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Difference between revisions of "List of modern dictators"

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Adolf Hitler really messed things up. Quite apart from the obvious, everything about Hitler has been villified, and in many cases conflated with other governments and rulers. Dictator, like Fascist, is a term that should never have been applied to anything much other than Hitler and Mussolini, not even Federico Franco, whose bid to take over Spain was ignored by all the major powers. They do not really care about dictatorship, or they would not have let him rule until his death in 1975. So it is all just a hoax to make themselves feel better about their equally absolute rule in the form of 'democracy'. So let me propose the first 'dictator' for this article: the [[Electoral college]] [[Wikipedia:Electoral college (United States)|(WP)]] of the United States. Even if the elections were not rigged with voting machines that change votes to whoever designed the program wanted to win, or men in black with boxes of votes, the Electoral college will <u>never</u> allow a candidate that wants what is best to win
+
Adolf Hitler really messed things up. Quite apart from the obvious, everything about Hitler has been villified, and in many cases conflated with other governments and rulers. Dictator, like Fascist, is a term that should never have been applied to anything much other than Hitler and Mussolini, not even Federico Franco, whose bid to take over Spain was ignored by all the major powers. They do not really care about dictatorship, or they would not have let him rule until his death in 1975. So it is all just a hoax to make themselves feel better about their equally absolute rule in the form of 'democracy'. So let me propose the first 'dictator' for this article: the [[Wikipedia:Electoral college]] [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Electoral college (United States)|(WP)]] of the United States. Even if the elections were not rigged with voting machines that change votes to whoever designed the program wanted to win, or men in black with boxes of votes, the Electoral college will <u>never</u> allow a candidate that wants what is best to win
  
The closest the United States has ever come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the [[91st United States Congress|91st Congress]].<ref>For a more detailed account of the proposal to abolish the Electoral College read ''The Politics of Electoral College Reform'' by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun (1972)</ref> [[United States presidential election, 1968|The presidential election of 1968]] ended with [[Richard Nixon]] receiving 301 electoral votes to [[Hubert Humphrey]]'s 191. Yet, Nixon had only received 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey, equating to less than 1% of the national total. [[George Wallace]] received the remaining 46 electoral votes with only 13.5% of the popular vote.<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html#1968 ''1968 Electoral College Results''], National Archives and Records Administration</ref>
+
The closest the United States has ever come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the [[Wikipedia:91st United States Congress|91st Congress]].<ref>For a more detailed account of the proposal to abolish the Electoral College read ''The Politics of Electoral College Reform'' by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun (1972)</ref> [[Wikipedia:United States presidential election, 1968|The presidential election of 1968]] ended with [[Wikipedia:Richard Nixon]] receiving 301 electoral votes to [[Wikipedia:Hubert Humphrey]]'s 191. Yet, Nixon had only received 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey, equating to less than 1% of the national total. [[Wikipedia:George Wallace]] received the remaining 46 electoral votes with only 13.5% of the popular vote.<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html#1968 ''1968 Electoral College Results''], National Archives and Records Administration</ref>
  
 
The following is a list of national leaders who were not democratically elected.
 
The following is a list of national leaders who were not democratically elected.
  
Missing from this list are monarchs, who should be added, the Reign of the Generals in Greece, anything to do with [[Gladio]], and probably a lot more, considering the agenda that the word 'dictator' promotes. However, this list can be quite useful for getting started with seeing just how much of the world's history in the 20th century was <u>directly</u> controlled by the United States.
+
Missing from this list are monarchs, who should be added, the Reign of the Generals in Greece, anything to do with [[Wikipedia:Gladio]], and probably a lot more, considering the agenda that the word 'dictator' promotes. However, this list can be quite useful for getting started with seeing just how much of the world's history in the 20th century was <u>directly</u> controlled by the United States.
  
 
==Africa==
 
==Africa==
Line 17: Line 17:
 
!Notes
 
!Notes
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Kwame Nkrumah]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Kwame Nkrumah]]
|[[Ghana]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ghana]]
 
|1957 ''elected''
 
|1957 ''elected''
 
|1966 ''by military coup''
 
|1966 ''by military coup''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Gamal Abdel Nasser]]
|[[Egypt]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Egypt]]
 
|1954
 
|1954
 
|1970 Death
 
|1970 Death
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Anwar Sadat]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Anwar Sadat]]
|[[Egypt]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Egypt]]
 
|1970
 
|1970
 
|1981
 
|1981
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ahmed Sékou Touré]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ahmed Sékou Touré]]
|[[Guinea]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Guinea]]
 
|1958
 
|1958
 
|1984
 
|1984
 
|<ref>[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/DIAINS.html In Search of Africa - Manthia Diawara | Harvard University Press<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/world/awards2003/profile_jazz.shtml BBC - Radio 3 Awards for World Music 2003 - Bembeya Jazz<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.africanet.com/africanet/country/guinea/history.htm Africa Safari Holidays & African Safaris with Africa Odyssey<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
|<ref>[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/DIAINS.html In Search of Africa - Manthia Diawara | Harvard University Press<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/world/awards2003/profile_jazz.shtml BBC - Radio 3 Awards for World Music 2003 - Bembeya Jazz<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.africanet.com/africanet/country/guinea/history.htm Africa Safari Holidays & African Safaris with Africa Odyssey<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Modibo Keïta]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Modibo Keïta]]
|[[Mali]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mali]]
 
|1960
 
|1960
 
|1968 ''by military coup''
 
|1968 ''by military coup''
Line 48: Line 48:
 
|-
 
|-
  
|[[Albert Kalonji]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Albert Kalonji]]
|[[South Kasai]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:South Kasai]]
 
|1960
 
|1960
 
|1961
 
|1961
Line 55: Line 55:
 
|-
 
|-
  
|[[Moise Tshombe]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Moise Tshombe]]
|[[State of Katanga]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:State of Katanga]]
 
|1960
 
|1960
 
|1963
 
|1963
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Joseph Kasa-Vubu]]
|[[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)]]
 
|1960
 
|1960
 
|1965
 
|1965
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[David Dacko]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:David Dacko]]
|[[Central African Republic]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Central African Republic]]
 
|1960, 1979 ''by military coup''
 
|1960, 1979 ''by military coup''
 
|1966, 1981
 
|1966, 1981
 
|<ref>[http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad36 The Central African Republic<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071014202824/http://african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3638 CENTRAL AFRICA, A FORFEIT DESTINY] (archived from [http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3638 the original] on 2007-10-14).</ref>
 
|<ref>[http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad36 The Central African Republic<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071014202824/http://african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3638 CENTRAL AFRICA, A FORFEIT DESTINY] (archived from [http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3638 the original] on 2007-10-14).</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
|[[N'Garta Tombalbaye]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:N'Garta Tombalbaye]]
|[[Chad]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Chad]]
 
|1960
 
|1960
 
|1975
 
|1975
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Moktar Ould Daddah]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Moktar Ould Daddah]]
|[[Mauritania]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mauritania]]
 
|1960 ''elected''
 
|1960 ''elected''
 
|1978 ''by military coup''
 
|1978 ''by military coup''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Félix Houphouët-Boigny]]
|[[Côte d'Ivoire]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Côte d'Ivoire]]
 
|1960 ''elected''
 
|1960 ''elected''
 
|1993
 
|1993
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Milton Obote]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Milton Obote]]
|[[Uganda]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Uganda]]
 
|1962 ''elected'', 1980
 
|1962 ''elected'', 1980
 
|1972, 1985
 
|1972, 1985
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Hastings Kamuzu Banda]]
|[[Malawi]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Malawi]]
 
|1963
 
|1963
 
|1994 ''lost election''
 
|1994 ''lost election''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Kenneth Kaunda]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Kenneth Kaunda]]
|[[Zambia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Zambia]]
 
|1964 ''elected''
 
|1964 ''elected''
 
|1991 ''lost election''
 
|1991 ''lost election''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Houari Boumediene]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Houari Boumediene]]
|[[Algeria]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Algeria]]
 
|1965 ''bloodless coup''
 
|1965 ''bloodless coup''
 
|1978 ''death''
 
|1978 ''death''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ian Smith]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ian Smith]]
|[[Rhodesia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Rhodesia]]
 
|1965
 
|1965
 
|1979
 
|1979
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Mobutu Sese Seko]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mobutu Sese Seko]]
|[[Zaire]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Zaire]]
 
|1965 ''coup''
 
|1965 ''coup''
 
|1997 ''civil war''
 
|1997 ''civil war''
 
|<ref>{{cite news| url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/090897obit-mobutu.html | work=The New York Times | title=Mobutu Sese Seko, 66, Longtime Dictator of Zaire}}</ref>
 
|<ref>{{cite news| url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/090897obit-mobutu.html | work=The New York Times | title=Mobutu Sese Seko, 66, Longtime Dictator of Zaire}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Jean-Bédel Bokassa]]
|[[Central African Empire]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Central African Empire]]
 
|1966 ''coup''
 
|1966 ''coup''
 
|1979
 
|1979
 
|<ref name=autogenerated1 />
 
|<ref name=autogenerated1 />
 
|-
 
|-
|[[C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]]
|[[Biafra]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Biafra]]
 
|1967
 
|1967
 
|1970
 
|1970
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Gnassingbé Eyadéma]]
|[[Togo]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Togo]]
 
|1967 ''coup''
 
|1967 ''coup''
 
|2005 ''death''
 
|2005 ''death''
 
|<ref>[http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/togoewechro.htm MAR | Data | Chronology for Ewe in Togo<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
|<ref>[http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/togoewechro.htm MAR | Data | Chronology for Ewe in Togo<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Omar Bongo]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Omar Bongo]]
|[[Gabon]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Gabon]]
 
|1967 ''from Vice-President''
 
|1967 ''from Vice-President''
 
|2009 ''death''
 
|2009 ''death''
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Francisco Macías Nguema]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Francisco Macías Nguema]]
|[[Equatorial Guinea]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Equatorial Guinea]]
 
|1968 ''elected''
 
|1968 ''elected''
 
|1979
 
|1979
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Moussa Traoré]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Moussa Traoré]]
|[[Mali]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mali]]
 
|1968
 
|1968
 
|1991
 
|1991
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Gaafar Nimeiry]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Gaafar Nimeiry]]
|[[Sudan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Sudan]]
 
|1969 ''by military coup''
 
|1969 ''by military coup''
 
|1985
 
|1985
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Siad Barre]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Siad Barre]]
|[[Somalia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Somalia]]
 
|1969 ''by military coup''
 
|1969 ''by military coup''
 
|1991
 
|1991
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Muammar Gaddafi]]<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_modern_dictators#Muammar_Gaddafi</ref>
+
|[[Wikipedia:Muammar Gaddafi]]<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_modern_dictators#Muammar_Gaddafi</ref>
|[[Libya]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Libya]]
 
|1969 ''by military coup''
 
|1969 ''by military coup''
 
|2011 ''killed in popular uprising''
 
|2011 ''killed in popular uprising''
 
