creeks . El Cerrito Patch. 2011. Retrieved 27-01-2011.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Creeks. El-Cerrito.org. City of El Cerrito website. 2011. Retrieved 27-01-2011.
  5. ↑ Kauffman, Turk Paved Paradise in Berkeley. European Social Ecology Institute. URL accessed on 2011-01-28.
  6. ↑ Water warriors / United Creeks Council quietly fights to bring streams to light. Katherine Redding. San Francisco Chronicle. 03-04-2003. Retrieved 27-01-2011.
  7. ↑ Friends of Five Creeks Never Stops, Catch Up With Them Sunday. Albany Patch. 2011. Retrieved 27-01-2011.
  8. ↑ Environmental advocate nurtures a love for nature San Francisco Chronicle, October 5, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2011]
  9. ↑ Cerrito Creek watershed map. Museum of California. 2011. Retrieved 23-01-2011.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Garden Variety: An Ecological Calamity Below Albany Hill. Ron Sullivan. Berkeley Daily Planet. 26-01-2007. Retrieved 23-01-2011.
  11. ↑ Creek mouths along the Bay Trail in Berkeley, Albany, and south Richmond. Susan Schwartz. Friends of Five Creeks. 09-03-2004. Retrieved 25-01-2011.
  12. ↑ Beth El decision set for Tuesday Berkeley Daily Planet, July 21, 2001. Retrieved February 1, 2011
  13. ↑ Friends of Five Creeks
  14. ↑ Crampton, {{{first}}} (2007). A Re-design Proposal: Connecting Whole Foods Market and Codornices Creek, . University of California.
  15. ↑ Berkeley Takes Action. Global Work Party. 10-10-2011. Retrieved 31-01-2011.
  16. ↑ Eastshore State Park’s Berkeley Meadow Restoration Nearing Completion. 2010. Retrieved 27-01-2011.
  17. ↑ Friends of Five Creeks. CalRotract. 16-02-2010. Retrieved 27-01-2011.
  18. ↑ Citizens for East Shore Parks (CESP) E-Newsletter. December 2004. Retrieved 27-01-2011.
  19. ↑ Environment for learning / At one Oakland alternative school, lessons grounded in ecology help guide students onto the right track, San Francisco Chronicle, November 14, 2003. Retrieved February 1, 2011

External links

Template:Portal Template:Use dmy dates


Marijuana and Pinky and the Brain and the other guy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Marijuana_and_the_brain

Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States in the adolescent population, and almost half (44%) of senior high-school students have reported using marijuana in their lifetime Template:Citation needed. Of these, 5% report daily usage; which seems to decrease with age [1]. Despite cognitive, social as well as neurological evidence to the contrary, the existence of marijuana addiction and conversely marijuana dependency has been disputed and it is not as of yet included as an addictive disorder in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).

Cognitive Correlates of Marijuana

A
Areas in the body affected by marijuana use.

Brain function and adolescent marijuana use

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used in a number of studies to observe patterns of brain activity in relation to cannabis use. These methods have shown some evidence that heavy marijuana users have a subtle reorganization of neural networks in relation to spatial working memory demands, which may largely resolve following several months of abstinence[2]. Adolescent marijuana users show a variety of minor changes in brain activation, including increased activity in the right parietal lobe and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, areas important for executive functioning and attention.[2] There has also been evidence for increased activation in parietal, superior, temporal, hippocampal, and posterior cingulate regions during working memory tasks [2]. Adolescent regular marijuana users perform worse than control subjects on tests of attention, nonverbal memory, and learning, although the differences are not large in magnitude [2].

