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Dyer Lum

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Dyer Daniel Lum[1] (1839–April 6, 1893)[2] was a 19th-century American anarchist labor activist and poet.[3] A leading anarcho-syndicalist and a prominent left-wing intellectual of the 1880s,[1] he is remembered as the lover and mentor of early anarcha-feminist Voltairine de Cleyre.[4]

Lum was a prolific writer who wrote a number of key anarchist texts, and contributed to publications including Mother Earth, Twentieth Century, Liberty (Benjamin Tucker's individualist anarchist journal), The Alarm (the journal of the International Working People's Association) and The Open Court among others. Following the arrest of Albert Parsons, Lum edited The Alarm from 1892–1893.[5]

Traditionally portrayed as a "genteel, theoretical anarchist", Lum has recently been recast by the scholarship of Paul Avrich as an "uncompromising rebel thirsty for violence and martyrdom" in the light of his involvement in the Haymarket affair in 1886.[6]

Life[edit]

Template:epigraph Lum was a descendent of the Tappan family; his grandfather was a Revolutionist and secretary to Samuel Gompers.[3] In hopes of bringing about the end of slavery, he volunteered to fight on the Union side in the American Civil War.[4] He served as adjunct in the Fourteenth New York cavalry, and later as a brevet captain, fighting in the Red River Campaign.[2] A bookbinder by trade, he became active in the labor movement in the aftermath of the war and ran for lieutenant governor of Massachusetts on the ticket of abolitionist Wendell Phillips in 1876.[2]

He became widely known in 1877 after a period traveling across the country as secretary to a congressional committee appointed to "inquire into the depression of labor."[2] Between 1880 and 1892, he was an advocate of violence and trade unionism,[1] and in later years was "the moving spirit of the American group" which worked for the commutation of Alexander Berkman's sentence for the latter's attempted assassination of Henry Clay Frick.[3] Lum committed suicide in 1893 after suffering from severe depression,[4] although at the time the cause of death was reported in the anarchist press as "fatty degeneration of the heart."[2]

Relationship with de Cleyre[edit]

When Lum met Voltairine de Cleyre, he was twenty-seven years her elder and had lived a life rich in experience.[4] They forged an "unshakable" friendship,[7] and Lum had a profound influence on Voltairine de Cleyre's political development,[7] which evolved in an opposite direction to his – she started out as an orthodox Tuckerite individualist, became increasingly involved with the radical labor movement and ultimately called for a panarchist "anarchism without adjectives".[8] Their relationship ended after five years of intense involvement, leaving their planned collaborative project – a lengthy social and philosophical anarchist novel – ultimately unpublished.[4]

Involvement in the Haymarket affair[edit]

Lum was closely associated with, and worked alongside the martyrs of the Haymarket affair in Chicago in 1886. In an 1891 essay, he wrote that on the afternoon of May 4, August Spies sent word to the militants that they were not to bring arms to the Haymarket.[9] This order was not respected, Lum noted – "one man disobeyed that order; always self-determined, he acted upon his own responsibility, preferring to be prepared for resistance to onslaught rather than to quietly imitate the spiritual "lamb led to slaughter."[9] Lum asserted that the eight defendants were initially unaware of the bomb-thrower's identity, although it became known to two of them ("but neither Spies nor Parsons…"), believed by Paul Avrich to be George Engel and Adolph Fischer.[10] In Lum's account, the bomb-thrower's name "was never mentioned in the trial and is today unknown to the public."[9] Paul Avrich attests that Lum urged Albert Parsons to refuse clemency, and plotted to rescue the anarchists from Cook County Jail by attacking it with explosives.[6] According to de Cleyre, he then assisted the suicide of one of the eight defendants, Louis Lingg, by smuggling into Lingg's prison cell a dynamite cap concealed in a cigar, which Lingg subsequently lit, thereby blowing off half his face and leaving himself lingering for several hours in torturous pain before dying.[9]