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/20/muammar-gaddafi-dead-libya_n_1021843.html | title=Muammar Gaddafi Dead: Libya Dictator Maddened West, Captured, Killed In Sirte | publisher=The Huffington Post | date=20 October 2011 | accessdate=8 June 2012 | author=Gamel, Kim; Keath, Lee. | location=United States}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Reuters|title=Muammar Gaddafi dead: Former Libyan dictator found hiding in a sewer waving a golden gun|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/10/20/muammar-gaddafi-dead-former-libyan-dictator-captured-in-a-sewer/|work=National Post|publisher=Postmedia Network Inc|accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref>
 
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/20/muammar-gaddafi-dead-libya_n_1021843.html | title=Muammar Gaddafi Dead: Libya Dictator Maddened West, Captured, Killed In Sirte | publisher=The Huffington Post | date=20 October 2011 | accessdate=8 June 2012 | author=Gamel, Kim; Keath, Lee. | location=United States}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Reuters|title=Muammar Gaddafi dead: Former Libyan dictator found hiding in a sewer waving a golden gun|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/10/20/muammar-gaddafi-dead-former-libyan-dictator-captured-in-a-sewer/|work=National Post|publisher=Postmedia Network Inc|accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Idi Amin]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Idi Amin]]
|[[Uganda]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Uganda]]
 
|1971
 
|1971
 
|1979 ''deposed''
 
|1979 ''deposed''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Mengistu Haile Mariam]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mengistu Haile Mariam]]
|[[Ethiopia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ethiopia]]
 
|1974
 
|1974
 
|1991
 
|1991
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Kenneth Mopeli]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Kenneth Mopeli]]
|[[QwaQwa]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:QwaQwa]]
 
|1974
 
|1974
 
|1994
 
|1994
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Mathieu Kérékou]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mathieu Kérékou]]
|[[Benin]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Benin]]
 
|1975
 
|1975
 
|1991
 
|1991
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Olusegun Obasanjo]]
|[[Nigeria]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Nigeria]]
 
|1976 ''by military coup''
 
|1976 ''by military coup''
 
|1979
 
|1979
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Jean-Baptiste Bagaza]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Jean-Baptiste Bagaza]]
|[[Burundi]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Burundi]]
 
|1976
 
|1976
 
|1987
 
|1987
 
|[http://www.africanews.com/article265.html], [http://www.electionworld.org/history/burundi.htm]
 
|[http://www.africanews.com/article265.html], [http://www.electionworld.org/history/burundi.htm]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Lucas Mangope]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Lucas Mangope]]
|[[Bophuthatswana]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Bophuthatswana]]
 
|1977
 
|1977
 
|1994
 
|1994
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[France-Albert René]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:France-Albert René]]
|[[Seychelles]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Seychelles]]
 
|1977
 
|1977
 
|2004
 
|2004
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Daniel arap Moi]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Daniel arap Moi]]
|[[Kenya]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Kenya]]
 
|1978
 
|1978
 
|2002
 
|2002
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]
|[[Equatorial Guinea]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Equatorial Guinea]]
 
|1979 ''by coup''
 
|1979 ''by coup''
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[José Eduardo dos Santos]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:José Eduardo dos Santos]]
|[[Angola]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Angola]]
 
|1979
 
|1979
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|[http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2000/Angola_Marques_00/Angola_Marques_00.html]
 
|[http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2000/Angola_Marques_00/Angola_Marques_00.html]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[João Bernardo Vieira]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:João Bernardo Vieira]]
|[[Guinea-Bissau]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Guinea-Bissau]]
 
|1980 ''by coup'', 2005
 
|1980 ''by coup'', 2005
 
|1984, 2009
 
|1984, 2009
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Samuel K. Doe]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Samuel K. Doe]]
|[[Liberia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Liberia]]
 
|1980 ''by military coup''
 
|1980 ''by military coup''
 
|1990
 
|1990
 
|[http://www.theperspective.org/2004/oct/bookpeople.html]
 
|[http://www.theperspective.org/2004/oct/bookpeople.html]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Robert Mugabe]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Robert Mugabe]]
|[[Zimbabwe]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Zimbabwe]]
 
|1980 ''elected''
 
|1980 ''elected''
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1709488.stm], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,410850,00.html], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1754307.stm], [http://www.namibian.com.na/2005/July/world/05C16ABC4A.html].
 
|[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1709488.stm], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,410850,00.html], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1754307.stm], [http://www.namibian.com.na/2005/July/world/05C16ABC4A.html].
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Jerry Rawlings]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Jerry Rawlings]]
|[[Ghana]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ghana]]
 
|1981 ''by military coup''
 
|1981 ''by military coup''
 
|1992 ''resigned''
 
|1992 ''resigned''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[André Kolingba]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:André Kolingba]]
|[[Central African Republic]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Central African Republic]]
 
|1981 ''by military coup''
 
|1981 ''by military coup''
 
|1993 ''lost elections''
 
|1993 ''lost elections''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Hosni Mubarak]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Hosni Mubarak]]
|[[Egypt]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Egypt]]
 
|1981
 
|1981
 
|2011 ''popular uprising''
 
|2011 ''popular uprising''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Paul Biya]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Paul Biya]]
|[[Cameroon]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Cameroon]]
 
|1982 ''from Prime Minister''
 
|1982 ''from Prime Minister''
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Hissène Habré]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Hissène Habré]]
|[[Chad]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Chad]]
 
|1982 ''by military coup''
 
|1982 ''by military coup''
 
|1990
 
|1990
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya]]
|[[Mauritania]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mauritania]]
 
|1984 ''by military coup''
 
|1984 ''by military coup''
 
|2005 ''by bloodless coup''
 
|2005 ''by bloodless coup''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ibrahim Babangida]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ibrahim Babangida]]
|[[Nigeria]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Nigeria]]
 
|1985
 
|1985
 
|1993
 
|1993
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Yoweri Museveni]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Yoweri Museveni]]
|[[Uganda]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Uganda]]
 
|1986
 
|1986
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Blaise Compaoré]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Blaise Compaoré]]
|[[Burkina Faso]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Burkina Faso]]
 
|1987 ''by military coup''
 
|1987 ''by military coup''
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]]
|[[Tunisia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Tunisia]]
 
|1987
 
|1987
 
|2011 ''popular uprising''
 
|2011 ''popular uprising''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir]]
|[[Sudan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Sudan]]
 
|1989  ''by military coup''
 
|1989  ''by military coup''
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Idriss Déby]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Idriss Déby]]
|[[Chad]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Chad]]
 
|1990  ''by military coup''
 
|1990  ''by military coup''
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
| [http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/tcd-summary-eng]
 
| [http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/tcd-summary-eng]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Isaias Afewerki]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Isaias Afewerki]]
|[[Eritrea]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Eritrea]]
 
|1991
 
|1991
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Meles Zenawi]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Meles Zenawi]]
|[[Ethiopia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ethiopia]]
 
|1991  ''by military coup''
 
|1991  ''by military coup''
 
|2012 ''death''
 
|2012 ''death''
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Sani Abacha]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Sani Abacha]]
|[[Nigeria]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Nigeria]]
 
|1993  ''by military coup''
 
|1993  ''by military coup''
 
|1998
 
|1998
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Yahya Jammeh]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Yahya Jammeh]]
|[[The Gambia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:The Gambia]]
 
|1994  ''by military coup''
 
|1994  ''by military coup''
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Laurent-Désiré Kabila]]
|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
 
|1997 ''by military coup''
 
|1997 ''by military coup''
 
|2001
 
|2001
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Charles G. Taylor]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Charles G. Taylor]]
|[[Liberia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Liberia]]
 
|1997 ''elected''
 
|1997 ''elected''
 
|2003
 
|2003
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Denis Sassou Nguesso]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Denis Sassou Nguesso]]
|[[Republic of the Congo]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Republic of the Congo]]
 
|1997 ''elected''
 
|1997 ''elected''
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ismaïl Omar Guelleh]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ismaïl Omar Guelleh]]
|[[Djibouti]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Djibouti]]
 
|1999 ''elected''
 
|1999 ''elected''
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Paul Kagame]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Paul Kagame]]
|[[Rwanda]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Rwanda]]
 
|2000
 
|2000
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[François Bozizé]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:François Bozizé]]
|[[Central African Republic]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Central African Republic]]
 
|2003 ''by military coup''
 
|2003 ''by military coup''
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/02/28/1456242]
 
|[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/02/28/1456242]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Pierre Nkurunziza]]  
+
|[[Wikipedia:Pierre Nkurunziza]]  
|[[Burundi]]  
+
|[[Wikipedia:Burundi]]  
 
|2005
 
|2005
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ely Ould Mohamed Vall]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ely Ould Mohamed Vall]]
|[[Mauritania]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mauritania]]
 
|2005 ''by military coup''
 
|2005 ''by military coup''
 
|2007 ''relinquished power''
 
|2007 ''relinquished power''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]]
|[[Mauritania]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mauritania]]
 
|2008 ''by military coup''
 
|2008 ''by military coup''
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
Line 423: Line 423:
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Agustín de Iturbide]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Agustín de Iturbide]]
|[[Mexico]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mexico]]
 
|1822
 
|1822
 
|1823
 
|1823
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Antonio López de Santa Anna]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Antonio López de Santa Anna]]
|[[Mexico]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mexico]]
 
|1833
 
|1833
 
|1855
 
|1855
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Porfirio Díaz]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Porfirio Díaz]]
|[[Mexico]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mexico]]
 
|1879
 
|1879
 
|1910
 
|1910
 
|[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M0RudU_TdHwC&pg=PA163]
 
|[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M0RudU_TdHwC&pg=PA163]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Victoriano Huerta]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Victoriano Huerta]]
|[[Mexico]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mexico]]
 
|1913
 
|1913
 
|1914
 
|1914
Line 458: Line 458:
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
|-
 
|-
|[[José Santos Zelaya]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:José Santos Zelaya]]
|[[Nicaragua]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Nicaragua]]
 
|1893
 
|1893
 
|1909 ''resigned''
 
|1909 ''resigned''
 
|[http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/presidentscentralamerica/p/08JSZelaya.htm]
 
|[http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/presidentscentralamerica/p/08JSZelaya.htm]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Manuel Estrada Cabrera]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Manuel Estrada Cabrera]]
|[[Guatemala]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Guatemala]]
 
|1898
 
|1898
 
|1920
 
|1920
 
|<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033093 Manuel Estrada Cabrera (president of Guatemala) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Estrada Cabrera, Manuel - MSN Encarta <!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE -->|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558775/Estrada_Cabrera_Manuel.html|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kwtF67ku|archivedate=2009-10-31|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
 
|<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033093 Manuel Estrada Cabrera (president of Guatemala) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Estrada Cabrera, Manuel - MSN Encarta <!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE -->|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558775/Estrada_Cabrera_Manuel.html|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kwtF67ku|archivedate=2009-10-31|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Maximiliano Hernández Martínez]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Maximiliano Hernández Martínez]]
|[[El Salvador]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:El Salvador]]
 