Implicit Cognition and Marijuana Use

The dopaminergic system is activated after using marijuana which creates a sense of pleasure within the user. Users learn from their physiological marijuana experience and many people do not experience the subjective effects of marijana until they have used it multiple times [3]. The learning experienced from using marijuana multiple times suggests that memory may play a part in the use of marijuana, and it's not surprising that drug reinforcement and addiction has been examined from expectancy and memory association perspectives. In these paradigms, expectancy is viewed as implicit nodes of information pertaining to marijuana that is connected to an extensive semantic network that joins the individual’s prior experiences (and therefore memories of these experiences) that are in some way related to the idea of marijuana. These expectancies act as associations that bind memories, and the more memories an individual has that are related to a specific idea, the more probable it is that this network will be activated. This network can be activated by a variety of stimuli that are captured by a variety of senses and subsequently encoded into memory, and is thus cross modal [4]. For instance, a particular smell may elicit a visual memory, or a particular sound heard by the individual may elicit a specific smell from memory. These memories also extend to affective evaluations as well as motor sequences associated with a particular experience. As a result, stimuli encountered in the environment may activate this network and thus influence the individual’s resulting behaviour. Using this paradigm as a framework for research, studies have found that marijuana users are more likely than non-users to activate this network when presented with cues related to marijuana usage (i.e. marijuana paraphernalia) in comparison to neutral cues. Furthermore, heavy users’ networks consist of positive expectancies such as relaxation, enhanced abilities on cognitive tasks, as well as stimulating social behaviour, whereas the opposite effect was found in non-users. This may help explain the reinforcing effects of drugs on individuals who as a result become addicted to the substance. As such, it becomes difficult when attempting to disentangle the chemical effects of marijuana from the associations between previous experiences, since both play a part in addiction. This becomes especially apparent in the phenomenon known as reverse tolerance, in which individual differences result in different experiences when initially exposed to marijuana. Some individuals fail to experience the intoxicating effects associated with marijuana usage during primary exposure, and these effects materialize only after multiple exposures [5]. Drug users attribute more positive connections to drug use than non-users, and as such they become biased in their evaluations of related as well as unrelated cues and are more likely to connect neutral cues to the drug network than non-users [4]. This cue reactivity suggests that drug users are more likely to be reminded of drugs, and are thus more likely to engage in the act of using drugs [6]. Furthermore, when presenting these cues to marijuana users, they are more likely to report cravings for the drug [7].

Motor Skills

Not only are the motor skills of adults and adolescents affected by marijuana, but children and newborns born to cannabis users also suffer from such motor problems. Newborns and infants born to cannabis users have increased tremors, exaggerated startle responses and poor habituation to novel stimuli and by the age of 10 children were reported to have increased hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsive symptoms [8].

Impact on adolescent users

Marijuana use during adolescence is fairly common and the implications of its use are many. During adolescence the brain is developing and exposure to marijuana during this critical period could result in an interruption of maturational processes, however as of yet there is no evidence to prove this. Adolescents who use marijuana heavily tend to show disadvantaged attention, learning, and processing speed; subtle abnormalities in brain structure; increased activation during cognitive tasks despite intact performance.[2]

Neurological Impact of Marijuana in Adolescence

Adolescents are the most frequent users of marijuana in the United States, and they may be particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects associated with this illicit substance since the brain undergoes rapid neurodevelopment during this stage of life. Studies have examined these aversive effects in adolescent rats and found them to be impaired in tasks involving spatial working memory. Since the hippocampus is the neurological correlate of spatial memory, neuroplasticity in the form of less synaptic contacts is exhibited in this region in response to THC treatment [9]. Synaptic contacts connect neurons (nerve cells in the brain) by enabling them to communicate with each other, and if these contacts are disturbed, the area will not be able to function properly. Furthermore, it seems as though depressive mood states in females are initiated by chronic THC administration to adolescent rats, thus indicating morphological changes in the emotional circuit in the brain. Lasting deficits in recognition memory were also found in adult rats that had been chronically treated with THC in adolescence, and short-term learning impairments were also found. Adult rats who are administered THC in adulthood do not show any of these long-term effects, thus providing evidence that adolescents are especially vulnerable to these adverse effects produced by THC. These changes have been objectively measured by counting the amount of presynaptic (before the synapse) and postsynaptic proteins (after the synapse) VAMP2 and PSD95, respectively, in the hippocampus. Complex brain functions (such as learning and memory) require new synaptic contacts to be made, and decreases in VAMP2 and PSD95 can be found in adolescent rats treated with THC, thus indicating less synaptic contacts during these processes [9].

Marijuana and mental illiness

Research has also found that cannabis use, particularly heavy cannabis use, can produce confusion, amnesia, delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, or agitation [10] These consequences are more likely to occur more rapidly following a period of abstinence from marijuana.[10]

Cannabis use has been linked with psychosis. A study involving a large sample of Swedish conscripts found a relationship between the amount of cannabis consumed by participants and schizophrenia. Specifically, frequency of consumption by the age of 18 predicted the risk of obtaining a diagnosis of schizophrenia within the next 15 years.[10] It was found that cannabis use only exacerbated underlying schizophrenic symptoms and disorders within vulnerable users; cannabis use did not cause schizophrenia within an individual who did not have any underlying or genetic predisposition to the disorder.[10]

