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Dutch graphemes
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This grapheme table can be used to determine or approximate the pronunciation of a Dutch word. Possible phonemes are separated by a comma, eventual allophones are enclosed between parentheses, the notation used is ASCII-IPA (Kirshenbaum).
| grapheme | phonemes | notes |
|---|---|---|
| -a- | /A/ | See also: -aa- |
| -b- | /b/ | |
| -c- | /k/, /s/ | See also: -ca-, -ci-, -cc-, -ch-, -ctie |
| -d- | /d/ | See also: -d |
| -d | /ts<o>/ | |
| -e- | /E/, /e/, /@/ (/e"/, /E"/; unstressed) | See also: -ee-, -ie-, -e[CCV]-, -he-, |
| -é- | See: -éé- | |
| -f- | /f/ | |
| -g- | /Q/ | |
| -h- | /h<?>/, // | See also: -ch-, -he- |
| -i- | /i/, /@/ (/i"/; unstressed) | See also: -ie-, -ij- |
| -j- | /i/ | See also: -ij-, -sj- |
| -k- | /k/ | |
| -l- | /l/ | Sometimes syllabic, see -lm- |
| -m- | /m/ | |
| -n- | /n/ | See also: -ng |
| -o- | /o/, /O/ | See also: -oo-, -ou- |
| -p- | /p/ | |
| -q- | See: -qu- | |
| -r- | /r"/ ([r]) | Sometimes syllabic. |
| -s- | /s/ | See also: -sj-, -uws- |
| -t- | /t/ | See also: -tie, -t, -tw-, -tj- |
| -t | /t/ ([ts<o>]) | |
| -u- | /y/ ([u"]) | See also: -uu- |
| -v- | /v/ | |
| -w- | /r<w>/ | labiodental approximant |
| -x- | /ks/ | |
| -y- | Non native letter: [i] or [i:] | |
| -z- | /z/ | |
| digraphs | ||
| -aa- | /a:/ | See also: |
| -ca- | /ka/ | |
| -cc- | /k/ | "occitaans" /'o ki ,ta:ns/ |
| -ch- | /x/ | See also: cha-, -che-, -chi-, -ch |
| -ch | /x/ | |
| -ci- | /si/ | |
| -ct- | /kt/ | See also: -ctie |
| -ee- | /e:/ (/ei/) | See also: -hee-; potential diphthong |
| -éé- | /e:/ (/ei/) | Example: één |
| -ei- | /Ei/ | Ex: sein |
| -eu- | /@<umd>.:/ (/@y/, /@ @./) | Potential diphthong; see also -ieuw- |
| -he- | /h<?>E/ | |
| -ie- | /i:/ | See also: -tie |
| -ij- | /Ei/ | |
| -ng | N | |
| -oe- | /u/ | |
| -oo- | /o:/ (/oi/) | Potential diphthong |
| -ou- | /A.u/ | |
| -qu- | /kw/ | |
| -sj- | /Z/ | |
| -tj- | -c- | |
| -tw- | /ts<o>r<w>/ | |
| -ue- | /u:/ | |
| -ui- | /a.y/ | |
| -uu- | /y:/ | |
| -uw- | (/u/ or /y/?); see also uws | |
| trigraphs | ||
| cha- | /SA/ | |
| -che- | /SE/ | |
| -chi- | /Si/ | |
| -hoe- | /r<w><j>/ | "hoed"; labial-palatal approximant |
| -hee- | /h<?>E:/ or /h<?>e:/ | |
| -tie | /tsi/ | "alimentatie"; see also -ctie |
| -uws- | ||
| four letters | ||
| -ctie | /ksi/ | "reproductie" |
| -ieuw- | /i:u/ | |