|1931, 1935
 
|1931, 1935
 
|1934, 1944
 
|1934, 1944
 
|[http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/7.htm]
 
|[http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/7.htm]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Jorge Ubico]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Jorge Ubico]]
|[[Guatemala]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Guatemala]]
 
|1931
 
|1931
 
|1944
 
|1944
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Tiburcio Carías Andino]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Tiburcio Carías Andino]]
|[[Honduras]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Honduras]]
 
|1933
 
|1933
 
|1949
 
|1949
 
|[http://countrystudies.us/honduras/19.htm]
 
|[http://countrystudies.us/honduras/19.htm]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Anastasio Somoza García]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Anastasio Somoza García]]
|[[Nicaragua]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Nicaragua]]
 
|1937 ''by military coup''
 
|1937 ''by military coup''
 
|1956
 
|1956
 
|[http://www.immigrantinfo.org/kin/nicaragua.htm][http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9212.html]
 
|[http://www.immigrantinfo.org/kin/nicaragua.htm][http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9212.html]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Carlos Castillo Armas]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Carlos Castillo Armas]]
|[[Guatemala]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Guatemala]]
 
|1954 ''by coup''
 
|1954 ''by coup''
 
|1957
 
|1957
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Oswaldo López Arellano]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Oswaldo López Arellano]]
|[[Honduras]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Honduras]]
 
|1963, 1972
 
|1963, 1972
 
|1971, 1975
 
|1971, 1975
 
|<ref>''Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution through the Clinton years'', p.&nbsp;114 (ISBN 1-58322-545-5): "During this second term (1972-1975) López governed without a congress and by decree."</ref>
 
|<ref>''Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution through the Clinton years'', p.&nbsp;114 (ISBN 1-58322-545-5): "During this second term (1972-1975) López governed without a congress and by decree."</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Anastasio Somoza Debayle]]
|[[Nicaragua]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Nicaragua]]
 
|1967 ''succession''
 
|1967 ''succession''
 
|1979
 
|1979
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Omar Torrijos]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Omar Torrijos]]
|[[Panama]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Panama]]
 
|1968 ''by coup''
 
|1968 ''by coup''
 
|1981
 
|1981
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Kjell Laugerud García]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Kjell Laugerud García]]
|[[Guatemala]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Guatemala]]
 
|1974 ''by coup''
 
|1974 ''by coup''
 
|1978
 
|1978
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Efraín Ríos Montt]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Efraín Ríos Montt]]
|[[Guatemala]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Guatemala]]
 
|1982 ''by military coup''
 
|1982 ''by military coup''
 
|1983
 
|1983
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Manuel Noriega]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Manuel Noriega]]
|[[Panama]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Panama]]
 
|1983
 
|1983
 
|1989
 
|1989
Line 547: Line 547:
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Cipriano Castro]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Cipriano Castro]]
|[[Venezuela]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Venezuela]]
 
|1899
 
|1899
 
|1909
 
|1909
 
|[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:kdvql1ZK2-4J:www.sg.inter.edu/revista-ciscla/volume29/singh.pdf+Antonio+Guzm%C3%A1n+Blanco+%22dictator%22]
 
|[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:kdvql1ZK2-4J:www.sg.inter.edu/revista-ciscla/volume29/singh.pdf+Antonio+Guzm%C3%A1n+Blanco+%22dictator%22]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Rafael Reyes]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Rafael Reyes]]
|[[Colombia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Colombia]]
 
|1904
 
|1904
 
|1909
 
|1909
|<ref>"[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564636/Colombia.html Colombia]", [[Microsoft Encarta]] 2003. [http://www.webcitation.org/5kyWaeYYn Archived] 2009-11-01.</ref>
+
|<ref>"[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564636/Colombia.html Colombia]", [[Wikipedia:Microsoft Encarta]] 2003. [http://www.webcitation.org/5kyWaeYYn Archived] 2009-11-01.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Juan Vicente Gómez]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Juan Vicente Gómez]]
|[[Venezuela]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Venezuela]]
 
|1909, 1922, 1931
 
|1909, 1922, 1931
 
|1914, 1929, 1935
 
|1914, 1929, 1935
 
|<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037322 Juan Vicente Gomez (Venezuelan dictator) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=156078 | work=The New York Times | first=A. O. | last=Scott | accessdate=May 8, 2010 | title=We're Sorry | date=7 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Juan Vicente Gomez - MSN Encarta <!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE -->|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563557/Juan_Vicente_Gomez.html|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kwtGklk1|archivedate=2009-10-31|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
 
|<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037322 Juan Vicente Gomez (Venezuelan dictator) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=156078 | work=The New York Times | first=A. O. | last=Scott | accessdate=May 8, 2010 | title=We're Sorry | date=7 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Juan Vicente Gomez - MSN Encarta <!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE -->|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563557/Juan_Vicente_Gomez.html|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kwtGklk1|archivedate=2009-10-31|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Óscar Benavides]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Óscar Benavides]]
|[[Peru]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Peru]]
 
|1914 ''by coup'', 1933
 
|1914 ''by coup'', 1933
 
|1915, 1939
 
|1915, 1939
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo]]
|[[Peru]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Peru]]
 
|1919 ''by coup''
 
|1919 ''by coup''
 
|1930
 
|1930
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Carlos Ibáñez del Campo]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Carlos Ibáñez del Campo]]
|[[Chile]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Chile]]
 
|1927
 
|1927
 
|1931
 
|1931
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Getúlio Vargas]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Getúlio Vargas]]
|[[Brazil]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Brazil]]
 
|1930
 
|1930
 
|1945
 
|1945
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Gabriel Terra]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Gabriel Terra]]
|[[Uruguay]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Uruguay]]
 
|1931
 
|1931
 
|1938
 
|1938
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Higinio Morínigo]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Higinio Morínigo]]
|[[Paraguay]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Paraguay]]
 
|1940
 
|1940
 
|1948
 
|1948
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Manuel A. Odría]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Manuel A. Odría]]
|[[Peru]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Peru]]
 
|1948 ''by coup''
 
|1948 ''by coup''
 
|1956
 
|1956
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Marcos Pérez Jiménez]]
|[[Venezuela]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Venezuela]]
 
|1948
 
|1948
 
|1958
 
|1958
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]]
|[[Colombia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Colombia]]
 
|1953 ''by coup''
 
|1953 ''by coup''
 
|1957
 
|1957
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Alfredo Stroessner]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Alfredo Stroessner]]
|[[Paraguay]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Paraguay]]
 
|1954 ''by military coup''
 
|1954 ''by military coup''
 
|1989
 
|1989
 
|[http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19890301faessay5951/riordan-roett/paraguay-after-stroessner.html] [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:vqkaVDmcvaIJ:www.columbia.edu/cu/polisci/pdf-files/apsa_krutz.pdf+Stroessner+dictator][http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:qfMgvA6bakgJ:users.ox.ac.uk/~newc1465/Proudman%2520-%2520SoftPowerMeetsHard.pdf+Stroessner+dictator]
 
|[http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19890301faessay5951/riordan-roett/paraguay-after-stroessner.html] [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:vqkaVDmcvaIJ:www.columbia.edu/cu/polisci/pdf-files/apsa_krutz.pdf+Stroessner+dictator][http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:qfMgvA6bakgJ:users.ox.ac.uk/~newc1465/Proudman%2520-%2520SoftPowerMeetsHard.pdf+Stroessner+dictator]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[René Barrientos]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:René Barrientos]]
|[[Bolivia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Bolivia]]
 
|1964 ''by military coup''
 
|1964 ''by military coup''
 
|1969
 
|1969
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Forbes Burnham]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Forbes Burnham]]
|[[Guyana]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Guyana]]
 
|1966
 
|1966
 
|1985
 
|1985
 
|[http://www.jagan.org/janet_jagan29.htm][http://www.hardbeatnews.com/editor/RTE/my_documents/my_files/details.asp?newsid=4498&title=Politics]
 
|[http://www.jagan.org/janet_jagan29.htm][http://www.hardbeatnews.com/editor/RTE/my_documents/my_files/details.asp?newsid=4498&title=Politics]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Hugo Banzer]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Hugo Banzer]]
|[[Bolivia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Bolivia]]
 
|1971 ''by coup''
 
|1971 ''by coup''
 
|1978
 
|1978
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Juan María Bordaberry]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Juan María Bordaberry]]
|[[Uruguay]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Uruguay]]
 
|1973 ''by coup''
 
|1973 ''by coup''
 
|1976
 
|1976
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Augusto Pinochet]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Augusto Pinochet]]
|[[Chile]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Chile]]
 
|1973 ''by military coup''
 
|1973 ''by military coup''
 
|1990
 
|1990
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Luis García Meza Tejada]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Luis García Meza Tejada]]
|[[Bolivia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Bolivia]]
 
|1980 ''by coup''
 
|1980 ''by coup''
 
|1981
 
|1981
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Dési Bouterse]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Dési Bouterse]]
|[[Suriname]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Suriname]]
 
|1980 ''by military coup''
 
|1980 ''by military coup''
 
|1988
 
|1988
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Gregorio Conrado Álvarez]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Gregorio Conrado Álvarez]]
|[[Uruguay]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Uruguay]]
 
|1981
 
|1981
 
|1985
 
|1985
 
|[http://www.rulers.org/indexa2.html]
 
|[http://www.rulers.org/indexa2.html]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Leopoldo Galtieri]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Leopoldo Galtieri]]
|[[Argentina]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Argentina]]
 
|1981
 
|1981
 
|1982
 
|1982
Line 690: Line 690:
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Gerardo Machado]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Gerardo Machado]]
|[[Cuba]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Cuba]]
 
|1925
 
|1925
 
|1933
 
|1933
 
|[http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=672][http://www.highbeam.com/ref/doc0.asp?docid=1E1:MachadoG]
 
|[http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=672][http://www.highbeam.com/ref/doc0.asp?docid=1E1:MachadoG]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Rafael Trujillo]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Rafael Trujillo]]
|[[Dominican Republic]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Dominican Republic]]
 
|1930
 
|1930
 
|1961
 
|1961
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Paul Magloire]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Paul Magloire]]
|[[Haiti]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Haiti]]
 
|1950 ''by coup''
 
|1950 ''by coup''
 
|1956
 
|1956
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Fulgencio Batista]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Fulgencio Batista]]
|[[Cuba]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Cuba]]
 
|1952 ''by coup''
 
|1952 ''by coup''
 
|1959
 
|1959
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[François Duvalier]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:François Duvalier]]
|[[Haiti]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Haiti]]
 
|1957 ''elected''
 
|1957 ''elected''
 
|1971
 
|1971
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Fidel Castro]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Fidel Castro]]
|[[Cuba]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Cuba]]
 
|1959  
 
|1959  
 
|2008 retired
 
|2008 retired
 
|[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-516539/Farewell-Fidel-The-man-nearly-started-World-War-III.html][http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article3399819.ece][http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/feb/24/fidels-fade-out/] [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/06/books/yoani-sanchez-cubas-voice-of-a-blogging-generation.html?_r=1]
 