Effects on neurophysiology

Role of the Endocannabinoid System

Recent neurobiological studies have investigated the role of the endocannabinoid system in drug addiction in the brain and have examined its role in motivation and reward. It was found that this system is connected to the ventral tegmental area (VTA, which contains dopaminergic cell bodies) via the release of endocannabinoids in response to drug intake. It is through this mechanism that the rewarding effects of not only cannabinoids (found in marijuana), but nicotine (found in cigarettes), alcohol and opioids are mediated. This provides evidence for a common underlying mechanism in drug addiction that is activated by a variety of substances of abuse. Furthermore, the endocannibinoid system is involved in relapse, in which behaviour to actively seek drugs is re-instated following extinction. This behaviour is influenced by the social context of the environment; which initiates the motivation to seek drugs. The effects of the endocannabinoid system is regulated by the CB1 cannabinoid receptor found in the central nervous system.[11] These receptors are for the most part pre-synaptic in location, and exert their effects by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters[12]. There are certain antagonists of this receptor, such as rimonabant, that are able to block the activation of the cannabinoid receptor. These antagonists could serve as a contemporary means for treating drug addiction since they prevent drugs from accessing the brain, which in turn would extinguish the rewarding effects associated with these substances [11].

It is the neurological changes that are effected by the properties of drugs of abuse that mediate the behaviour of the individual, and as such the prevention of these cellular changes will manifest as a cessation of habitual drug taking behaviour. This is accomplished by eliminating the rewarding properties of drugs and thus the motivation to seek drugs. The environmental conditions associated with initial drug taking, abstinence and relapse all cause neurological adaptations in the brain that the organism attempts to physically adapt to [11]. This is what underlies the phenomena of tolerance and withdrawal, and it provides a complex view of interacting biological and environmental forces in drug addiction. These neural circuits are modulated by chemicals in the brain (called neurotransmitters) as well as by the chemicals provided by drugs, and change morphologically in response to the concentration of the chemicals from the drugs [11]. When the organism suddenly terminates drug intake, these circuits become dysregulated, causing adverse side-effects which then serve to motivate the individual to re-initiate drug taking.

The phenomenon of morphological changes in neural circuits is referred to as plasticity, and this has been found in a brain structure called the nucleus accumbens. The nucleus accumbens is involved in behaviour initiated by the lure of reward, and as such contributes to drug addiction. Not only does the nucleus accumbens contain CB1 receptors, but they can be found in many other brain structures as well, some of which include the VTA (as mentioned earlier), the basolateral amygdala, the cerebellum, the basal ganglia as well as the hippocampus [12]. Furthermore, deactivation has been found in the prefrontal cortex in response to THC administration in rats. The amygdala shares connections with the prefrontal cortex, and together they act to mediate anxiety. Thus, THC has been found to influence anxiety-like behaviour in rats by reducing the automatic fear-response that accompanies uncertain situations, and instead induces risky behaviour [13]. It is assumed that these findings can be generalized to humans, so it is clear to see the possible implications that this may pose socially. The hippocampus is critically involved in memory processes and the cerebellum and basal ganglia play a role in movement; which suggests an involvement of cannabinoids in short-term memory interference and inhibition of movement [12].

Cannabinoids and Pain

Studies on mice have shown that chronic administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannibinol (THC); which is the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, produces tolerance in the form of neurological adaptation. Some of the symptoms asscociated with cannabinoid administration are decreased sensitivity to pain [12]. Due to their analgesic properties, cannabinoids have been used clinically for patients suffering from chronic pain. However, since tolerance is known to develop after chronic use, these antinociceptive effects become reduced and increasing doses are required to maintain these effects. Specifically, tolerance is exhibited by the interaction of the CB1 receptor with a G-protein-associated sorting protein (GASP1), which is a protein that sorts CB1 receptors into compartments called lysosomes that act to digest the receptor. This digestion process breaks the receptor apart through the action of enzymes, thus deactivating and destroying it. When this interaction is disrupted, tolerance developed in response to cannabinoid administration is also disrupted, and thus the analgesic effects produced by cannabinoids continue to be experienced [14]. Individual differences have been found with respect to cannabanoid tolerance. This can be explained on a cellular level, where different people display varying concentrations of CB1 receptors in different locations in the brain. Repeated administration of high doses of cannabinoids or chronic administration of smaller doses of cannabinoids leads to tolerance in the form of the downregulation and desensitization of receptors; which has recentlyTemplate:when been found in the brains of human cannabis users. This adaptive mechanism varies by brain region, where some regions exhibit greater tolerance in comparison to other regions [11][12].

