age of consent

In criminal law, the age of consent is the age at which a person is considered to be capable of legally giving informed consent to sexual acts with another person. Thus somebody engaging in sex with someone below the age of consent commits a crime, called child sexual abuse. Under many jurisdictions, this is regardless of his or her own age, but in some locations, if the age difference is within a certain range, a less serious (or no) crime occurs.

The age of consent should not be confused with the age of majority or age of criminal responsibility, and in some jurisdictions, the marriageable age differs from the age of consent.

The age of consent varies widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, though most jurisdictions in the world today have an age of consent between 14 to 18 years, but ages as young as 12 and as old as 21 also occur. The relevant age may also vary by the type of sexual act or the gender of the people concerned.

Social and legal attitudes

Social and legal attitudes towards the appropriate age of consent have drifted upwards in modern times; while ages from ten through to thirteen were typically acceptable in the mid 19th century, fifteen through eighteen had become the norm in many countries by the end of the 20th century. Calls for the age of consent for heterosexual sex to be lowered are largely unheard of outside of US, with a typical age of 18.

Sexual relations with a person under the age of consent is in general a criminal offence, with punishments ranging from token fines to life imprisonment. In the United States this offence is frequently called statutory rape, though outside the United States other names are more commonly used (e.g. "carnal knowledge of a person under sixteen years").

Increasingly the age of consent laws of a state apply not only to acts committed on its own territory, but also acts committed by its nationals and/or inhabitants on foreign territory. (It is common practice as one has to follow the laws where one lives, even if he or she is not a citizen.)

• In the United States the PROTECT Act of 2003 (signed into law on April 30, 2003) authorizes fines and/or imprisonment for up to 30 years for US citizens or residents who engage in illicit sexual conduct abroad. For the purposes of this law illicit sexual conduct includes commercial sex with anyone under 18, and all sex with anyone under 16. Previous US law was less strict, only punishing those having sex either in contravention of local laws OR in commerce (prostitution); but did not prohibit non-commercial sex with, say, a 14 year-old if such sex is legal in the foreign territory.

• France allows the prosecution of its own citizens on rape charges for sex with minors under 15 abroad even if it was legal with respect to the local jurisdiction. The same applies to Germany if the minor is under 14.

• For inhabitants of the Netherlands it is a severe crime to have sex with a prostitute under the age of 18, or any person below 16, anywhere in the world. If a foreigner has had sex with someone under the age of 16 or a prostitute below 18—even if this was legal—and if this was done at a time that it was already illegal in the Netherlands, he or she becomes a criminal when immigrating to the Netherlands.

(See also universal jurisdiction; the effective age of consent may be the highest of those corresponding to the list in Applicable jurisdictions.)

Such provisions have been frequently adopted to help reduce the incidence of child sex tourism.

The enforcement practices of age of consent laws tend to vary depending on the social sensibilities of the particular culture. Often enforcement is not exercised to the letter of the law, with legal action being taken only when a sufficiently socially-unacceptable age gap exists between the two individuals, or if the perpetrator is in a position of authority over the minor (e.g. a teacher, priest or doctor). The sex of each participant also influences perceptions of an individual's guilt and therefore enforcement. Not only is enforcement more likely in the case of a larger age gap, but in the US at least, laws are becoming more explicit about prohibiting sex between youngsters and authority figures, even when sex would otherwise be legal.

That the relationship was consensual is not in general a defence to having sexual relations with a person under the age of consent; however, there are some defences: common examples include a limited mistake of age defence and a defence of similarity of age. A mistake of age defence is that the accused mistakenly believed the victim was not under the age of consent; however, where such a defence is provided, it is normally limited to apply only when the victim is above a certain age. Such a defence becomes stronger if the accused can show due diligence in determining the age of the victim.

A defence of similarity of age is that the difference in age between the accused and the victim was fewer than a certain number of years. Another defence is often marriage, for those jurisdictions where the marriageable age is less than the age of consent.

Other legal aspects

Legally, relationships between adults and adolescents do not necessarily include sex. Most of them involve sexual attraction. Just dating a teenager below the age of consent is legal in some jurisdictions, but only when the adolescent's age is above the marriageable age. In other jurisdictions, this is illegal, regardless of the adolescent's age.

Age of consent for homosexual and heterosexual sex

Frequently, jurisdictions provide differing ages of consent for heterosexual and homosexual intercourse. Most often, the age of consent for heterosexual and female homosexual intercourse is lower than the age of consent for male homosexual intercourse. The gay rights movement has been attempting in many places to establish an equal age of consent regardless of the sex of the partners; this has resulted in many jurisdictions adopting a common age of consent, though conservatives have frequently and successfully opposed this (see Sodomy law).

Ages of consent in various countries

The following list of ages of consent in various countries is based on the list given on the web-site linked at the bottom of this page. The ages of consent given here are generally for a partner of any age, so an age of 14 means that a 14 year old can legally have sex with a 60 year old. It is not uncommon for there to be exceptions giving lower ages of consent where young partners are close in age.

