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Arab Apartheid

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Saudi Arabian road sign exemplifying the apartheid-like discrimination against non-Muslims

Accusations of Arab Apartheid refer to the allegation that the treatment of minority groups in some Arab countries resembles the treatment of black citizens in Wikipedia:South Africa under apartheid, commonly understood as a system of laws reducing the targeted group to inferior legal status. Expropriation of and exclusion from land, discriminatory practices, denial of cultural identity,


Africa

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Arab Apartheid
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The Wikipedia:American University economist Wikipedia:George Ayittey accuses Arab governments in a number of African countries of practicing apartheid against black citizens.[1] According to Ayittey, "In Sudan and Mauritania, the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks - Arab apartheid." [2] Countries so accused include Wikipedia:Sudan and Wikipedia:Mauritania. [3][4][5][6][7]

Mauritania

According to Wikipedia:Koigi wa Wamwere, "the ruling Arabic-speaking moors practice apartheid against , including arrest, executions without trial, expropriation of land and denial of cultural identity" with the effect that "By 1997 Moorish apartheid in Mauritania had driven 55000 black Africans into Senegal, Mali, and surrounding countries. Judging by the numbers slaughtered, black, Arab, and Moorish apartheids have killed more Africans than white apartheid in South Africa did."[8]

According to Wikipedia:Holly Burkhalter of Wikipedia:Human Rights Watch, in a statement made in testimony before the Congress of the United States, "It is fair to say that the Mauritanian government practices undeclared apartheid and severely discriminates on the basis of race."[9]

Sudan

Beginning in 1991 elders of the Wikipedia:Zaghawa people of Sudan complained that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign.[10] Sudanese Arabs, who control the government, are widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens.[11] The government is accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing against non-Arabs in Wikipedia:Darfur.[11] Wikipedia:Alan Dershowitz has pointed to Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid",[12] but this is quite simply misdirection and a logical fallacy; Israel's wrongs do not become right because Sudan's are worse. Other distinguished people who have accused the regime in Sudan of practicing "apartheid" against non-Arabs include former Canadian Minister of Justice Wikipedia:Irwin Cotler.[13]

Middle East

Bahrain

New York Times columnist Wikipedia:Nicholas Kristof and other commentators have accused the treatment of the Shia majority by the Sunni government of Wikipedia:Bahrain of similarity to apartheid South Africa.[14][15]

Wikipedia:Irshad Manji condemned as "apartheid" countries in which the "Sunni Muslim minorities control the Shia majorities."[16]

Egypt

Egypt has been accused of practicing apartheid against the ancient Wikipedia:Coptic Christian community. The Wikipedia:Baptist Press describes Egypt of practicing a form of "religious apartheid" under which indigenous Christians "can be terrorized, robbed and killed with impunity."[17] Journalist Wikipedia:Khaled Abu Toameh describes the Egyptian treatment of Christians, which forces "hundreds of thousands" to emigrate "many of those who are left behind are forced to convert to Islam every year to escape persecution" and where crimes against Christians often go unprosecuted, as a system of "apartheid.".[18]

Egypt has also been accused of practicing apartheid against Palestinian residents by refusing to grant them the opportunity to become citizens.[19]

Iraq under Saddam Hussein

Sunni Iraquis are accused of having "viciously enforced ethnic and religious apartheid in Iraq for over 40 years" against Kurds, Shia and Wikipedia:Marsh Arabs.[20]

Jordan

Jordan has been accused of practicing apartheid because of the Kingdom's 1954 law prohibiting Jews from living in Jordan.[21] And also because as of 2010 Jordan had "begun revoking the Jordanian citizenship of thousands of its citizens who are of Palestinian descent."[19]

Lebanon

Journalist Wikipedia:Khaled Abu Toameh and other commentators accuse Lebanon of practicing apartheid against Palestinian Arabs who have lived in Lebanon as stateless refugees since 1948.[22][23][24][25][26] According to Wikipedia:Human Rights Watch, "In 2001, Parliament passed a law prohibiting Palestinians from owning property, a right they had for decades. Lebanese law also restricts their ability to work in many areas. In 2005, Lebanon eliminated a ban on Palestinians holding most clerical and technical positions, provided they obtain a temporary work permit from the Labor Ministry, but more than 20 high-level professions remain off-limits to Palestinians. Few Palestinians have benefited from the 2005 reform, though. In 2009, only 261 of more than 145,679 permits issued to non-Lebanese were for Palestinians. Civil society groups say many Palestinians choose not to apply because they cannot afford the fees and see no reason to pay a portion of their salary toward the National Social Security Fund, since Lebanese law bars Palestinians from receiving social security benefits."[27]

In one of his series of articles accusing the government of Lebanon of practicing "apartheid" against the resident Palestinian commmunity, journalist Khaled Abu Toameh describes the "special legal status" as "foreigners" assigned uniquely to Palestinians, "a fact which has deprived them of health care, social services, property ownership and education. Even worse, Lebanese law bans Palestinians from working in many jobs. This means that Palestinians cannot work in the public services and institutions run by the government such as schools and hospitals. Unlike Israel, Lebanese public hospitals do not admit Palestinians for medical treatment or surgery."[19] Journalist Wikipedia:Ben-Dror Yemini describes Palestinians in Lebanon as living "under various restrictions that could fill a chapter on Arab apartheid against the Palestinians. One of the most severe restrictions is a ban on construction. This ban is enforced even in the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp, bombed by the Lebanese army in 2007.[28] Calling on Lebanon to change the systematic discrimination agaoinst his people, Wikipedia:Palestinian journalist Wikipedia:Rami George Khouri compare Lebanese treatment of Palestinians to the "Apartheid system" of South Africa.[29]