Tetrahydrocannabinol and Anxiety

File:THC structure.png
Molecular structure of THC, the primary active ingredient found in marijuana.

Recent studies using animal models have shown that tetrahydrocannabinol may play a role in inducing anxiety-like behaviour in rats. This had been demonstrated using the elevated plus maze (EPM), which is a method used to determine the relative anxiety experienced by rats by observing how much time they spent in an enclosed arm of the maze versus an open arm of the maze. However, the specific role of cannabinoids in anxiety is controversial. Previous studies have found mixed results, where certain doses of cannabinoids produce anxiolytic-like response whereas others seem to produce anxiogenic-like responses, thus suggesting a dose-dependent behavioural response [13]. Interestingly, these effects were also mediated by contextual factors in the environment, thus reinforcing the notion that internal and external variables interact to produce the organism’s experience. These studies have also used cFos expression to map anatomical regions and identify cells belonging to specific neurological circuits as they are activated to specific chemical as well as environmental stimuli. This helps researchers to identify the regions in the brain that are involved in certain responses to drugs of abuse. Evidence supporting this comes from the use of CB1 receptor antagonists, which when administered block and reverse the anxiolytic effects of THC [13].

References

  1. ↑ Padula, C., Schweinsburg, A. & Tapert, F. (2007). Spatial working memory performance and fMRI activation interactions in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(4), 478-487.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Jacobus J, Bava S, Cohen-Zion M, Mahmood O, Tapert SF, (2009). "Functional Consequences of Marijuana Use in Adolescents," Pharmacol Biochem Behav, {{{volume}}}, .
  3. ↑ Linkovich-Kyle, T.L., & Dunn, M.E. (2001). Consumption-related differences in the organization and activation of marijuana expectancies in memory. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 9, 3, 334-342.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Stacy, A. (1995). Memory association and ambiguous cues in models of alcohol and marijuana use. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 3(2), 183–194.
  5. ↑ Dunn, M. & Linkovich-Kyle, T. (2001). Consumption-related differences in the organization and activation of marijuana expectancies in memory. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 9(3), 334–342.
  6. ↑ Ames, S., Dent, C., Stacy, A. & Sussman, S. (1996). Implicit cognition in adolescent drug use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 10(3), 190–203.
  7. ↑ Gray, K., LaRowe, S. & Upadhyaya, H. (2008). Cue reactivity in young marijuana smokers: a preliminary investigation. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 22(4), 582–586.
  8. ↑ Lutz, B. (2009). From Molecular neurodevelopment to psychiatry: new insights in mechanisms underlying cannabis-induced psychosis and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 259, 369-370.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Braida, D., Bartesaghi, R., Capurro, V., Guidali, C., Sala, M., Parolaro, D., Pinter, M., Realini, N., Rubino, T. & Vigano, D. (2009). Changes in hippocampal morphology and neuroplasticity induced by adolescent THC treatment are associated with cognitive impairment in adulthood. Hippocampus, 19, 763-772.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Hall, W., & Solowij, N., (1998). "Adverse effects of cannabis," The Lancet volume=352, {{{volume}}}, 1611-1616.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Berrendero, F., Maldonado, R. & Valverde, O. (2006). Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in drug addiction. Trends in Neurosciences, 29(4), 225-232.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Cassidy, M., Collier, L., Martin, B., McKinney, D., Selley, D., Sim-Selley, L. & Wiley, J. (2008). Dose-related differences in the regional pattern of cannabinoid receptor adaptation and in vivo tolerance development to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 324, 664-673.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Braida, D., Castiglioni, C., Guidali, C., Limonta, V., Parolaro, D., Realini, N., Rubino, T. & Sala, M. (2007). Cellular mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic effect of low doses of peripheral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 2036-2045.
  14. ↑ Agarwal, N., Katona, I., Kuner, T., Kuner, R., Mackie, K., Martini, L., Mopnyer, H., Parolaro, D.,Rubino, T., Swiercz, J., Tappe-Theodor, A. & Whistler, J. (2007). A molecular basis of analgesic tolerance to cannabinoids. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(15), 4165-4177.

