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Difference between revisions of "List of modern dictators"

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{{WP+NODEL}}
 
{{WP+NODEL}}
Adolf Hitler really messed things up. Quite apart from the obvious, everything about Hitler has been villified, and in many cases conflated with other governments and rulers. Dictator, like Fascist, is a term that should never have been applied to anything much other than Hitler and Mussolini, not even Federico Franco, whose bid to take over Spain was ignored by all the major powers. They do not really care about dictatorship, or they would not have let him rule until his death in 1975. So it is all just a hoax to make themselves feel better about their equally absolute rule in the form of 'democracy'. So let me propose the first 'dictator' for this article: the [[Wikipedia:Electoral college]] [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Electoral college (United States)|(WP)]] of the United States. Even if the elections were not rigged with voting machines that change votes to whoever designed the program wanted to win, or men in black with boxes of votes, the Electoral college will <u>never</u> allow a candidate that wants what is best to win
+
Adolf Hitler really messed things up. Quite apart from the obvious, everything about Hitler has been villified, and in many cases conflated with other governments and rulers. Dictator, like Fascist, is a term that should never have been applied to anything much other than Hitler and Mussolini, not even Federico Franco, whose bid to take over Spain was ignored by all the major powers. They do not really care about dictatorship, or they would not have let him rule until his death in 1975. So it is all just a hoax to make themselves feel better about their equally absolute rule in the form of 'democracy'. So let me propose the first 'dictator' for this article: the [[Electoral college]] [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Electoral college (United States)|(WP)]] of the United States. Even if the elections were not rigged with voting machines that change votes to whoever designed the program wanted to win, or men in black with boxes of votes, the Electoral college will <u>never</u> allow a candidate that wants what is best to win
  
 
The closest the United States has ever come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the [[Wikipedia:91st United States Congress|91st Congress]].<ref>For a more detailed account of the proposal to abolish the Electoral College read ''The Politics of Electoral College Reform'' by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun (1972)</ref> [[Wikipedia:United States presidential election, 1968|The presidential election of 1968]] ended with [[Wikipedia:Richard Nixon]] receiving 301 electoral votes to [[Wikipedia:Hubert Humphrey]]'s 191. Yet, Nixon had only received 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey, equating to less than 1% of the national total. [[Wikipedia:George Wallace]] received the remaining 46 electoral votes with only 13.5% of the popular vote.<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html#1968 ''1968 Electoral College Results''], National Archives and Records Administration</ref>
 
The closest the United States has ever come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the [[Wikipedia:91st United States Congress|91st Congress]].<ref>For a more detailed account of the proposal to abolish the Electoral College read ''The Politics of Electoral College Reform'' by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun (1972)</ref> [[Wikipedia:United States presidential election, 1968|The presidential election of 1968]] ended with [[Wikipedia:Richard Nixon]] receiving 301 electoral votes to [[Wikipedia:Hubert Humphrey]]'s 191. Yet, Nixon had only received 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey, equating to less than 1% of the national total. [[Wikipedia:George Wallace]] received the remaining 46 electoral votes with only 13.5% of the popular vote.<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html#1968 ''1968 Electoral College Results''], National Archives and Records Administration</ref>
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The following is a list of national leaders who were not democratically elected.
 
The following is a list of national leaders who were not democratically elected.
  
Missing from this list are monarchs, who should be added, the Reign of the Generals in Greece, anything to do with [[Wikipedia:Gladio]], and probably a lot more, considering the agenda that the word 'dictator' promotes. However, this list can be quite useful for getting started with seeing just how much of the world's history in the 20th century was <u>directly</u> controlled by the United States.
+
Missing from this list are monarchs, who should be added, the Reign of the Generals in Greece, anything to do with [[Gladio]], and probably a lot more, considering the agenda that the word 'dictator' promotes. However, this list can be quite useful for getting started with seeing just how much of the world's history in the 20th century was <u>directly</u> controlled by the United States.
  