Thought[edit]

Template:Anarchism sidebar Template:epigraph Lum's political philosophy was a fusion of individualist anarchist economics – "a radicalized form of laissez-faire economics" inspired by the Boston anarchists – with radical labor organization similar to that of the Chicago anarchists of the time.[8] Lum's ideas have variously been described as individualist anarchist,[11] syndicalist,[1] mutualist,[12] and an anarcho-communist,[13] as well as an anarchist without adjectives.[4] Herbert Spencer and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon influenced Lum strongly in his individualist tendency.[8] He developed a "mutualist" theory of unions and as such was active within the Knights of Labor and later promoted anti-political strategies in the American Federation of Labor.[8] Frustration with abolitionism, spiritualism, and labor reform caused Lum to embrace anarchism and radicalize workers,[8] as he came to believe that revolution would inevitably involve a violent struggle between the working class and the employing class.[4] Convinced of the necessity of violence to enact social change he volunteered to fight in the American Civil War, hoping thereby to bring about the end of slavery.[4] Kevin Carson has praised Lum's fusion of individualist laissez-faire economics with radical labor activism as "creative" and described him as "more significant than any in the Boston group".[8]

Lum argued in The Economics of Anarchy that the "labor problem" was a result of intervention by the state in creating monopolies, with particular reference to the land and money monopolies.[8] Lum advocated the destruction of the land monopoly, which he saw as a government-granted monopoly, by abolishing land titles and to allow free access to land, thus making the extraction of rent impossible.[8] Similarly, mutual banks set up to issue their own currencies would end the state monopoly and undercut the ability of banks and lenders to charge interest.[8]

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Bibliography[edit]

Selected articles[edit]

Related articles[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Brooks, Frank H. (1988). Anarchism, revolution, and labor in the thought of Dyer D. Lum. Template:oclc

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Johnpoll, Bernard; Harvey Klehr (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the American Left, Westport: Greenwood Press.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Benjamin, ({{{year}}}). "Death of Dyer D. Lum," Liberty, IX, 3.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Schuster, Eunice (1999). Native American Anarchism, p. 168 (footnote 22), City: Breakout Productions.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Crass, Chris Voltairine de Cleyre - a biographical sketch. Infoshop.org. URL accessed on 2007-08-06.
  5. ↑ Cleyre, Voltairine (2007). Selected Works of Voltairine De Cleyre, p. 284–296, Kessinger Publishing, LLC.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Carl, (1985). "Haymarket Through the Anarchists' Eyes," Reviews in American History, 13, 76–79.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Avrich, Paul (1978). An American Anarchist, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Carson, Kevin May Day Thoughts: Individualist Anarchism and the Labor Movement. Mutualist Blog: Free Market Anti-Capitalism. URL accessed on 2007-08-07.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Wischmann, Lesley (1987). Remembering the Haymarket anarchists: a hundred years later - Haymarket Square Riots, 1886. Monthly Review. URL accessed on 2007-08-07.
  10. ↑ Avrich, Paul (1986). The Haymarket Tragedy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  11. ↑ Freedom, vol. 2, no. 17, 1888.
  12. ↑ Gay, Kathlyn (1999). Encyclopedia of Political Anarchy, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
  13. ↑ McElroy, Wendy (2003). Debates of Liberty: An Overview of Individualist Anarchism, 1881-1908. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0473-X p. 40
  14. ↑ Cited in B. Carmon Hardy and Dan Erickson, ""Regeneration--Now and Evermore!": Mormon Polygamy and the Physical Rehabilitation of Humankind", Journal of the History of Sexuality 10:1
  15. ↑ McElroy, Wendy Liberty Index: Part II – Individuals. The Liberty Index. URL accessed on 2007-08-07.
  16. ↑ Victor, ({{{year}}}). "The Status of the Sophist," Liberty, VII, 4–5.
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