CDC 29 [2] Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)


Luis Posada Carriles

'so evil even the US wants him'

Traditional western medicine

redirected but not deleted. not much there anyway. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Traditional western medicine Authenticity in art wait. little content http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Authenticity_in_art


Grand External Propaganda Strategy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Grand_External_Propaganda_Strategy Keep, discuss, possibly merge

Grand External Propaganda Strategy, (Chinese:宏大的對外宣傳格局), short for （大外宣), is a Chinese government propaganda project with a budget worth RMB 45 billion Yuan(450亿元人民币), initiated in early 2009 by Hu Jintao. The aim of the project is "To take the first initiative, to have the first say, to be on the active side, to direct and lead public opinion, to improve the ability to propagate message internationally. (Chinese:“抢占先机，赢得话语权，掌握主动权，抓住提高舆论引导能力和国际传播能力”)

Both Li Changchun and Liu Yunshan have stressed in different occasions that the Chinese propaganda should be equally spread both domestically and internationally, andLi Changchun stated that:"Confucius Institute is...an important part of China’s overseas propaganda set-up"(Chinese:宏大的對外宣傳格局)[1][2][3]

1000 Confucius Institutes to be set up by 2020

On 24/4/2009, Li Changchun made announcement that the setting up of Confucius Institute around the world is an important and integral part of the Grand External Propaganda Strategy. According the Confucius Institute's constitutions, the initial cost of setting up would be 100% paid by the Chinese government, and the subsequent 50% of the running cost would be paid by the Chinese government.[4][5]

External link

Reference

  1. ↑ http://www.stnn.cc/china/200904/t20090427_1018499.html 新华社央视正招兵买马 中国大外宣提升软实力|星岛环球网 www.stnn.cc2009-04-27
  2. ↑ http://www.chinainperspective.org/ArtShow.aspx?AID=3822 揭开神秘的“大外宣”计划之面纱 作者：何清涟
  3. ↑ http://www.economist.com/node/14678507 A message from Confucius:New ways of projecting soft power:A special report on China and America|Oct 22nd 2009
  4. ↑ http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/9/1/28/n2411240.htm 陶達知: 孔子學院——中共大外宣格局的重要組成部份
  5. ↑ http://www.kanzhongguo.com/node/377159 何清涟：中国“大外宣”的“本土化”战略： 2010-11-12 1


Afghan(istan) Justice Project

CIA front, no doubt about it. Invisible net presence and funding, at least 18 articles quote them on Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=Afghanistan+Justice+Project

Wikipedia:Kim Wan-seop

South Koreans that compare & contrast Japanese rule to current to say, how much better off are we?


Consciousness and Experiential Psychology Section

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Consciousness_and_Experiential_Psychology

The Consciousness and Experiential Psychology Section (CEP) is a section of the British Psychological Society (BPS) for those interested in the psychology of consciousness and experience. Initiated in 1994 by Jane Henry, Max Velmans, John Pickering, Elizabeth Valentine and Richard Stevens, the Section promoted and supported the reincorporation of consciousness studies into mainstream psychology.[1] Official approval for CEP was announced in 1997 during the BPS Annual Conference. The Section’s mission is ‘to advance our understanding of consciousness,[2] to bring scientific research on consciousness closer to other traditions of inquiry into the nature of mind, and to explore how this research can be used to improve the quality of life’.[3] As of 2010 Susan Stuart is the Section Chair. Every year in September the Consciousness and Experiential Psychology Section holds its annual conference,[4][5] usually in Oxford.

Professional association

The Consciousness and Experiential Psychology Section is one of thirteen sections of the British Psychological Society.[6] This section is for anyone interested in broad-based, rigorous academic exploration of consciousness and experience. The Section is an interest group comprising members of the British Psychological Society and also unaffiliated members. The Consciousness and Experiential Psychology Section was the first, and remains the only, section of a nationally representative body of professional psychologists devoted to the study of consciousness.Template:citation needed

References

  1. ↑ www.issuu.com/thepsychologist/docs/bpsannualreview2009
  2. ↑ Velmans, M. (2009) Understanding Consciousness (2nd Ed). London: Routledge/Psychology Press
  3. ↑ .www.bps.org.uk/cep
  4. ↑ www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/17_11-12Conference%20Report_FINAL.pdf
  5. ↑ www.psylin.plymouth.ac.uk/psypag/wp.../2010/.../PsyPag-75-June-2010.pdf
  6. ↑ www.bps.org.uk

External links


Abdul Ghafour (Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin leader)

deleted from Wikipedia Little information. Have to start it from scratch.


dead map

A dead map is a term often applied to sensitive government maps that show the location of top secret facilities and other highly sensitive installations within a country. Russia the United States and Great Britain all have such maps. Many activists, conspiracy theorists etc compile their own unofficial maps, though these can often be more flights of fancy than actually related to any real locations


National RTI Forum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/National_RTI_Forum Result:Keep National RTI Forum is a grassroots anti-corruption organization in India that advocates for government openness under the terms of the 2005 Right to Information Act. The organization is based in Lucknow. Several of its activists have been murdered.