 
==Africa==
 
==Africa==

Revision as of 11:12, 8 September 2012

This article contains content from Wikipedia
An article on this subject has been nominated for deletion on Wikipedia:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/
List of modern dictators

Current versions of the GNU FDL article on WP may contain information useful to the improvement of this article
WP+
NO
DEL

Adolf Hitler really messed things up. Quite apart from the obvious, everything about Hitler has been villified, and in many cases conflated with other governments and rulers. Dictator, like Fascist, is a term that should never have been applied to anything much other than Hitler and Mussolini, not even Federico Franco, whose bid to take over Spain was ignored by all the major powers. They do not really care about dictatorship, or they would not have let him rule until his death in 1975. So it is all just a hoax to make themselves feel better about their equally absolute rule in the form of 'democracy'. So let me propose the first 'dictator' for this article: the Electoral college (WP) of the United States. Even if the elections were not rigged with voting machines that change votes to whoever designed the program wanted to win, or men in black with boxes of votes, the Electoral college will never allow a candidate that wants what is best to win

The closest the United States has ever come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress.[1] The presidential election of 1968 ended with Wikipedia:Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes to Wikipedia:Hubert Humphrey's 191. Yet, Nixon had only received 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey, equating to less than 1% of the national total. Wikipedia:George Wallace received the remaining 46 electoral votes with only 13.5% of the popular vote.[2]

The following is a list of national leaders who were not democratically elected.

Missing from this list are monarchs, who should be added, the Reign of the Generals in Greece, anything to do with Gladio, and probably a lot more, considering the agenda that the word 'dictator' promotes. However, this list can be quite useful for getting started with seeing just how much of the world's history in the 20th century was directly controlled by the United States.