|[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-516539/Farewell-Fidel-The-man-nearly-started-World-War-III.html][http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article3399819.ece][http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/feb/24/fidels-fade-out/] [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/06/books/yoani-sanchez-cubas-voice-of-a-blogging-generation.html?_r=1]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Jean-Claude Duvalier]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Jean-Claude Duvalier]]
|[[Haiti]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Haiti]]
 
|1971 ''succeeded father''
 
|1971 ''succeeded father''
 
|1986
 
|1986
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Eric Gairy]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Eric Gairy]]
|[[Grenada]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Grenada]]
 
|1974
 
|1974
 
|1979
 
|1979
 
|[http://www.paradise-inn-carriacou.com/grenada_revolution.php] [http://counterpunch.org/gibson06052004.html]
 
|[http://www.paradise-inn-carriacou.com/grenada_revolution.php] [http://counterpunch.org/gibson06052004.html]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Raoul Cédras]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Raoul Cédras]]
|[[Haiti]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Haiti]]
 
|1991 ''by coup'' (''de facto'')
 
|1991 ''by coup'' (''de facto'')
 
|1994
 
|1994
 
|[http://www.haitisupport.gn.apc.org/infamous.htm]
 
|[http://www.haitisupport.gn.apc.org/infamous.htm]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Raul Castro]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Raul Castro]]
|[[Cuba]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Cuba]]
 
|2006
 
|2006
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
Line 762: Line 762:
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Abdul Karim Qassem]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Abdul Karim Qassem]]
|[[Iraq]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Iraq]]
 
|1958 ''by coup''
 
|1958 ''by coup''
 
|1963
 
|1963
 
|[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/03/18/wisad18.xml]
 
|[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/03/18/wisad18.xml]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Abdullah as-Sallal]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Abdullah as-Sallal]]
|[[North Yemen]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:North Yemen]]
|1962 ''[[North Yemen Civil War|by civil war]]''
+
|1962 ''[[Wikipedia:North Yemen Civil War|by civil war]]''
 
|1967
 
|1967
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Abdul Salam Arif]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Abdul Salam Arif]]
|[[Iraq]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Iraq]]
 
|1963 ''by coup''
 
|1963 ''by coup''
 
|1966
 
|1966
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi]]
|[[South Yemen]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:South Yemen]]
 
|1967
 
|1967
 
|1969 ''by coup''
 
|1969 ''by coup''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Abdul Rahman al-Iryani]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Abdul Rahman al-Iryani]]
|[[North Yemen]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:North Yemen]]
 
|1967
 
|1967
 
|1974 ''by coup''
 
|1974 ''by coup''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]]
|[[Iraq]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Iraq]]
 
|1968 ''by coup''
 
|1968 ''by coup''
 
|1979
 
|1979
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Salim Rubai Ali]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Salim Rubai Ali]]
|[[South Yemen]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:South Yemen]]
 
|1969 ''by coup''
 
|1969 ''by coup''
 
|1978
 
|1978
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Hafez al-Assad]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Hafez al-Assad]]
|[[Syria]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Syria]]
 
|1970
 
|1970
 
|2000
 
|2000
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ibrahim al-Hamdi]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ibrahim al-Hamdi]]
|[[North Yemen]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:North Yemen]]
 
|1974 ''by coup''
 
|1974 ''by coup''
 
|1977 ''assassinated''
 
|1977 ''assassinated''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ahmad al-Ghashmi]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ahmad al-Ghashmi]]
|[[North Yemen]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:North Yemen]]
 
|1977
 
|1977
 
|1978 ''assassinated''
 
|1978 ''assassinated''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ali Nasir Muhammad]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ali Nasir Muhammad]]
|[[South Yemen]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:South Yemen]]
 
|1978, 1980
 
|1978, 1980
 
|1978 ''by coup''
 
|1978 ''by coup''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Abdul Fattah Ismail]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Abdul Fattah Ismail]]
|[[South Yemen]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:South Yemen]]
 
|1978 ''by coup''
 
|1978 ''by coup''
 
|1980
 
|1980
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ali Abdullah Saleh]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ali Abdullah Saleh]]
|[[North Yemen]], [[Yemen]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:North Yemen]], [[Wikipedia:Yemen]]
 
|1978
 
|1978
 
|2012 ''popular uprising''
 
|2012 ''popular uprising''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Saddam Hussein]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Saddam Hussein]]
|[[Iraq]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Iraq]]
 
|1979
 
|1979
 
|2003 ''Execution by hanging, December 30, 2006''
 
|2003 ''Execution by hanging, December 30, 2006''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ruhollah Khomeini]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ruhollah Khomeini]]
|[[Iran]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Iran]]
 
|1979
 
|1979
 
|1989
 
|1989
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ali Salim al-Beidh]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ali Salim al-Beidh]]
|[[South Yemen]], [[Democratic Republic of Yemen]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:South Yemen]], [[Wikipedia:Democratic Republic of Yemen]]
 
|1986, 1994
 
|1986, 1994
 
|1990, 1994
 
|1990, 1994
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ali Khamenei]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ali Khamenei]]
|[[Iran]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Iran]]
 
|1989
 
|1989
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Bashar al-Assad]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Bashar al-Assad]]
|[[Syria]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Syria]]
 
|2000 ''inherited''
 
|2000 ''inherited''
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
Line 881: Line 881:
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Mohammed Daoud Khan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mohammed Daoud Khan]]
|[[Afghanistan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Afghanistan]]
 
|1973 ''by coup''
 
|1973 ''by coup''
 
|1978 ''by coup''
 
|1978 ''by coup''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Nur Muhammad Taraki]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Nur Muhammad Taraki]]
|[[Afghanistan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Afghanistan]]
 
|1978 ''by coup''
 
|1978 ''by coup''
 
|1979 ''murdered''
 
|1979 ''murdered''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Hafizullah Amin]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Hafizullah Amin]]
|[[Afghanistan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Afghanistan]]
 
|1979 ''president murdered''
 
|1979 ''president murdered''
|1979 ''[[Operation Storm-333|country invaded]]''
+
|1979 ''[[Wikipedia:Operation Storm-333|country invaded]]''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Burhanuddin Rabbani]]
|[[Afghanistan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Afghanistan]]
 
|1992
 
|1992
 
|1996
 
|1996
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Mohammed Omar]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mohammed Omar]]
|[[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]
 
|1996
 
|1996
 
|2001
 
|2001
Line 922: Line 922:
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]
|[[Pakistan]]  
+
|[[Wikipedia:Pakistan]]  
 
|1958 ''by coup''
 
|1958 ''by coup''
 
|1969
 
|1969
 
|[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A069][http://www.indianexpress.com/messages.php?content_id=71414]
 
|[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A069][http://www.indianexpress.com/messages.php?content_id=71414]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Yahya Khan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Yahya Khan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Pakistan]]
 
|1969
 
|1969
 
|1971
 
|1971
 
|[http://presidentyahya.com][http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/pakistantimeline.html][http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/kpsgill/terrorism/04Jan10Pio.htm]
 
|[http://presidentyahya.com][http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/pakistantimeline.html][http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/kpsgill/terrorism/04Jan10Pio.htm]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]
|[[Pakistan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Pakistan]]
 
|1978
 
|1978
 
|1988
 
|1988
 
|[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:dcmhb0vRS4wJ:smartech.gatech.edu:8282/dspace/bitstream/1853/6901/1/kulkarni_nikhil_v_200505_ms.pdf+%22Muhammad+Zia%22+%22dictator%22]
 
|[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:dcmhb0vRS4wJ:smartech.gatech.edu:8282/dspace/bitstream/1853/6901/1/kulkarni_nikhil_v_200505_ms.pdf+%22Muhammad+Zia%22+%22dictator%22]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]]
|[[Maldives]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Maldives]]
 
|1978
 
|1978
 
|2008
 
|2008
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Hossain Mohammad Ershad]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Hossain Mohammad Ershad]]
|[[Bangladesh]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Bangladesh]]
 
|1982 ''by coup''
 
|1982 ''by coup''
 
|1990 ''All-party uprising''
 
|1990 ''All-party uprising''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Pervez Musharraf]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Pervez Musharraf]]
|[[Pakistan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Pakistan]]
 
|1999 ''by coup''
 
|1999 ''by coup''
 
|2008
 
|2008
Line 971: Line 971:
  
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Khorloogiyn Choybalsan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Khorloogiyn Choybalsan]]
|[[Mongolia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mongolia]]
 
|1936
 
|1936
 
|1952
 
|1952
Line 979: Line 979:
  
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Kim Il-sung]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Kim Il-sung]]
|[[North Korea]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:North Korea]]
 
|1948
 
|1948
 
|1994 ''death''
 
|1994 ''death''
 
|[http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/korean_studies/v026/26.1lankov.pdf]
 
|[http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/korean_studies/v026/26.1lankov.pdf]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Syngman Rhee]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Syngman Rhee]]
|[[South Korea]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:South Korea]]
 
|1948
 
|1948
 
|1960 ''revolution''
 
|1960 ''revolution''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Sukarno]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Sukarno]]
|[[Indonesia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Indonesia]]
 
|1949
 
|1949
 
|1966 ''overthrown''
 
|1966 ''overthrown''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Mao Zedong]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mao Zedong]]
|[[China]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:China]]
 
|1949 ''by revolution''
 
|1949 ''by revolution''
 
|1976 ''death''
 
|1976 ''death''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Chiang Kai-shek]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Chiang Kai-shek]]
|[[Republic of China]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Republic of China]]
 
|1927 ''by revolution''
 
|1927 ''by revolution''
 
|1975 ''death''
 
|1975 ''death''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal]]
|[[Mongolia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mongolia]]
 
|1952
 
|1952
 
|1984
 
|1984
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ho Chi Minh]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ho Chi Minh]]
|[[North Vietnam]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:North Vietnam]]
 
|1954
 
|1954
 
|1969 ''death''
 
|1969 ''death''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Park Chung Hee]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Park Chung Hee]]
|[[South Korea]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:South Korea]]
 
|1961 ''by coup''
 
|1961 ''by coup''
 
|1979 ''death by assassinated''
 
|1979 ''death by assassinated''
Line 1,028: Line 1,028:
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ne Win]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ne Win]]
|[[Burma]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Burma]]
 
|1962 ''by coup''
 
|1962 ''by coup''
 
|1988
 
|1988
 
|[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:rSAOt9c_lU0J:www.iseas.edu.sg/62003.pdf+%22Ne+Win%22+%22dictator%22][http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:yqkmuBoqlnYJ:www.asiapacificms.com/papers/pdf/burma_india_china.pdf+%22Ne+Win%22+%22dictator%22]
 