Palestinian Authority

Journalist Wikipedia:Khaled Abu Toameh describes the treatment of Christians living under the Wikipedia:Palestinian Authority as a system of "apartheid".[18]

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is often accused of practicing apartheid against its Shia citizens and against non-Muslims generally, in addition to accusations of Wikipedia:gender apartheid.[30]

According to Wikipedia:Khaled Abu Toameh, Saudi Arabia is "often described as a 'glaring example of religious apartheid'" because "Although Saudi authorities allow Christians to enter the country as temporary workers, they don’t permit them to practice their faith. Items and articles belonging to religions other than Islam are prohibited. Conversion by a Muslim to another religion is considered apostasy, a crime punishable by death. Saudi Arabia does not allow non-Muslim clergy to enter the kingdom country for the purpose of conducting religious services. Christians, and other non-Muslims, are prohibited from entering the cities of Mecca and Medina."[18]

Gender apartheid

Main article: Wikipedia:Gender apartheid


Saudia Arabia and other Arab countires have been accused of practicing gender apartheid against women.[31] in 1990 the Wikipedia:National Organization for Women excoriated Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and other Arab countries for practicing gender apartheid. They compared the way Saudi Arabia and Kuwait treat women with the practice of racial apartheid in South Africa, saying that Arab societies "systematically oppress women. This is gender apartheid in its purest, most brutal form and should deeply offend all Americans."[32]

See also

Wikipedia:Racism in the Arab world

References

  1. ↑ George Ayttey [1]Africa and China, The Economist, Feb 19, 2010
  2. ↑ "How the Multilateral Institutions Compounded Africa's Economic Crisis, George B.N. Ayittey; Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 30, 1999.
  3. ↑ Koigi wa Wamwere [2] Negative ethnicity: from bias to genocide, Seven Stories Press, 2003, p. 152
  4. ↑ George B. N. Ayittey, [3] Africa in Chaos, Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, p. 50
  5. ↑ Indigenous African institutions, Transnational Publishers, 1991
  6. ↑ Garba Diallo, Mauritania, the other apartheid?, Issue 16 of Current African issues, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1993
  7. ↑ Francis Mading Deng [4] Brookings Institution Press, 1995, p. 15
  8. ↑ Koigi wa Wamwere, Negative ethnicity: from bias to genocide, Seven Stories Press, 2003, p. 152.
  9. ↑ Yambo Ouologuem: postcolonial writer, Islamic militant, Christopher Wise, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999, p. 4.
  10. ↑ Hilde F. Johnson, Waging Peace in Sudan: The Inside Story of the Negotiations That Ended, Trans Pacific Press, 2011, p. 38.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Vukoni Lupa Lasaga [5] "The slow, violent death of apartheid in Sudan," 19 September 2006, Norwegian Council for Africa.
  12. ↑ Alan Dershowitz, The Case Against Israel's Enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace, John Wiley and Sons, 2009, p. 24.
  13. ↑ Hubert Bauch [6] "Ex-minister speaks out against Sudan's al-Bashir" Montreal Gazette, march 6, 2009.
  14. ↑ Nicholas Kristof [7] "Is This Apartheid in Bahrain?" New York Times, Feb. 22, 2011
  15. ↑ Ben Cohen [8] Huffington Post, Feb. 17, 2011
  16. ↑ Irshad Manji, The trouble with Islam: a wake-up call for honesty and change, Random House Digital, 2003, p. 221.
  17. ↑ Mark Kelly, Baptist Press [9] "Police Allow Attack on Christians," Jun 5, 2007
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Khaled Abu Toameh [10] "What About The Arab Apartheid? Part II, March 23, 2010, Hudson Institute.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Khaled Abu Toameh [11] "What About The Arab Apartheid?" March 16, 2010, Hudson Institute.
  20. ↑ Mark Dooley, [12] Feb. 6, 2005, A glorious day but Sunnis stay in the shadows, Irish Independent.
  21. ↑ Victor Sharpe [13] "Apartheid is Alive and Well in Araby," March 3, 2010.
  22. ↑ Khaled Abu Toameh [14] "Where Is The Outcry Against Arab Apartheid?", Hudson Institute, March 11, 2011
  23. ↑ Kahled Abu Toameh [15] "Where’s the international outcry against Arab apartheid?," March 17, 2011, Jerusalem Post.
  24. ↑ Martin Regg Cohn [16] "Not all apartheid is created equal," The Star, March 21, 2011.
  25. ↑ Adia Massoud [17] "Left in Lebanon," The Guaradian, May 25, 2007
  26. ↑ Leeds Palestine Soidarity Campaign, [18] June 24, 2010
  27. ↑ Human Rights Watch [19] "Lebanon: Seize Opportunity to End Discrimination Against Palestinians; Remove Restrictions on Owning Property and Working" June 18, 2010
  28. ↑ Ben-Dror Yemini, [20] Jerusalem Post, "The humanitarian show," July 7, 2010.
  29. ↑ Rami Khouri [21] Lebanon's Palestinians, Agence Global, June 30, 2010.
  30. ↑ Bascio, Patrick (2007). Defeating Islamic Terrorism: An Alternative Strategy, Branden Books. URL accessed March 6, 2010.
  31. ↑ Benign Apartheid: How Gender Apartheid Has Been Rationalized, A; Mayer, Ann Elizabeth, 5 UCLA Journal of International Law & Foreign Affairs 237 (2000-2001)
  32. ↑ Miami Herald, November 28, 1990 - 7A FRONT PAGE, "NOW Blasts Saudi Bias."
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