Africa

Name Country Came to power Lost power Notes
Wikipedia:Kwame Nkrumah Wikipedia:Ghana 1957 elected 1966 by military coup
Wikipedia:Gamal Abdel Nasser Wikipedia:Egypt 1954 1970 Death
Wikipedia:Anwar Sadat Wikipedia:Egypt 1970 1981
Wikipedia:Ahmed Sékou Touré Wikipedia:Guinea 1958 1984 [3][4][5][6]
Wikipedia:Modibo Keïta Wikipedia:Mali 1960 1968 by military coup
Wikipedia:Albert Kalonji Wikipedia:South Kasai 1960 1961
Wikipedia:Moise Tshombe Wikipedia:State of Katanga 1960 1963
Wikipedia:Joseph Kasa-Vubu Wikipedia:Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) 1960 1965
Wikipedia:David Dacko Wikipedia:Central African Republic 1960, 1979 by military coup 1966, 1981 [7][8]
Wikipedia:N'Garta Tombalbaye Wikipedia:Chad 1960 1975
Wikipedia:Moktar Ould Daddah Wikipedia:Mauritania 1960 elected 1978 by military coup
Wikipedia:Félix Houphouët-Boigny Wikipedia:Côte d'Ivoire 1960 elected 1993
Wikipedia:Milton Obote Wikipedia:Uganda 1962 elected, 1980 1972, 1985
Wikipedia:Hastings Kamuzu Banda Wikipedia:Malawi 1963 1994 lost election
Wikipedia:Kenneth Kaunda Wikipedia:Zambia 1964 elected 1991 lost election
Wikipedia:Houari Boumediene Wikipedia:Algeria 1965 bloodless coup 1978 death
Wikipedia:Ian Smith Wikipedia:Rhodesia 1965 1979
Wikipedia:Mobutu Sese Seko Wikipedia:Zaire 1965 coup 1997 civil war [9]
Wikipedia:Jean-Bédel Bokassa Wikipedia:Central African Empire 1966 coup 1979 [8]
Wikipedia:C. Odumegwu Ojukwu Wikipedia:Biafra 1967 1970
Wikipedia:Gnassingbé Eyadéma Wikipedia:Togo 1967 coup 2005 death [10]
Wikipedia:Omar Bongo Wikipedia:Gabon 1967 from Vice-President 2009 death
Wikipedia:Francisco Macías Nguema Wikipedia:Equatorial Guinea 1968 elected 1979
Wikipedia:Moussa Traoré Wikipedia:Mali 1968 1991
Wikipedia:Gaafar Nimeiry Wikipedia:Sudan 1969 by military coup 1985
Wikipedia:Siad Barre Wikipedia:Somalia 1969 by military coup 1991
Wikipedia:Muammar Gaddafi[11] Wikipedia:Libya 1969 by military coup 2011 killed in popular uprising [12][13]
Wikipedia:Idi Amin Wikipedia:Uganda 1971 1979 deposed
Wikipedia:Mengistu Haile Mariam Wikipedia:Ethiopia 1974 1991
Wikipedia:Kenneth Mopeli Wikipedia:QwaQwa 1974 1994
Wikipedia:Mathieu Kérékou Wikipedia:Benin 1975 1991
Wikipedia:Olusegun Obasanjo Wikipedia:Nigeria 1976 by military coup 1979
Wikipedia:Jean-Baptiste Bagaza Wikipedia:Burundi 1976 1987 [2], [3]
Wikipedia:Lucas Mangope Wikipedia:Bophuthatswana 1977 1994
Wikipedia:France-Albert René Wikipedia:Seychelles 1977 2004
Wikipedia:Daniel arap Moi Wikipedia:Kenya 1978 2002
Wikipedia:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Wikipedia:Equatorial Guinea 1979 by coup present
Wikipedia:José Eduardo dos Santos Wikipedia:Angola 1979 present [4]
Wikipedia:João Bernardo Vieira Wikipedia:Guinea-Bissau 1980 by coup, 2005 1984, 2009
Wikipedia:Samuel K. Doe Wikipedia:Liberia 1980 by military coup 1990 [5]
Wikipedia:Robert Mugabe Wikipedia:Zimbabwe 1980 elected present [6], [7], [8], [9].
Wikipedia:Jerry Rawlings Wikipedia:Ghana 1981 by military coup 1992 resigned
Wikipedia:André Kolingba Wikipedia:Central African Republic 1981 by military coup 1993 lost elections
Wikipedia:Hosni Mubarak Wikipedia:Egypt 1981 2011 popular uprising
Wikipedia:Paul Biya Wikipedia:Cameroon 1982 from Prime Minister present
Wikipedia:Hissène Habré Wikipedia:Chad 1982 by military coup 1990
Wikipedia:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya Wikipedia:Mauritania 1984 by military coup 2005 by bloodless coup
Wikipedia:Ibrahim Babangida Wikipedia:Nigeria 1985 1993
Wikipedia:Yoweri Museveni Wikipedia:Uganda 1986 present
Wikipedia:Blaise Compaoré Wikipedia:Burkina Faso 1987 by military coup present
Wikipedia:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Wikipedia:Tunisia 1987 2011 popular uprising
Wikipedia:Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir Wikipedia:Sudan 1989 by military coup present
Wikipedia:Idriss Déby Wikipedia:Chad 1990 by military coup present [10]
Wikipedia:Isaias Afewerki Wikipedia:Eritrea 1991 present
Wikipedia:Meles Zenawi Wikipedia:Ethiopia 1991 by military coup 2012 death
Wikipedia:Sani Abacha Wikipedia:Nigeria 1993 by military coup 1998
Wikipedia:Yahya Jammeh Wikipedia:The Gambia 1994 by military coup present
Wikipedia:Laurent-Désiré Kabila Wikipedia:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1997 by military coup 2001
Wikipedia:Charles G. Taylor Wikipedia:Liberia 1997 elected 2003
Wikipedia:Denis Sassou Nguesso Wikipedia:Republic of the Congo 1997 elected present
Wikipedia:Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Wikipedia:Djibouti 1999 elected present
Wikipedia:Paul Kagame Wikipedia:Rwanda 2000 present
Wikipedia:François Bozizé Wikipedia:Central African Republic 2003 by military coup present [11]
Wikipedia:Pierre Nkurunziza Wikipedia:Burundi 2005 present
Wikipedia:Ely Ould Mohamed Vall Wikipedia:Mauritania 2005 by military coup 2007 relinquished power
Wikipedia:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Wikipedia:Mauritania 2008 by military coup present

The Americas

North America

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:Agustín de Iturbide Wikipedia:Mexico 1822 1823
Wikipedia:Antonio López de Santa Anna Wikipedia:Mexico 1833 1855
Wikipedia:Porfirio Díaz Wikipedia:Mexico 1879 1910 [12]
Wikipedia:Victoriano Huerta Wikipedia:Mexico 1913 1914 [13]