|[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:rSAOt9c_lU0J:www.iseas.edu.sg/62003.pdf+%22Ne+Win%22+%22dictator%22][http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:yqkmuBoqlnYJ:www.asiapacificms.com/papers/pdf/burma_india_china.pdf+%22Ne+Win%22+%22dictator%22]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Thanom Kittikachorn]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Thanom Kittikachorn]]
|[[Thailand]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Thailand]]
 
|1957 ''by coup''
 
|1957 ''by coup''
 
|1973
 
|1973
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Duong Van Minh]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Duong Van Minh]]
|[[South Vietnam]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:South Vietnam]]
|1963 ''[[1963 South Vietnamese coup|by coup]]''
+
|1963 ''[[Wikipedia:1963 South Vietnamese coup|by coup]]''
|1975 ''[[fall of Saigon|by invasion]]''
+
|1975 ''[[Wikipedia:fall of Saigon|by invasion]]''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Ferdinand Marcos]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Ferdinand Marcos]]
|[[Philippines]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Philippines]]
 
|1965
 
|1965
|1986 ''[[People Power Revolution|by revolution]]''
+
|1986 ''[[Wikipedia:People Power Revolution|by revolution]]''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Suharto]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Suharto]]
|[[Indonesia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Indonesia]]
 
|1966 ''by coup''
 
|1966 ''by coup''
 
|1998
 
|1998
 
|[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:Bbh_caM50o4J:www.aut.ac.nz/depts/commstud/journ/docs/reviewscronau.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22][http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:128rEIvvRD4J:www.civiced.org/research/pdfs/RisingTide.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22][http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:_233mw5azNkJ:cmbc.ucsd.edu/content/1/docs/laurance2004.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22]
 
|[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:Bbh_caM50o4J:www.aut.ac.nz/depts/commstud/journ/docs/reviewscronau.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22][http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:128rEIvvRD4J:www.civiced.org/research/pdfs/RisingTide.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22][http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:_233mw5azNkJ:cmbc.ucsd.edu/content/1/docs/laurance2004.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Pol Pot]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Pol Pot]]
|[[Cambodia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Cambodia]]
 
|1975 ''by revolution''
 
|1975 ''by revolution''
 
|1979
 
|1979
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Chun Doo Hwan]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Chun Doo Hwan]]
|[[South Korea]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:South Korea]]
 
|1980 ''by coup''
 
|1980 ''by coup''
 
|1988
 
|1988
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Mahathir Mohamad]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Mahathir Mohamad]]
|[[Malaysia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Malaysia]]
 
|1981
 
|1981
 
|2003
 
|2003
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Than Shwe]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Than Shwe]]
|[[Myanmar]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Myanmar]]
 
|1992 ''by coup''
 
|1992 ''by coup''
 
|2011
 
|2011
 
|[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51506.htm][http://www.bbc.co.uk/burmese/forum/story/2004/10/041020_khin_nyunt_ousted.shtml]
 
|[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51506.htm][http://www.bbc.co.uk/burmese/forum/story/2004/10/041020_khin_nyunt_ousted.shtml]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Kim Jong-il]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Kim Jong-il]]
|[[North Korea]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:North Korea]]
 
|1994 ''inherited''
 
|1994 ''inherited''
 
|2011 ''death''
 
|2011 ''death''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Sonthi Boonyaratglin]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Sonthi Boonyaratglin]]
|[[Thailand]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Thailand]]
 
|2006''by coup''
 
|2006''by coup''
 
|2007
 
|2007
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Kim Jong-un]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Kim Jong-un]]
|[[North Korea]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:North Korea]]
 
|2011 ''inherited''
 
|2011 ''inherited''
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
Line 1,110: Line 1,110:
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
!References for the term 'dictator'
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Miklós Horthy]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Miklós Horthy]]
|[[Hungary]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Hungary]]
 
|1920
 
|1920
 
|1944  
 
|1944  
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Benito Mussolini]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Benito Mussolini]]
|[[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Italy]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Italy]]
 
|1922
 
|1922
 
|1943 ''ousted''
 
|1943 ''ousted''
 
|<ref>[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:0PFM13qC39YJ:www.ablongman.com/history_rh_bridge/assets/0321025865_ch15.pdf+%22Italian+dictator+Benito+Mussolini%22 cache:0PFM13qC39YJ:www.ablongman.com/history_rh_bridge/assets/0321025865_ch15.pdf "Italian dictator Benito Mussolini" - Google Scholar<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://doi.contentdirections.com/mr/greenwood.jsp?doi=10.1336/0275979377 Greenwood Publishing Group doi:10.1336/0275979377<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
|<ref>[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:0PFM13qC39YJ:www.ablongman.com/history_rh_bridge/assets/0321025865_ch15.pdf+%22Italian+dictator+Benito+Mussolini%22 cache:0PFM13qC39YJ:www.ablongman.com/history_rh_bridge/assets/0321025865_ch15.pdf "Italian dictator Benito Mussolini" - Google Scholar<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://doi.contentdirections.com/mr/greenwood.jsp?doi=10.1336/0275979377 Greenwood Publishing Group doi:10.1336/0275979377<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Aleksandar Tsankov]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Aleksandar Tsankov]]
|[[Bulgaria]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Bulgaria]]
 
|1923 ''by coup''
 
|1923 ''by coup''
 
|1926
 
|1926
 
|[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ts/TsankovA.html]
 
|[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ts/TsankovA.html]
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Miguel Primo de Rivera]]
|[[Spain]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Spain]]
 
|1923
 
|1923
 
|1930
 
|1930
 
|<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061388 Miguel Primo de Rivera (Spanish dictator) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20000823192053/http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/PrimRivM.html Primo de Rivera, Miguel ], The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition.  2000 (archived from [http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/PrimRivM.html the original] on 2000-08-23).</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Primo de Rivera - MSN Encarta <!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE -->|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565186/Primo_de_Rivera.html|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kyWbjtS1|archivedate=2009-11-01|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
 
|<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061388 Miguel Primo de Rivera (Spanish dictator) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20000823192053/http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/PrimRivM.html Primo de Rivera, Miguel ], The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition.  2000 (archived from [http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/PrimRivM.html the original] on 2000-08-23).</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Primo de Rivera - MSN Encarta <!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE -->|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565186/Primo_de_Rivera.html|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kyWbjtS1|archivedate=2009-11-01|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Joseph Stalin]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Joseph Stalin]]
|[[USSR]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:USSR]]
 
|1924
 
|1924
 
|1953 ''death from a stroke''
 
|1953 ''death from a stroke''
 
|<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108469 Joseph Stalin (prime minister of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Stalin - MSN Encarta <!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE -->|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559200/Stalin.html|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kyWcCKAb|archivedate=2009-11-01|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/prof_josephstalin.html Commanding Heights : Joseph Stalin | on PBS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
|<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108469 Joseph Stalin (prime minister of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Stalin - MSN Encarta <!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE -->|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559200/Stalin.html|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kyWcCKAb|archivedate=2009-11-01|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/prof_josephstalin.html Commanding Heights : Joseph Stalin | on PBS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Ahmet Bej Zogu]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Ahmet Bej Zogu]]
|[[Albania]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Albania]]
 
|1925 ''elected''
 
|1925 ''elected''
 
|1939 ''country occupied''
 
|1939 ''country occupied''
 
|<ref>[http://www.albanian.com/information/history/independ.html Albanian Information - Albanian.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.diplom.org/manus/talossa/?lingo=&page=Statute&act=25RZ13 The Kingdom of Talossa<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20041113092900/http://www.electionworld.org/history/albania.htm A short history of Albania] (archived from [http://www.electionworld.org/history/albania.htm the original] on 2004-11-13).</ref>
 
|<ref>[http://www.albanian.com/information/history/independ.html Albanian Information - Albanian.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.diplom.org/manus/talossa/?lingo=&page=Statute&act=25RZ13 The Kingdom of Talossa<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20041113092900/http://www.electionworld.org/history/albania.htm A short history of Albania] (archived from [http://www.electionworld.org/history/albania.htm the original] on 2004-11-13).</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[António Óscar Carmona]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:António Óscar Carmona]]
|[[Portugal]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Portugal]]
 
|1926
 
|1926
 
|1928
 
|1928
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Józef Piłsudski]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Józef Piłsudski]]
|[[Poland]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Poland]]
 
|1926 ''by coup''
 
|1926 ''by coup''
 
|1935
 
|1935
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Antanas Smetona]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Antanas Smetona]]
|[[Lithuania]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Lithuania]]
 
|1926 ''military coup''
 
|1926 ''military coup''
 
|1940
 
|1940
 
|<ref>[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:wEZn53dBGtoJ:www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dcees/Duvold.pdf+Antanas+Smetona+%22dictatorship%22 cache:wEZn53dBGtoJ:www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dcees/Duvold.pdf Antanas Smetona "dictatorship" - Google Scholar<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=@DOCKEYWORDS%20balthistbio&unkey=balthistbio&clientIp=216%2E63%2E197%2E211&userAgent=Mozilla%2F4%2E0+%28compatible%3B+MSIE+6%2E0%3B+Windows+NT+5%2E1%3B+SV1%3B+%2ENET+CLR+1%2E1%2E4322%29]{{dead link|date=December 2011|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=@DOCKEYWORDS%20balthistbio&unkey=balthistbio&clientIp=216%2E63%2E197%2E211&userAgent=Mozilla%2F4%2E0+%28compatible%3B+MSIE+6%2E0%3B+Windows+NT+5%2E1%3B+SV1%3B+%2ENET+CLR+1%2E1%2E4322%29}}</ref>
 
|<ref>[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:wEZn53dBGtoJ:www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dcees/Duvold.pdf+Antanas+Smetona+%22dictatorship%22 cache:wEZn53dBGtoJ:www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dcees/Duvold.pdf Antanas Smetona "dictatorship" - Google Scholar<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=@DOCKEYWORDS%20balthistbio&unkey=balthistbio&clientIp=216%2E63%2E197%2E211&userAgent=Mozilla%2F4%2E0+%28compatible%3B+MSIE+6%2E0%3B+Windows+NT+5%2E1%3B+SV1%3B+%2ENET+CLR+1%2E1%2E4322%29]{{dead link|date=December 2011|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=@DOCKEYWORDS%20balthistbio&unkey=balthistbio&clientIp=216%2E63%2E197%2E211&userAgent=Mozilla%2F4%2E0+%28compatible%3B+MSIE+6%2E0%3B+Windows+NT+5%2E1%3B+SV1%3B+%2ENET+CLR+1%2E1%2E4322%29}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[António de Oliveira Salazar]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:António de Oliveira Salazar]]
|[[Portugal]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Portugal]]
 
|1928
 
|1928
 
|1968
 
|1968
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Engelbert Dollfuss]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Engelbert Dollfuss]]
|[[Austria]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Austria]]
 
|1933
 
|1933
 
|1934
 
|1934
 
|[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:PUVNNLui6y4J:www3.la.psu.edu/hrsweb/majmin/Theses/Houlihan/Thesis.pdf+%22dictator%22+%22Dollfuss%22]
 