Africa

• Algeria: 16; same sex relationships are illegal
• South Africa: homosexual 19, heterosexual 16
• Tanzania: 18, homosexual sex is illegal

Americas

• Antigua and Barbuda: 16; 18 for homosexual males
• Argentina: 15, though can be 12 in certain special cases.
  • Consensual sex is legal at age 15, as long as "unnatural acts do not take place".
  • Jurisprudence says, for example, that an act such as anal sex is not unnatural - but taking photographs of said act is "unnatural" and therefore illegal.
• Brazil:
  • 18;
  • 14 and older only prosecutable after complaint by minor or parents;
  • 12-13 only prosecutable after complaint by parents, with stronger penalties (except for poor families that can't afford a lawsuit: prosecutable by the State);
  • in all cases above, lawsuit is dismissed if minor accepts marrying the accused
• Canada: 14 (18 for anal sex in all provinces except Ontario and Quebec; 18 for anyone in a position of "trust or authority")
  • Courts in Ontario (1995) and Quebec (1998) independently declared Section 159 of the Criminal Code of Canada (Anal Intercourse) unconstitutional. Although not binding in other provinces, these rulings have set a precedent that would make successful prosecution elsewhere in Canada unlikely.
• Chile: 14
• Colombia: 12 for females, 14 for males
• Mexico: 12, but 18 under some circumstances
• Peru: 18
• United States:
  • Varies from state to state, usually 18; some states formerly forbade homosexual acts entirely, however such laws have been declared unconstitutional in 2003 (Lawrence v. Texas). Federal law forbids crossing state lines or international borders with a person who is under 18, or any sex with a person who is under 16 and at least 4 years younger than the perpetrator (18 U.S.C. 2243, 18 U.S.C. 2423). In the US it is illegal to produce pornography featuring those under 18 and prosecutions have been commenced for cases where both partners are over the age of consent and under 18 years old, where they were making material solely for their own consumption or that of their lawful partner. The constitutionality of these cases is uncertain. Some laws are standing in some states such as California that age of consent to marry is not limited by age but requires parents consent. This means consent to sex and consent to marry are not equal in the USA. In Alabama, recently, a 12 year old girl was married, but records show the youngest man to be married that same year was 15. It is not known who or how old the partner was.
  • Puerto Rico: 16
  • Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia: 16
  • Illinois, Louisiana, Nebraska, New York, Texas: 17
  • Arizona, California, North Dakota, Oregon, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin: 18
  • Alabama: 16
  • Colorado: 15 (17 if partner 10 years older and not spouse)
  • Florida: 16 (If partner under 24), 18 (all other adult partners)
  • Idaho: 16 or 17 (if partner less than 5 years older), 18 (all other adult partners)
  • Iowa: 14 or 15 (if partner less than 5 years older), 16 (all other adult partners)
  • Missouri: 14 (if partner under 21), 17 (all other adults)
  • Nevada: 14 (heterosexual), 21 (homosexual)
  • New Hampshire: 16, 18 (person in position of authority, see NH RSA 632-A:4 III.)
  • New Mexico: 16 (18 if partner at least 4 or more years older than minor)
  • South Carolina: 14 (Under state constitution)/16 (Under state law - appears to conflict with state constitution).
  • Washington: 16 (18 if partner is at least 60 months older, in a significant supervisory relationship, and uses that relationship to engage in sex with the minor).
  • Wyoming: 16/18 (conflicting laws appear to set two different ages of consent)
  • Military: equal to the state the base is located in if the state law is 16yrs or greater else 16 if the state law is less that 16yrs; homosexuality grounds for dismissal

Asia

• People's Republic of China: 14
  • Hong Kong: male homosexual 21 (and both the older AND younger partners can be prosecuted and liable to imprisonment for life), lesbian unknown, heterosexual females 16, heterosexual males 18
• India: heterosexual 16, homosexual illegal
• Indonesia: 17
• Iran: extramarital sex is illegal (see: Marriageable age)
• Israel: 14, but if the female is under 18 and she is younger than her partner, the age difference should not be greater than 2 years.
• Japan: 13 nationwide*, 16 to 18 in most prefectures; however, age of marriage for a female with parental approval is 16.
• Kazakhstan: 18
• Malaysia:
  • 16, but Muslims must also be married
  • homosexual sex is illegal
• South Korea: 13
• Philippines: 12 for males, 18 for females
• Saudi Arabia: heterosexual must be married, homosexual illegal
  • heterosexual sex outside marriage is punishable by flogging
  • male and female homosexual sex is illegal by virtue of being outside marriage
  • homosexual sex is punishable by death
  • See: Human rights in Saudi Arabia
• Singapore:
  • sex with a girl aged under 14 is considered statutory rape
  • sex with a girl aged under 16 is considered an offense of "carnal intercourse with an underage female" (less severe than rape but still a punishable offense)
  • homosexual sex is illegal
• Thailand: 15