Central America

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:José Santos Zelaya Wikipedia:Nicaragua 1893 1909 resigned [14]
Wikipedia:Manuel Estrada Cabrera Wikipedia:Guatemala 1898 1920 [14][15]
Wikipedia:Maximiliano Hernández Martínez Wikipedia:El Salvador 1931, 1935 1934, 1944 [15]
Wikipedia:Jorge Ubico Wikipedia:Guatemala 1931 1944
Wikipedia:Tiburcio Carías Andino Wikipedia:Honduras 1933 1949 [16]
Wikipedia:Anastasio Somoza García Wikipedia:Nicaragua 1937 by military coup 1956 [17][18]
Wikipedia:Carlos Castillo Armas Wikipedia:Guatemala 1954 by coup 1957
Wikipedia:Oswaldo López Arellano Wikipedia:Honduras 1963, 1972 1971, 1975 [16]
Wikipedia:Anastasio Somoza Debayle Wikipedia:Nicaragua 1967 succession 1979
Wikipedia:Omar Torrijos Wikipedia:Panama 1968 by coup 1981
Wikipedia:Kjell Laugerud García Wikipedia:Guatemala 1974 by coup 1978
Wikipedia:Efraín Ríos Montt Wikipedia:Guatemala 1982 by military coup 1983
Wikipedia:Manuel Noriega Wikipedia:Panama 1983 1989 [17][18][19]

South America

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:Cipriano Castro Wikipedia:Venezuela 1899 1909 [19]
Wikipedia:Rafael Reyes Wikipedia:Colombia 1904 1909 [20]
Wikipedia:Juan Vicente Gómez Wikipedia:Venezuela 1909, 1922, 1931 1914, 1929, 1935 [21][22][23]
Wikipedia:Óscar Benavides Wikipedia:Peru 1914 by coup, 1933 1915, 1939
Wikipedia:Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo Wikipedia:Peru 1919 by coup 1930
Wikipedia:Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Wikipedia:Chile 1927 1931
Wikipedia:Getúlio Vargas Wikipedia:Brazil 1930 1945
Wikipedia:Gabriel Terra Wikipedia:Uruguay 1931 1938
Wikipedia:Higinio Morínigo Wikipedia:Paraguay 1940 1948
Wikipedia:Manuel A. Odría Wikipedia:Peru 1948 by coup 1956
Wikipedia:Marcos Pérez Jiménez Wikipedia:Venezuela 1948 1958
Wikipedia:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla Wikipedia:Colombia 1953 by coup 1957
Wikipedia:Alfredo Stroessner Wikipedia:Paraguay 1954 by military coup 1989 [20] [21][22]
Wikipedia:René Barrientos Wikipedia:Bolivia 1964 by military coup 1969
Wikipedia:Forbes Burnham Wikipedia:Guyana 1966 1985 [23][24]
Wikipedia:Hugo Banzer Wikipedia:Bolivia 1971 by coup 1978
Wikipedia:Juan María Bordaberry Wikipedia:Uruguay 1973 by coup 1976
Wikipedia:Augusto Pinochet Wikipedia:Chile 1973 by military coup 1990
Wikipedia:Luis García Meza Tejada Wikipedia:Bolivia 1980 by coup 1981
Wikipedia:Dési Bouterse Wikipedia:Suriname 1980 by military coup 1988
Wikipedia:Gregorio Conrado Álvarez Wikipedia:Uruguay 1981 1985 [25]
Wikipedia:Leopoldo Galtieri Wikipedia:Argentina 1981 1982

Caribbean

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:Gerardo Machado Wikipedia:Cuba 1925 1933 [26][27]
Wikipedia:Rafael Trujillo Wikipedia:Dominican Republic 1930 1961
Wikipedia:Paul Magloire Wikipedia:Haiti 1950 by coup 1956
Wikipedia:Fulgencio Batista Wikipedia:Cuba 1952 by coup 1959
Wikipedia:François Duvalier Wikipedia:Haiti 1957 elected 1971
Wikipedia:Fidel Castro Wikipedia:Cuba 1959 2008 retired [28][29][30] [31]
Wikipedia:Jean-Claude Duvalier Wikipedia:Haiti 1971 succeeded father 1986
Wikipedia:Eric Gairy Wikipedia:Grenada 1974 1979 [32] [33]
Wikipedia:Raoul Cédras Wikipedia:Haiti 1991 by coup (de facto) 1994 [34]
Wikipedia:Raul Castro Wikipedia:Cuba 2006 present [35] [36]