|[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:PUVNNLui6y4J:www3.la.psu.edu/hrsweb/majmin/Theses/Houlihan/Thesis.pdf+%22dictator%22+%22Dollfuss%22]
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Konstantin Päts]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Konstantin Päts]]
|[[Estonia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Estonia]]
 
|1933 ''by coup''
 
|1933 ''by coup''
 
|1940
 
|1940
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Adolf Hitler]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Adolf Hitler]]
|[[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Nazi Germany|Germany]]
 
|1933 ''elected''
 
|1933 ''elected''
 
|1945 ''Death'' suicide
 
|1945 ''Death'' suicide
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Kimon Georgiev]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Kimon Georgiev]]
|[[Bulgaria]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Bulgaria]]
 
|1934 ''by coup''
 
|1934 ''by coup''
 
|1934 ''overthrown''
 
|1934 ''overthrown''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Kurt Schuschnigg]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Kurt Schuschnigg]]
|[[Austria]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Austria]]
 
|1934
 
|1934
 
|1938 German Coup and Occupation
 
|1938 German Coup and Occupation
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Kārlis Ulmanis]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Kārlis Ulmanis]]
|[[Latvia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Latvia]]
 
|1934 ''by coup''
 
|1934 ''by coup''
 
|1940
 
|1940
 
|[http://www.ltn.lv/~krz/latvia/lat_history.html][http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/karlis_ulmanis] [http://www.bartleby.com/65/la/Latvia.html]
 
|[http://www.ltn.lv/~krz/latvia/lat_history.html][http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/karlis_ulmanis] [http://www.bartleby.com/65/la/Latvia.html]
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Ioannis Metaxas]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Ioannis Metaxas]]
|[[Greece]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Greece]]
 
|1936
 
|1936
 
|1941
 
|1941
Line 1,213: Line 1,213:
  
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Francisco Franco]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Francisco Franco]]
|[[Francoist Spain|Spain]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Francoist Spain|Spain]]
 
|1936
 
|1936
 
|1975
 
|1975
 
|[http://www.policyreview.org/jun03/diamond.html], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:B1Mmefo38twJ:www.personal.psu.edu/mlb300/spainsocprob.pdf+%22dictator+Francisco+Franco%22],[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:NsfbKjiVUowJ:www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/POSC/faculty/montero/Spain%2520Paper%25201.pdf+%22dictator+Francisco+Franco%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:9ZzXaMENcm8J:www.artcult.org/cst/spain_prepack_participants.pdf+%22Francisco+Franco%22+%22dictatorship%22])
 
|[http://www.policyreview.org/jun03/diamond.html], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:B1Mmefo38twJ:www.personal.psu.edu/mlb300/spainsocprob.pdf+%22dictator+Francisco+Franco%22],[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:NsfbKjiVUowJ:www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/POSC/faculty/montero/Spain%2520Paper%25201.pdf+%22dictator+Francisco+Franco%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:9ZzXaMENcm8J:www.artcult.org/cst/spain_prepack_participants.pdf+%22Francisco+Franco%22+%22dictatorship%22])
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Jozef Tiso]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Jozef Tiso]]
|[[Slovakia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Slovakia]]
 
|1939
 
|1939
 
|1945
 
|1945
 
|[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/HolNa_52/3578_52.asp][http://www.ce-review.org/00/19/vaknin19.html]
 
|[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/HolNa_52/3578_52.asp][http://www.ce-review.org/00/19/vaknin19.html]
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Ion Antonescu]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Ion Antonescu]]
|[[Romania]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Romania]]
 
|1940
 
|1940
 
|1944
 
|1944
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Vidkun Quisling]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Vidkun Quisling]]
|[[Norway]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Norway]]
 
|1940
 
|1940
 
|1945
 
|1945
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Ante Pavelić]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Ante Pavelić]]
|[[Croatia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Croatia]]
 
|1941 ''installed''
 
|1941 ''installed''
 
|1945
 
|1945
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Josip Broz Tito]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Josip Broz Tito]]
|[[Yugoslavia]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Yugoslavia]]
 
|1944
 
|1944
 
|1980
 
|1980
 
|<ref>[http://books.google.hr/books?id=8TzRAAAAMAAJ Kriza Titova režima i Titove Jugoslavije - Ilija Jukić - Google Knjige<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Payne|first=Stanley G.|authorlink=Stanley G. Payne|title=Spain: A Unique History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Lv0AQzbnRlUC|accessdate=4 August 2011|date=11 January 2011|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-25024-9|pages=227}}</ref>
 
|<ref>[http://books.google.hr/books?id=8TzRAAAAMAAJ Kriza Titova režima i Titove Jugoslavije - Ilija Jukić - Google Knjige<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Payne|first=Stanley G.|authorlink=Stanley G. Payne|title=Spain: A Unique History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Lv0AQzbnRlUC|accessdate=4 August 2011|date=11 January 2011|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-25024-9|pages=227}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Ferenc Szálasi]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Ferenc Szálasi]]
|[[Hungary]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Hungary]]
 
|1944 ''installed''
 
|1944 ''installed''
 
|1945
 
|1945
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Enver Hoxha]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Enver Hoxha]]
|[[Albania]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Albania]]
 
|1944
 
|1944
 
|1985
 
|1985
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Bolesław Bierut]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Bolesław Bierut]]
|[[Poland]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Poland]]
 
|1945
 
|1945
 
|1952
 
|1952
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Mátyás Rákosi]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Mátyás Rákosi]]
|[[Hungary]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Hungary]]
 
|1949
 
|1949
 
|1953
 
|1953
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Todor Zhivkov]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Todor Zhivkov]]
|[[Bulgaria]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Bulgaria]]
 
|1956
 
|1956
 
|1989
 
|1989
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Nicolae CeauÅŸescu]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Nicolae CeauÅŸescu]]
|[[Romania]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Romania]]
 
|1965
 
|1965
 
|1989
 
|1989
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[George Papadopoulos]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:George Papadopoulos]]
|[[Greece]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Greece]]
 
|1967
 
|1967
 
|1973
 
|1973
 
|[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778782.html] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/379334.stm][http://www.hellas.net]).
 
|[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778782.html] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/379334.stm][http://www.hellas.net]).
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Marcelo Caetano]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Marcelo Caetano]]
|[[Portugal]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Portugal]]
 
|1968
 
|1968
|1974 ''[[Carnation revolution|by popular uprising]]''
+
|1974 ''[[Wikipedia:Carnation revolution|by popular uprising]]''
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| | [[Phaedon Gizikis]]
+
| | [[Wikipedia:Phaedon Gizikis]]
|[[Greece]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Greece]]
 
|1973 ''by coup''
 
|1973 ''by coup''
 
|1974
 
|1974
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Slobodan Milošević]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Slobodan Milošević]]
|[[Serbia and Montenegro]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Serbia and Montenegro]]
 
|1992
 
|1992
 
|2000
 
|2000
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Igor Smirnov]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Igor Smirnov]]
|[[Transnistria]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Transnistria]]
 
|1990
 
|1990
|2011 "[[Transnistrian presidential election, 2011|lost election]]"
+
|2011 "[[Wikipedia:Transnistrian presidential election, 2011|lost election]]"
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Alexander Lukashenko]]
+
| [[Wikipedia:Alexander Lukashenko]]
|[[Belarus]]
+
|[[Wikipedia:Belarus]]
 
|1994
 
|1994
 
|'''present'''
 
|'''present'''
Line 1,323: Line 1,323:
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
* [[List of fictional dictators]]
+
* [[Wikipedia:List of fictional dictators]]
* [[Constitutional crisis]]
+
* [[Wikipedia:Constitutional crisis]]
* [[Cult of personality]]
+
* [[Wikipedia:Cult of personality]]
* [[List of political leaders who held active military ranks in office]]
+
* [[Wikipedia:List of political leaders who held active military ranks in office]]
* [[List of political leaders who suspended the constitution]]
+
* [[Wikipedia:List of political leaders who suspended the constitution]]
* [[List of successful coups d'état]]
+
* [[Wikipedia:List of successful coups d'état]]
* [[President for Life]]
+
* [[Wikipedia:President for Life]]
* [[Single-party state]]
+
* [[Wikipedia:Single-party state]]
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
{{Reflist|3}}
 
{{Reflist|3}}
 +
  
 
[[Category:Dictatorship]]
 
[[Category:Dictatorship]]

Revision as of 11:11, 8 September 2012

This article contains content from Wikipedia
An article on this subject has been nominated for deletion on Wikipedia:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/
List of modern dictators

Current versions of the GNU FDL article on WP may contain information useful to the improvement of this article
WP+
NO
DEL

Adolf Hitler really messed things up. Quite apart from the obvious, everything about Hitler has been villified, and in many cases conflated with other governments and rulers. Dictator, like Fascist, is a term that should never have been applied to anything much other than Hitler and Mussolini, not even Federico Franco, whose bid to take over Spain was ignored by all the major powers. They do not really care about dictatorship, or they would not have let him rule until his death in 1975. So it is all just a hoax to make themselves feel better about their equally absolute rule in the form of 'democracy'. So let me propose the first 'dictator' for this article: the Wikipedia:Electoral college (WP) of the United States. Even if the elections were not rigged with voting machines that change votes to whoever designed the program wanted to win, or men in black with boxes of votes, the Electoral college will never allow a candidate that wants what is best to win

The closest the United States has ever come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress.[1] The presidential election of 1968 ended with Wikipedia:Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes to Wikipedia:Hubert Humphrey's 191. Yet, Nixon had only received 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey, equating to less than 1% of the national total. Wikipedia:George Wallace received the remaining 46 electoral votes with only 13.5% of the popular vote.[2]

The following is a list of national leaders who were not democratically elected.

Missing from this list are monarchs, who should be added, the Reign of the Generals in Greece, anything to do with Wikipedia:Gladio, and probably a lot more, considering the agenda that the word 'dictator' promotes. However, this list can be quite useful for getting started with seeing just how much of the world's history in the 20th century was directly controlled by the United States.