Owen Paul Honors, Jr

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Owen_Honors No Consensus defaults to Keep Could be called the cheater's way to Keep. I never feel entirely happy about a No Consensus close, even if I wanted the article. It usually turns into the cheater's way to delete, tho, by way of redirect or merge or deletion of undesirable info.


Wikipedia:DEL and Policy content such as WP:IDL that directly address the conduct of discussion should be the only standard. DEL#Reason does not limit itself to its own provisions because policy does not automatically inform editors, should an exception come up. Essays such as Fancruft are not an exception, or they would have been listed; they are based on subjective assessments. Objective reasoning, not interpretations, is the way to make arguments in AfD. That is the reasoning behind IDONTLIKE (a discussion conduct rule); editor's subjective impressions of things are not good policy. Everything outside of DEL, that does not obviously present itself as being a problem necessitating additions to DEL, is Policycruft. Fancruft is particularly insidious because it allows what would be a strength in other articles, depth of information, to be used against articles on games, films, TV series and music. It is just systemic bias turned into an essay. Political articles are deleted without as much regard to rules, based solely on the political biases of the closer and 'voters'.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Log/2010_December_30#List_of_female_directors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blogs Withdrawn from AfD

Wikipedia:Chickamauga Indian

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Chickamauga_Indian survived with Keep. Nominator: Chuck Hamilton, who is actually Natty4bumpo in disguise.

Wikipedia:WikiDoc

wiki req medical credentials


Int'l law redlinks on WP

on WP:'List of European Court of Human Rights judgments'. Probably deleted. A. and Others v. the United Kingdom. Very similar in name to two other ECoHR judgements, and for some reason, very little documentation online, so easy to delete. Legal term used: Derogation.

PDF of the entire text: http://www.icj.org/IMG/A_and_others_v_United_Kingdom_-_JUSTICE_intervention.pdf


AfD


Libertarian Party UK

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_Kingdom)&action=history Still have edit history so far

Gitmo captives: list of articles deleted Mohammed Nasim (Guantanamo captive 849) & 7 others

Hoaxes that Wikipedia deleted, or kept, without knowing they were hoaxes

Trevor Clark

Site link shows very badly retouched/Photoshopped photos of the Beatles http://www.trevorclark.co.uk/image_1.html Trevor's page was listed in people- fashion- and photo-related discussions, but not music-related. Nominator: "One possibly notable achivement seems to be having taken some early photographs of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones". Hmm. Maaaybe... Following Trevor in the AfD listing was Wikipedia:Tiddlywiki, which received a close to Keep.

Template:Article for deletion/dated Template:BLP unsourced Trevor Clark began his career in London as a fashion and advertising photographer in the early 1960s. From his studio in Soho, he photographed top models of the day. Several up and coming pop groups of the Swinging Sixties who were on the edge of worldwide fame - the Beatles, Rolling Stones, and Moody Blues were photographed at Trevor's studio.

Years later, Trevor moved to the sunny Mediterranean, to shoot permanently in exotic locations, and finally settled in Mallorca, where he still lives.

He has recently unearthed photographs of the Beatles and Rolling Stones from 1963 from his archive. These photos had never been seen, and Trevor is making them available as limited editions.

Michael Oren Fitzgerald

Writer, first work mentioned is a Last of the Mohicans type subject, nice WASPy name, nobody checks. Bogus links which do not mention the subject. Uncle G of course is better than some but failed to follow through.

External links

i

The Rule: The Game

And now, under "Everything's going to be all right". I prefer to think of it as the exception that proves the rule. Only the incessant popularity of The Game prevented this social phenomenon from being lost to time, for all time. Septuple jeapordy.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/The_Game_(game)_(6th_nomination) and under a new name: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/The_Game_(mind_game)


Gitmo captives & links

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Log/2010_December_22#Mohammed_Nasim_.28Guantanamo_captive_849.29 multiple articles in one AfD, plus another afd for a single name the same day User:Anarchangel/Sandbox/Guantanamo detainees User:Anarchangel/Sandbox/Guantanamo detainees 2

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