Asia

Western Asia ("Middle East")

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:Abdul Karim Qassem Wikipedia:Iraq 1958 by coup 1963 [37]
Wikipedia:Abdullah as-Sallal Wikipedia:North Yemen 1962 by civil war 1967
Wikipedia:Abdul Salam Arif Wikipedia:Iraq 1963 by coup 1966
Wikipedia:Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi Wikipedia:South Yemen 1967 1969 by coup
Wikipedia:Abdul Rahman al-Iryani Wikipedia:North Yemen 1967 1974 by coup
Wikipedia:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Wikipedia:Iraq 1968 by coup 1979
Wikipedia:Salim Rubai Ali Wikipedia:South Yemen 1969 by coup 1978
Wikipedia:Hafez al-Assad Wikipedia:Syria 1970 2000
Wikipedia:Ibrahim al-Hamdi Wikipedia:North Yemen 1974 by coup 1977 assassinated
Wikipedia:Ahmad al-Ghashmi Wikipedia:North Yemen 1977 1978 assassinated
Wikipedia:Ali Nasir Muhammad Wikipedia:South Yemen 1978, 1980 1978 by coup
Wikipedia:Abdul Fattah Ismail Wikipedia:South Yemen 1978 by coup 1980
Wikipedia:Ali Abdullah Saleh Wikipedia:North Yemen, Wikipedia:Yemen 1978 2012 popular uprising
Wikipedia:Saddam Hussein Wikipedia:Iraq 1979 2003 Execution by hanging, December 30, 2006
Wikipedia:Ruhollah Khomeini Wikipedia:Iran 1979 1989
Wikipedia:Ali Salim al-Beidh Wikipedia:South Yemen, Wikipedia:Democratic Republic of Yemen 1986, 1994 1990, 1994
Wikipedia:Ali Khamenei Wikipedia:Iran 1989 present
Wikipedia:Bashar al-Assad Wikipedia:Syria 2000 inherited present

Central Asia

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:Mohammed Daoud Khan Wikipedia:Afghanistan 1973 by coup 1978 by coup
Wikipedia:Nur Muhammad Taraki Wikipedia:Afghanistan 1978 by coup 1979 murdered
Wikipedia:Hafizullah Amin Wikipedia:Afghanistan 1979 president murdered 1979 country invaded
Wikipedia:Burhanuddin Rabbani Wikipedia:Afghanistan 1992 1996
Wikipedia:Mohammed Omar Wikipedia:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1996 2001 [38][39]

South Asia

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Ayub Khan Wikipedia:Pakistan 1958 by coup 1969 [40][41]
Wikipedia:Yahya Khan Wikipedia:Pakistan 1969 1971 [42][43][44]
Wikipedia:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Wikipedia:Pakistan 1978 1988 [45]
Wikipedia:Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Wikipedia:Maldives 1978 2008
Wikipedia:Hossain Mohammad Ershad Wikipedia:Bangladesh 1982 by coup 1990 All-party uprising
Wikipedia:Pervez Musharraf Wikipedia:Pakistan 1999 by coup 2008

Eastern Asia ("Far East")