Africa

Name Country Came to power Lost power Notes
Wikipedia:Kwame Nkrumah Wikipedia:Ghana 1957 elected 1966 by military coup
Wikipedia:Gamal Abdel Nasser Wikipedia:Egypt 1954 1970 Death
Wikipedia:Anwar Sadat Wikipedia:Egypt 1970 1981
Wikipedia:Ahmed Sékou Touré Wikipedia:Guinea 1958 1984 [3][4][5][6]
Wikipedia:Modibo Keïta Wikipedia:Mali 1960 1968 by military coup
Wikipedia:Albert Kalonji Wikipedia:South Kasai 1960 1961
Wikipedia:Moise Tshombe Wikipedia:State of Katanga 1960 1963
Wikipedia:Joseph Kasa-Vubu Wikipedia:Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) 1960 1965
Wikipedia:David Dacko Wikipedia:Central African Republic 1960, 1979 by military coup 1966, 1981 [7][8]
Wikipedia:N'Garta Tombalbaye Wikipedia:Chad 1960 1975
Wikipedia:Moktar Ould Daddah Wikipedia:Mauritania 1960 elected 1978 by military coup
Wikipedia:Félix Houphouët-Boigny Wikipedia:Côte d'Ivoire 1960 elected 1993
Wikipedia:Milton Obote Wikipedia:Uganda 1962 elected, 1980 1972, 1985
Wikipedia:Hastings Kamuzu Banda Wikipedia:Malawi 1963 1994 lost election
Wikipedia:Kenneth Kaunda Wikipedia:Zambia 1964 elected 1991 lost election
Wikipedia:Houari Boumediene Wikipedia:Algeria 1965 bloodless coup 1978 death
Wikipedia:Ian Smith Wikipedia:Rhodesia 1965 1979
Wikipedia:Mobutu Sese Seko Wikipedia:Zaire 1965 coup 1997 civil war [9]
Wikipedia:Jean-Bédel Bokassa Wikipedia:Central African Empire 1966 coup 1979 [8]
Wikipedia:C. Odumegwu Ojukwu Wikipedia:Biafra 1967 1970
Wikipedia:Gnassingbé Eyadéma Wikipedia:Togo 1967 coup 2005 death [10]
Wikipedia:Omar Bongo Wikipedia:Gabon 1967 from Vice-President 2009 death
Wikipedia:Francisco Macías Nguema Wikipedia:Equatorial Guinea 1968 elected 1979
Wikipedia:Moussa Traoré Wikipedia:Mali 1968 1991
Wikipedia:Gaafar Nimeiry Wikipedia:Sudan 1969 by military coup 1985
Wikipedia:Siad Barre Wikipedia:Somalia 1969 by military coup 1991
Wikipedia:Muammar Gaddafi[11] Wikipedia:Libya 1969 by military coup 2011 killed in popular uprising [12][13]
Wikipedia:Idi Amin Wikipedia:Uganda 1971 1979 deposed
Wikipedia:Mengistu Haile Mariam Wikipedia:Ethiopia 1974 1991
Wikipedia:Kenneth Mopeli Wikipedia:QwaQwa 1974 1994
Wikipedia:Mathieu Kérékou Wikipedia:Benin 1975 1991
Wikipedia:Olusegun Obasanjo Wikipedia:Nigeria 1976 by military coup 1979
Wikipedia:Jean-Baptiste Bagaza Wikipedia:Burundi 1976 1987 [2], [3]
Wikipedia:Lucas Mangope Wikipedia:Bophuthatswana 1977 1994
Wikipedia:France-Albert René Wikipedia:Seychelles 1977 2004
Wikipedia:Daniel arap Moi Wikipedia:Kenya 1978 2002
Wikipedia:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Wikipedia:Equatorial Guinea 1979 by coup present
Wikipedia:José Eduardo dos Santos Wikipedia:Angola 1979 present [4]
Wikipedia:João Bernardo Vieira Wikipedia:Guinea-Bissau 1980 by coup, 2005 1984, 2009
Wikipedia:Samuel K. Doe Wikipedia:Liberia 1980 by military coup 1990 [5]
Wikipedia:Robert Mugabe Wikipedia:Zimbabwe 1980 elected present [6], [7], [8], [9].
Wikipedia:Jerry Rawlings Wikipedia:Ghana 1981 by military coup 1992 resigned
Wikipedia:André Kolingba Wikipedia:Central African Republic 1981 by military coup 1993 lost elections
Wikipedia:Hosni Mubarak Wikipedia:Egypt 1981 2011 popular uprising
Wikipedia:Paul Biya Wikipedia:Cameroon 1982 from Prime Minister present
Wikipedia:Hissène Habré Wikipedia:Chad 1982 by military coup 1990
Wikipedia:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya Wikipedia:Mauritania 1984 by military coup 2005 by bloodless coup
Wikipedia:Ibrahim Babangida Wikipedia:Nigeria 1985 1993
Wikipedia:Yoweri Museveni Wikipedia:Uganda 1986 present
Wikipedia:Blaise Compaoré Wikipedia:Burkina Faso 1987 by military coup present
Wikipedia:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Wikipedia:Tunisia 1987 2011 popular uprising
Wikipedia:Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir Wikipedia:Sudan 1989 by military coup present
Wikipedia:Idriss Déby Wikipedia:Chad 1990 by military coup present [10]
Wikipedia:Isaias Afewerki Wikipedia:Eritrea 1991 present
Wikipedia:Meles Zenawi Wikipedia:Ethiopia 1991 by military coup 2012 death
Wikipedia:Sani Abacha Wikipedia:Nigeria 1993 by military coup 1998
Wikipedia:Yahya Jammeh Wikipedia:The Gambia 1994 by military coup present
Wikipedia:Laurent-Désiré Kabila Wikipedia:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1997 by military coup 2001
Wikipedia:Charles G. Taylor Wikipedia:Liberia 1997 elected 2003
Wikipedia:Denis Sassou Nguesso Wikipedia:Republic of the Congo 1997 elected present
Wikipedia:Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Wikipedia:Djibouti 1999 elected present
Wikipedia:Paul Kagame Wikipedia:Rwanda 2000 present
Wikipedia:François Bozizé Wikipedia:Central African Republic 2003 by military coup present [11]
Wikipedia:Pierre Nkurunziza Wikipedia:Burundi 2005 present
Wikipedia:Ely Ould Mohamed Vall Wikipedia:Mauritania 2005 by military coup 2007 relinquished power
Wikipedia:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Wikipedia:Mauritania 2008 by military coup present

The Americas

North America

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:Agustín de Iturbide Wikipedia:Mexico 1822 1823
Wikipedia:Antonio López de Santa Anna Wikipedia:Mexico 1833 1855
Wikipedia:Porfirio Díaz Wikipedia:Mexico 1879 1910 [12]
Wikipedia:Victoriano Huerta Wikipedia:Mexico 1913 1914 [13]

Central America

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:José Santos Zelaya Wikipedia:Nicaragua 1893 1909 resigned [14]
Wikipedia:Manuel Estrada Cabrera Wikipedia:Guatemala 1898 1920 [14][15]
Wikipedia:Maximiliano Hernández Martínez Wikipedia:El Salvador 1931, 1935 1934, 1944 [15]
Wikipedia:Jorge Ubico Wikipedia:Guatemala 1931 1944
Wikipedia:Tiburcio Carías Andino Wikipedia:Honduras 1933 1949 [16]
Wikipedia:Anastasio Somoza García Wikipedia:Nicaragua 1937 by military coup 1956 [17][18]
Wikipedia:Carlos Castillo Armas Wikipedia:Guatemala 1954 by coup 1957
Wikipedia:Oswaldo López Arellano Wikipedia:Honduras 1963, 1972 1971, 1975 [16]
Wikipedia:Anastasio Somoza Debayle Wikipedia:Nicaragua 1967 succession 1979
Wikipedia:Omar Torrijos Wikipedia:Panama 1968 by coup 1981
Wikipedia:Kjell Laugerud García Wikipedia:Guatemala 1974 by coup 1978
Wikipedia:Efraín Ríos Montt Wikipedia:Guatemala 1982 by military coup 1983
Wikipedia:Manuel Noriega Wikipedia:Panama 1983 1989 [17][18][19]

South America

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:Cipriano Castro Wikipedia:Venezuela 1899 1909 [19]
Wikipedia:Rafael Reyes Wikipedia:Colombia 1904 1909 [20]
Wikipedia:Juan Vicente Gómez Wikipedia:Venezuela 1909, 1922, 1931 1914, 1929, 1935 [21][22][23]
Wikipedia:Óscar Benavides Wikipedia:Peru 1914 by coup, 1933 1915, 1939
Wikipedia:Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo Wikipedia:Peru 1919 by coup 1930
Wikipedia:Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Wikipedia:Chile 1927 1931
Wikipedia:Getúlio Vargas Wikipedia:Brazil 1930 1945
Wikipedia:Gabriel Terra Wikipedia:Uruguay 1931 1938
Wikipedia:Higinio Morínigo Wikipedia:Paraguay 1940 1948
Wikipedia:Manuel A. Odría Wikipedia:Peru 1948 by coup 1956
Wikipedia:Marcos Pérez Jiménez Wikipedia:Venezuela 1948 1958
Wikipedia:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla Wikipedia:Colombia 1953 by coup 1957
Wikipedia:Alfredo Stroessner Wikipedia:Paraguay 1954 by military coup 1989 [20] [21][22]
Wikipedia:René Barrientos Wikipedia:Bolivia 1964 by military coup 1969
Wikipedia:Forbes Burnham Wikipedia:Guyana 1966 1985 [23][24]
Wikipedia:Hugo Banzer Wikipedia:Bolivia 1971 by coup 1978
Wikipedia:Juan María Bordaberry Wikipedia:Uruguay 1973 by coup 1976
Wikipedia:Augusto Pinochet Wikipedia:Chile 1973 by military coup 1990
Wikipedia:Luis García Meza Tejada Wikipedia:Bolivia 1980 by coup 1981
Wikipedia:Dési Bouterse Wikipedia:Suriname 1980 by military coup 1988
Wikipedia:Gregorio Conrado Álvarez Wikipedia:Uruguay 1981 1985 [25]
Wikipedia:Leopoldo Galtieri Wikipedia:Argentina 1981 1982

Caribbean

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:Gerardo Machado Wikipedia:Cuba 1925 1933 [26][27]
Wikipedia:Rafael Trujillo Wikipedia:Dominican Republic 1930 1961
Wikipedia:Paul Magloire Wikipedia:Haiti 1950 by coup 1956
Wikipedia:Fulgencio Batista Wikipedia:Cuba 1952 by coup 1959
Wikipedia:François Duvalier Wikipedia:Haiti 1957 elected 1971
Wikipedia:Fidel Castro Wikipedia:Cuba 1959 2008 retired [28][29][30] [31]
Wikipedia:Jean-Claude Duvalier Wikipedia:Haiti 1971 succeeded father 1986
Wikipedia:Eric Gairy Wikipedia:Grenada 1974 1979 [32] [33]
Wikipedia:Raoul Cédras Wikipedia:Haiti 1991 by coup (de facto) 1994 [34]
Wikipedia:Raul Castro Wikipedia:Cuba 2006 present [35] [36]

Asia

Western Asia ("Middle East")