Europe

• Albania: 14
• Andorra: 16
• Austria: 14 (as of August 13, 2002)
• Belgium: 16
• Bulgaria: 14
• Croatia: 14 or 18
• Czech Republic: 15
• Denmark: 15 for full consent (in regards to age differences) to sexual relationships; no limits when ages are less than 1 year apart (Meaning, no criminal charges are brought) ; 18 for dependency relationships (teacher/student etc.) and professional sexual (Prostitution is decriminalized in Denmark, but one can consent only when 18 or older).
• Estonia: 14
• Finland: 16, if under 18, parents may prosecute; 18 in dependency relationships (teacher/student etc.)
• France: 15; however sex with a minor under 18 in a dependency relationship may be criminalized.
• Germany:
  • 18 years in dependency relationships (teacher/student etc.)
  • 16 years if the older partner is over 18 and coerces the younger partner into sex other than by physical means, or if the older partner pays the younger partner to have sex (prostitution)
  • 16 years if the older partner is over 21 and exploits "lack of sexual self-determination" of the younger partner (only prosecuted after complaints or “public interest", in practice rarely prosecuted with little or no punishment)
  • 14 years for all other sexual relationships
• Greece: 15 (since 1987)
• Hungary:
  • Since the 2002 decision of the Constitutional Court 14 for both heterosexual and homosexual relationships
• Iceland: 14
• Republic of Ireland: 17, 15 for lesbians and oral sex.
• Italy: 14
• Latvia: 16
• Lithuania: 14, for homosexual males, as of 2004, source LifeSiteNews.com
• Netherlands: 16 (18 if dependent relationship or prostitution)
• Norway: 16
• Poland: 15
• Portugal: heterosexual 14, homosexual 16
• Romania: 15
• Russia: either 14 or 16
• Slovakia: 15
• Slovenia: 15
• Spain: 13
• Sweden: 15; 18 in dependency relationships (teacher/student etc.)
• Switzerland: 16, under 16 legal if age difference is no more than 3 years

• Turkey: 18; including heterosexual and homosexual relationship

• United Kingdom: (see [1] and [2], a 2003 overhaul of hundred-year-old laws on sexual activity which came into force in 2003)
  • 18 years for any sexual act if there is a relationship of trust (e.g. teacher/pupil) (unless they are a married couple, in which case the below applies)
  • England and Wales: heterosexual and homosexual 16 for women and for men
  • Scotland: heterosexual and male homosexual 16
  • Northern Ireland: heterosexual and male homosexual 17
  • Until 2003, there was no specific law for lesbians, though in England and Wales this has now been set at 16 years old. Although no such legislation exists for Scotland and Northern Ireland, a female under 16 is deemed incapable of consenting to any type of sexual behaviour which could be classed as sexual assault and the courts have taken this to mean that the age of consent is the same as for male homosexual acts.
  • Jersey: 16 (18 homosexual)

(Before 2001 the homosexual age of consent in England and Wales was 18, and before the early 1990s it was 21, the age it was set at when consensual buggery was decriminalised)

Although prosecution of said offences is usually at the whim of the authorities; usually depended on whether a complaint has been made and on the social background of the offender.A number of cases in the British media were a girl under 16 has had sexual intercourse with a much older man ,usually in his mid 20's ,no prosecution was undertaken.However men older than 30 of age are usually prosecuted.

Oceania

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia and Victoria
  • South Australia and Tasmania

Victoria and Australian Capital Territory: 16 Years - Heterosexual and Homosexual sex. Offences which apply make no distinction as to the gender or sexuality of the offender or victim (Vic Crimes Act sections 45-46; ACT Crimes Act sections 92E, 92K).

South Australia: 17 Years - Heterosexual and Homosexual sex.

Tasmania: 17 Years - Heterosexual and Homosexual sex. Homosexual sex was prohibited in Tasmania until 1997 (SA Criminal Law and Consolidation Act section 49; Tas Criminal Code sections 124, 127).

New South Wales: 16 Years - Heterosexual and Homosexual sex. Homosexuality was decriminalised in NSW in 1984 (NSW Crimes Act sections 66C, 78K).

Western Australia: 16 Years - Heterosexual and Lesbian sex. In Western Australia it is an offence to sexually penetrate a child under 16 years. The age of consent for lesbian sex is covered by the general offence so the age of consent is 16 years (WA Criminal Code sections 320-321 and section 332a) 21 Years - Gay male sex. The age of male homosexual sex in Western Australia is one of the highest in the world. (currently under parliamentary review)

Queensland: 16 Years - Vaginal Intercourse. 18 Years - Anal Intercourse. (Male and Female) (Qld Criminal Code sections 208, 215)

Northern Territory: 16 Years - Heterosexual sex. 18 Years - Homosexual sex. In the Northern Territory all homosexual acts committed in public are illegal irrespective of age (NT Criminal Code sections 128, 129, 132 and 188(2).

• New Zealand: 16 (18 if prostitution, or some forms of dependent relationship)

See also

• age disparity in sexual relationships
• criminal law
• United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

External links

• Accurate Age Of Consent information, and very complete legal info - (See also site disclaimer)
• Age of Consent Campaign, 1886-1914 (in the USA)
• Age of Consent campaigns in the U.K.
• World Ages of Consent ages of consent for sex and marriage.

References

Information was taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_consent at 11.29 GST on 11 August 2005.