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator
Wikipedia:Khorloogiyn Choybalsan Wikipedia:Mongolia 1936 1952
Wikipedia:Kim Il-sung Wikipedia:North Korea 1948 1994 death [46]
Wikipedia:Syngman Rhee Wikipedia:South Korea 1948 1960 revolution
Wikipedia:Sukarno Wikipedia:Indonesia 1949 1966 overthrown
Wikipedia:Mao Zedong Wikipedia:China 1949 by revolution 1976 death
Wikipedia:Chiang Kai-shek Wikipedia:Republic of China 1927 by revolution 1975 death
Wikipedia:Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal Wikipedia:Mongolia 1952 1984
Wikipedia:Ho Chi Minh Wikipedia:North Vietnam 1954 1969 death
Wikipedia:Park Chung Hee Wikipedia:South Korea 1961 by coup 1979 death by assassinated
Wikipedia:Ne Win Wikipedia:Burma 1962 by coup 1988 [47][48]
Wikipedia:Thanom Kittikachorn Wikipedia:Thailand 1957 by coup 1973
Wikipedia:Duong Van Minh Wikipedia:South Vietnam 1963 by coup 1975 by invasion
Wikipedia:Ferdinand Marcos Wikipedia:Philippines 1965 1986 by revolution
Wikipedia:Suharto Wikipedia:Indonesia 1966 by coup 1998 [49][50][51]
Wikipedia:Pol Pot Wikipedia:Cambodia 1975 by revolution 1979
Wikipedia:Chun Doo Hwan Wikipedia:South Korea 1980 by coup 1988
Wikipedia:Mahathir Mohamad Wikipedia:Malaysia 1981 2003
Wikipedia:Than Shwe Wikipedia:Myanmar 1992 by coup 2011 [52][53]
Wikipedia:Kim Jong-il Wikipedia:North Korea 1994 inherited 2011 death
Wikipedia:Sonthi Boonyaratglin Wikipedia:Thailand 2006by coup 2007
Wikipedia:Kim Jong-un Wikipedia:North Korea 2011 inherited present

Europe

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:Miklós Horthy Wikipedia:Hungary 1920 1944
Wikipedia:Benito Mussolini Italy 1922 1943 ousted [24][25]
Wikipedia:Aleksandar Tsankov Wikipedia:Bulgaria 1923 by coup 1926 [54]
Wikipedia:Miguel Primo de Rivera Wikipedia:Spain 1923 1930 [26][27][28]
Wikipedia:Joseph Stalin Wikipedia:USSR 1924 1953 death from a stroke [29][30][31]
Wikipedia:Ahmet Bej Zogu Wikipedia:Albania 1925 elected 1939 country occupied [32][33][34]
Wikipedia:António Óscar Carmona Wikipedia:Portugal 1926 1928
Wikipedia:Józef Piłsudski Wikipedia:Poland 1926 by coup 1935
Wikipedia:Antanas Smetona Wikipedia:Lithuania 1926 military coup 1940 [35][36]
Wikipedia:António de Oliveira Salazar Wikipedia:Portugal 1928 1968
Wikipedia:Engelbert Dollfuss Wikipedia:Austria 1933 1934 [55]
Wikipedia:Konstantin Päts Wikipedia:Estonia 1933 by coup 1940
Wikipedia:Adolf Hitler Germany 1933 elected 1945 Death suicide
Wikipedia:Kimon Georgiev Wikipedia:Bulgaria 1934 by coup 1934 overthrown
Wikipedia:Kurt Schuschnigg Wikipedia:Austria 1934 1938 German Coup and Occupation
Wikipedia:Kārlis Ulmanis Wikipedia:Latvia 1934 by coup 1940 [56][57] [58]
Wikipedia:Ioannis Metaxas Wikipedia:Greece 1936 1941 [59][60][61]
Wikipedia:Francisco Franco Spain 1936 1975 [62], [63],[64], [65])
Wikipedia:Jozef Tiso Wikipedia:Slovakia 1939 1945 [66][67]
Wikipedia:Ion Antonescu Wikipedia:Romania 1940 1944
Wikipedia:Vidkun Quisling Wikipedia:Norway 1940 1945
Wikipedia:Ante Pavelić Wikipedia:Croatia 1941 installed 1945
Wikipedia:Josip Broz Tito Wikipedia:Yugoslavia 1944 1980 [37][38]
Wikipedia:Ferenc Szálasi Wikipedia:Hungary 1944 installed 1945
Wikipedia:Enver Hoxha Wikipedia:Albania 1944 1985
Wikipedia:Bolesław Bierut Wikipedia:Poland 1945 1952
Wikipedia:Mátyás Rákosi Wikipedia:Hungary 1949 1953
Wikipedia:Todor Zhivkov Wikipedia:Bulgaria 1956 1989
Wikipedia:Nicolae CeauÅŸescu Wikipedia:Romania 1965 1989
Wikipedia:George Papadopoulos Wikipedia:Greece 1967 1973 [68] [69][70]).
Wikipedia:Marcelo Caetano Wikipedia:Portugal 1968 1974 by popular uprising
Wikipedia:Phaedon Gizikis Wikipedia:Greece 1973 by coup 1974
Wikipedia:Slobodan Milošević Wikipedia:Serbia and Montenegro 1992 2000
Wikipedia:Igor Smirnov Wikipedia:Transnistria 1990 2011 "lost election"
Wikipedia:Alexander Lukashenko Wikipedia:Belarus 1994 present

