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Hydrail

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Hydrail is the generic term denoting all forms of rail vehicles, large or small, which use on-board hydrogen as a source of energy to power the traction motors, or the auxiliaries, or both. The hydrail vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy either by burning hydrogen like in a hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle, or by reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to run electric motors. Widespread use of hydrogen for fueling rail transportation is a key element of the proposed hydrogen economy. The term is now used extensively by research scholars and technicians around the world.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

The hydrail vehicles are usually hybrid vehicles and also have renewable energy storage solutions like batteries or super capacitors, for regenerative braking.

Hydrail applications include all types of rail transport, like commuter rail; passenger rail; freight rail; light rail; rail rapid transit; mine railways; industrial railway systems; trams; and special rail rides at parks and museums.

The term hydrail was coined on April 17 2004 in the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy as a search engine target word to enable scholars and technicians around the world working in the hydrogen rail area to more easily publish and locate all work done in the discipline.[8]

A hydrolley is a street car or tram (trolley) using hydrail technology. The term "hydrolley" (HYDROgen troLLEY) was coined at the Fourth International Hydrail Conference, Valencia, Spain, in 2008, as a research-simplifying search engine target word. Onboard hydrogen-derived power eliminates the need for trolley arms and overhead track electrification, reducing construction cost, visual pollution and maintenance expense. The terms "light rail" and "trolley" specifically denote external track electrification as opposed to onboard power; therefore neither term can appropriately be used with the adjective hydrail.

Each year Appalachian State University and others organize an International Hydrail Conference, bringing together the scientists working on the technology around the world in order to expedite deployment of the technology for environmental, climate and energy security reasons. In 2010, the Sixth International Hydrail Conference was hosted in Istanbul, Türkiye, by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the Turkish State Railways. Previous International Hydrail Conferences have been held in Herning, Denmark; Valencia, Spain; Charlotte, North Carolina; and Salisbury, North Carolina.

History, Projects and Prototypes

In 2002 the first 3.6 tonne, 17 kW, hydrogen-powered mining locomotive was demonstrated in Val-d'Or, Quebec.[9][10]

April 2006 - The world's first hydrail railcar developed by East Japan Railway Company [11]

October 2006 - Tests conducted on a fuel cell hydrail vehicle by Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan.[12]

April 2007 - The mini-hydrail from the Taiwan National Science and Technology Museum and Taiwan Fuel Cell Partnership combination made the first educational ride.[13]

In 2009, BNSF unveiled the first hydrail locomotive, powered by hydrogen fuel cells [14]. Hydrail projects are currently underway in a number of countries, including the United States, Europe, Japan and China.

In Nov 2010, China demonstrated their first hydrail prototype. [15]

The Hydrogen Train Project [16] in Denmark is attempting to build Europe's first hydrogen powered train using hydrogen in an internal combustion engine.

Research

In 2005 (May 5) the First International Hydrail Conference - "1IHC" - was convened in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. It was sponsored by the North Carolina Department of Commerce, the NC State Energy Office, Appalachian State University, the US Environmental Protection Agency and others. Reference: The hydrail web site at Appalachian State University, re the First International Hydrail Conference, Charlotte, North Carolina. [17]

2006 (June) "2IHC" was held in Herning, Denmark, at the Herning College of Engineering and Business, sponsored by the Hydrogen Innovation and Research Center (HIRC) . Reference: The hydrail web site at Appalachian State University, re the Second International Hydrail Conference, Herning Denmark, June, 2006. [18]

2007 - The hydrail trains from the Railway Technical Research Institute in Japan are two 62 ton passenger cars with a 450 kW PEM fuel cell and a 150 kW battery.[19]

2007 (August 13-14), "3IHC" was held in Salisbury, North Carolina, at the Catawba College Center for the Environment, who sponsored it in cooperation with Appalachian State University, the US Environmental Protection Agency and others. Reference: The hydrail web site at Appalachian State University, re the Third International Hydrail Conference. [20]

In 2008, the East Japan Railway Company in Japan tested its experimental "NE Train" hybrid train fitted with two 65 kW PEM fuel cells and 19 kWh lithium ion batteries for a short period in the Nagano area.

In 2008 (June 9), 4IHC was held in Valencia Spain, sponsored by Appalachian State U. and others. Reference: The hydrail web site at Appalachian State University, re the Forth International Hydrail Conference. [21]

In 2009, (June 11-12) 5IHC was held at the Charlotte Research Institute at the University of North Carolina, sponsored by that Institute, by Appalachian State U., by the Charlotte area Transit System (CATS), by the US EPA and others. Reference: The hydrail web site at Appalachian State University, re the Fifth International Hydrail Conference. [22]

In 2010 (July 1 & 2), 6IHC was held in Istanbul, Turkey, at Bahçesehir University, sponsored by Bahçesehir U., United Nations Industrial Development Organization-International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technology (UNIDO-ICHET), Appalachian State University, Gaziomanpasa University, Tokat, Türkiye, and others. [23]

Presenters at these conferences have included national and state/provincial agencies from the USA, Canada, Denmark, Italy, Japan, Korea, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the European Union and the United Nations (UNIDO-ICHET). At this writing, the 2011 Hydrail Conference is scheduled to be convened in Seoul, South Korea, hosted by the Korean Railway Research Institute. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has co-sponsored all three of the International Hydrail Conferences held in the USA.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Template:cite doi
  2. ↑ Template:cite doi
  3. ↑ Template:cite doi
  4. ↑ Template:cite doi
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  6. ↑ Template:cite doi
  7. ↑ Miller, A.I. (Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories), "Hydrail: an Adaptable, Low-Cost Alternative to Electrification", Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 2007, Paper 4.205.4, April 29-May 2, 2007, Vancouver, Canada
  8. ↑ Stan Thompson and Jim Bowman (2004) "The Mooresville Hydrail Initiative", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 29(4): 438, in "News and Views" (a non-peer-reviewed section)
  9. ↑ Sandia about the Little Workhorse - Val-d'Or - 2002
  10. ↑ Little Workhorse - Ontario - 2002
  11. ↑ Development of the World's First Fuel Cell Hybrid Railcar
  12. ↑ Successful Test Run of a Fuel Cell Railway Vehicle
  13. ↑ Taiwan educational hydrail
  14. ↑ BNSF Railway and Vehicle Projects Demonstrate Experimental Hydrogen-Fuel-Cell Switch Locomotive
  15. ↑ China introduces first light-rail train with new-energy fuel cells
  16. ↑ Europe's first hydrogen powered train
  17. ↑ The First International Hydrail Conference
  18. ↑ The Second International Hydrail Conference
  19. ↑ 2007-Niche transport survey
  20. ↑ The Third International Hydrail Conference
  21. ↑ The Fourth International Hydrail Conference
  22. ↑ The Fifth International Hydrail Conference
  23. ↑ The Sixth International Hydrail Conference

External links

Template:HydrogenDelivery

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