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:Abdul Karim Qassem Wikipedia:Iraq 1958 by coup 1963 [37]
Wikipedia:Abdullah as-Sallal Wikipedia:North Yemen 1962 by civil war 1967
Wikipedia:Abdul Salam Arif Wikipedia:Iraq 1963 by coup 1966
Wikipedia:Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi Wikipedia:South Yemen 1967 1969 by coup
Wikipedia:Abdul Rahman al-Iryani Wikipedia:North Yemen 1967 1974 by coup
Wikipedia:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Wikipedia:Iraq 1968 by coup 1979
Wikipedia:Salim Rubai Ali Wikipedia:South Yemen 1969 by coup 1978
Wikipedia:Hafez al-Assad Wikipedia:Syria 1970 2000
Wikipedia:Ibrahim al-Hamdi Wikipedia:North Yemen 1974 by coup 1977 assassinated
Wikipedia:Ahmad al-Ghashmi Wikipedia:North Yemen 1977 1978 assassinated
Wikipedia:Ali Nasir Muhammad Wikipedia:South Yemen 1978, 1980 1978 by coup
Wikipedia:Abdul Fattah Ismail Wikipedia:South Yemen 1978 by coup 1980
Wikipedia:Ali Abdullah Saleh Wikipedia:North Yemen, Wikipedia:Yemen 1978 2012 popular uprising
Wikipedia:Saddam Hussein Wikipedia:Iraq 1979 2003 Execution by hanging, December 30, 2006
Wikipedia:Ruhollah Khomeini Wikipedia:Iran 1979 1989
Wikipedia:Ali Salim al-Beidh Wikipedia:South Yemen, Wikipedia:Democratic Republic of Yemen 1986, 1994 1990, 1994
Wikipedia:Ali Khamenei Wikipedia:Iran 1989 present
Wikipedia:Bashar al-Assad Wikipedia:Syria 2000 inherited present

Central Asia

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:Mohammed Daoud Khan Wikipedia:Afghanistan 1973 by coup 1978 by coup
Wikipedia:Nur Muhammad Taraki Wikipedia:Afghanistan 1978 by coup 1979 murdered
Wikipedia:Hafizullah Amin Wikipedia:Afghanistan 1979 president murdered 1979 country invaded
Wikipedia:Burhanuddin Rabbani Wikipedia:Afghanistan 1992 1996
Wikipedia:Mohammed Omar Wikipedia:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1996 2001 [38][39]

South Asia

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Ayub Khan Wikipedia:Pakistan 1958 by coup 1969 [40][41]
Wikipedia:Yahya Khan Wikipedia:Pakistan 1969 1971 [42][43][44]
Wikipedia:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Wikipedia:Pakistan 1978 1988 [45]
Wikipedia:Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Wikipedia:Maldives 1978 2008
Wikipedia:Hossain Mohammad Ershad Wikipedia:Bangladesh 1982 by coup 1990 All-party uprising
Wikipedia:Pervez Musharraf Wikipedia:Pakistan 1999 by coup 2008

Eastern Asia ("Far East")

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator
Wikipedia:Khorloogiyn Choybalsan Wikipedia:Mongolia 1936 1952
Wikipedia:Kim Il-sung Wikipedia:North Korea 1948 1994 death [46]
Wikipedia:Syngman Rhee Wikipedia:South Korea 1948 1960 revolution
Wikipedia:Sukarno Wikipedia:Indonesia 1949 1966 overthrown
Wikipedia:Mao Zedong Wikipedia:China 1949 by revolution 1976 death
Wikipedia:Chiang Kai-shek Wikipedia:Republic of China 1927 by revolution 1975 death
Wikipedia:Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal Wikipedia:Mongolia 1952 1984
Wikipedia:Ho Chi Minh Wikipedia:North Vietnam 1954 1969 death
Wikipedia:Park Chung Hee Wikipedia:South Korea 1961 by coup 1979 death by assassinated
Wikipedia:Ne Win Wikipedia:Burma 1962 by coup 1988 [47][48]
Wikipedia:Thanom Kittikachorn Wikipedia:Thailand 1957 by coup 1973
Wikipedia:Duong Van Minh Wikipedia:South Vietnam 1963 by coup 1975 by invasion
Wikipedia:Ferdinand Marcos Wikipedia:Philippines 1965 1986 by revolution
Wikipedia:Suharto Wikipedia:Indonesia 1966 by coup 1998 [49][50][51]
Wikipedia:Pol Pot Wikipedia:Cambodia 1975 by revolution 1979
Wikipedia:Chun Doo Hwan Wikipedia:South Korea 1980 by coup 1988
Wikipedia:Mahathir Mohamad Wikipedia:Malaysia 1981 2003
Wikipedia:Than Shwe Wikipedia:Myanmar 1992 by coup 2011 [52][53]
Wikipedia:Kim Jong-il Wikipedia:North Korea 1994 inherited 2011 death
Wikipedia:Sonthi Boonyaratglin Wikipedia:Thailand 2006by coup 2007
Wikipedia:Kim Jong-un Wikipedia:North Korea 2011 inherited present

Europe

Name Country Came to power Lost power References for the term 'dictator'
Wikipedia:Miklós Horthy Wikipedia:Hungary 1920 1944
Wikipedia:Benito Mussolini Italy 1922 1943 ousted [24][25]
Wikipedia:Aleksandar Tsankov Wikipedia:Bulgaria 1923 by coup 1926 [54]
Wikipedia:Miguel Primo de Rivera Wikipedia:Spain 1923 1930 [26][27][28]
Wikipedia:Joseph Stalin Wikipedia:USSR 1924 1953 death from a stroke [29][30][31]
Wikipedia:Ahmet Bej Zogu Wikipedia:Albania 1925 elected 1939 country occupied [32][33][34]
Wikipedia:António Óscar Carmona Wikipedia:Portugal 1926 1928
Wikipedia:Józef Piłsudski Wikipedia:Poland 1926 by coup 1935
Wikipedia:Antanas Smetona Wikipedia:Lithuania 1926 military coup 1940 [35][36]
Wikipedia:António de Oliveira Salazar Wikipedia:Portugal 1928 1968
Wikipedia:Engelbert Dollfuss Wikipedia:Austria 1933 1934 [55]
Wikipedia:Konstantin Päts Wikipedia:Estonia 1933 by coup 1940
Wikipedia:Adolf Hitler Germany 1933 elected 1945 Death suicide
Wikipedia:Kimon Georgiev Wikipedia:Bulgaria 1934 by coup 1934 overthrown
Wikipedia:Kurt Schuschnigg Wikipedia:Austria 1934 1938 German Coup and Occupation
Wikipedia:Kārlis Ulmanis Wikipedia:Latvia 1934 by coup 1940 [56][57] [58]
Wikipedia:Ioannis Metaxas Wikipedia:Greece 1936 1941 [59][60][61]
Wikipedia:Francisco Franco Spain 1936 1975 [62], [63],[64], [65])
Wikipedia:Jozef Tiso Wikipedia:Slovakia 1939 1945 [66][67]
Wikipedia:Ion Antonescu Wikipedia:Romania 1940 1944
Wikipedia:Vidkun Quisling Wikipedia:Norway 1940 1945
Wikipedia:Ante Pavelić Wikipedia:Croatia 1941 installed 1945
Wikipedia:Josip Broz Tito Wikipedia:Yugoslavia 1944 1980 [37][38]
Wikipedia:Ferenc Szálasi Wikipedia:Hungary 1944 installed 1945
Wikipedia:Enver Hoxha Wikipedia:Albania 1944 1985
Wikipedia:Bolesław Bierut Wikipedia:Poland 1945 1952
Wikipedia:Mátyás Rákosi Wikipedia:Hungary 1949 1953
Wikipedia:Todor Zhivkov Wikipedia:Bulgaria 1956 1989
Wikipedia:Nicolae CeauÅŸescu Wikipedia:Romania 1965 1989
Wikipedia:George Papadopoulos Wikipedia:Greece 1967 1973 [68] [69][70]).
Wikipedia:Marcelo Caetano Wikipedia:Portugal 1968 1974 by popular uprising
Wikipedia:Phaedon Gizikis Wikipedia:Greece 1973 by coup 1974
Wikipedia:Slobodan Milošević Wikipedia:Serbia and Montenegro 1992 2000
Wikipedia:Igor Smirnov Wikipedia:Transnistria 1990 2011 "lost election"
Wikipedia:Alexander Lukashenko Wikipedia:Belarus 1994 present

See also

References

  1. For a more detailed account of the proposal to abolish the Electoral College read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun (1972)
  2. 1968 Electoral College Results, National Archives and Records Administration
  3. In Search of Africa - Manthia Diawara | Harvard University Press
  4. BBC - Radio 3 Awards for World Music 2003 - Bembeya Jazz
  5. Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
  6. Africa Safari Holidays & African Safaris with Africa Odyssey
  7. The Central African Republic
  8. 8.0 8.1 CENTRAL AFRICA, A FORFEIT DESTINY (archived from the original on 2007-10-14).
  9. "Mobutu Sese Seko, 66, Longtime Dictator of Zaire". The New York Times. http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/090897obit-mobutu.html. </li>
  10. MAR | Data | Chronology for Ewe in Togo
  11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_modern_dictators#Muammar_Gaddafi
  12. Gamel, Kim; Keath, Lee.. Muammar Gaddafi Dead: Libya Dictator Maddened West, Captured, Killed In Sirte. The Huffington Post. URL accessed on 8 June 2012.
  13. Reuters Muammar Gaddafi dead: Former Libyan dictator found hiding in a sewer waving a golden gun. National Post. Postmedia Network Inc. URL accessed on 8 June 2012.
  14. Manuel Estrada Cabrera (president of Guatemala) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  15. Estrada Cabrera, Manuel - MSN Encarta. Archived from source 2009-10-31.
  16. Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution through the Clinton years, p. 114 (ISBN 1-58322-545-5): "During this second term (1972-1975) López governed without a congress and by decree."
  17. Manuel Noriega (Panamanian military leader) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  18. Manuel Noriega - MSN Encarta. Archived from source 2009-11-01.
  19. 404 | MiamiHerald.com
  20. "Colombia", Wikipedia:Microsoft Encarta 2003. Archived 2009-11-01.
  21. Juan Vicente Gomez (Venezuelan dictator) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  22. Scott, A. O. (7 February 2005). "We're Sorry". The New York Times. http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=156078. Retrieved May 8, 2010. </li>
  23. Juan Vicente Gomez - MSN Encarta. Archived from source 2009-10-31.
  24. cache:0PFM13qC39YJ:www.ablongman.com/history_rh_bridge/assets/0321025865_ch15.pdf "Italian dictator Benito Mussolini" - Google Scholar
  25. Greenwood Publishing Group doi:10.1336/0275979377
  26. Miguel Primo de Rivera (Spanish dictator) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  27. Primo de Rivera, Miguel , The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (archived from the original on 2000-08-23).
  28. Primo de Rivera - MSN Encarta. Archived from source 2009-11-01.
  29. Joseph Stalin (prime minister of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  30. Stalin - MSN Encarta. Archived from source 2009-11-01.
  31. Commanding Heights : Joseph Stalin | on PBS
  32. Albanian Information - Albanian.com
  33. The Kingdom of Talossa
  34. A short history of Albania (archived from the original on 2004-11-13).
  35. cache:wEZn53dBGtoJ:www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dcees/Duvold.pdf Antanas Smetona "dictatorship" - Google Scholar
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  37. Kriza Titova režima i Titove Jugoslavije - Ilija Jukić - Google Knjige
  38. Payne, Stanley G. (11 January 2011). Spain: A Unique History, p. 227, Univ of Wisconsin Press. URL accessed 4 August 2011.
  39. </ol>