See also

References

  1. For a more detailed account of the proposal to abolish the Electoral College read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun (1972)
  2. 1968 Electoral College Results, National Archives and Records Administration
  3. In Search of Africa - Manthia Diawara | Harvard University Press
  4. BBC - Radio 3 Awards for World Music 2003 - Bembeya Jazz
  5. Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
  6. Africa Safari Holidays & African Safaris with Africa Odyssey
  7. The Central African Republic
  8. 8.0 8.1 CENTRAL AFRICA, A FORFEIT DESTINY (archived from the original on 2007-10-14).
  9. "Mobutu Sese Seko, 66, Longtime Dictator of Zaire". The New York Times. http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/090897obit-mobutu.html. </li>
  10. MAR | Data | Chronology for Ewe in Togo
  11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_modern_dictators#Muammar_Gaddafi
  12. Gamel, Kim; Keath, Lee.. Muammar Gaddafi Dead: Libya Dictator Maddened West, Captured, Killed In Sirte. The Huffington Post. URL accessed on 8 June 2012.
  13. Reuters Muammar Gaddafi dead: Former Libyan dictator found hiding in a sewer waving a golden gun. National Post. Postmedia Network Inc. URL accessed on 8 June 2012.
  14. Manuel Estrada Cabrera (president of Guatemala) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  15. Estrada Cabrera, Manuel - MSN Encarta. Archived from source 2009-10-31.
  16. Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution through the Clinton years, p. 114 (ISBN 1-58322-545-5): "During this second term (1972-1975) López governed without a congress and by decree."
  17. Manuel Noriega (Panamanian military leader) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  18. Manuel Noriega - MSN Encarta. Archived from source 2009-11-01.
  19. 404 | MiamiHerald.com
  20. "Colombia", Wikipedia:Microsoft Encarta 2003. Archived 2009-11-01.
  21. Juan Vicente Gomez (Venezuelan dictator) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  22. Scott, A. O. (7 February 2005). "We're Sorry". The New York Times. http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=156078. Retrieved May 8, 2010. </li>
  23. Juan Vicente Gomez - MSN Encarta. Archived from source 2009-10-31.
  24. cache:0PFM13qC39YJ:www.ablongman.com/history_rh_bridge/assets/0321025865_ch15.pdf "Italian dictator Benito Mussolini" - Google Scholar
  25. Greenwood Publishing Group doi:10.1336/0275979377
  26. Miguel Primo de Rivera (Spanish dictator) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  27. Primo de Rivera, Miguel , The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (archived from the original on 2000-08-23).
  28. Primo de Rivera - MSN Encarta. Archived from source 2009-11-01.
  29. Joseph Stalin (prime minister of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  30. Stalin - MSN Encarta. Archived from source 2009-11-01.
  31. Commanding Heights : Joseph Stalin | on PBS
  32. Albanian Information - Albanian.com
  33. The Kingdom of Talossa
  34. A short history of Albania (archived from the original on 2004-11-13).
  35. cache:wEZn53dBGtoJ:www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dcees/Duvold.pdf Antanas Smetona "dictatorship" - Google Scholar
  36. [1]Template:dead link
  37. Kriza Titova režima i Titove Jugoslavije - Ilija Jukić - Google Knjige
  38. Payne, Stanley G. (11 January 2011). Spain: A Unique History, p. 227, Univ of Wisconsin Press. URL accessed 4 August 2011.
  39. </ol>