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Dutch graphemes

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This grapheme table can be used to determine or approximate the pronunciation of a Dutch word. Possible phonemes are separated by a comma, eventual allophones are enclosed between parentheses, the notation used is ASCII-IPA (Kirshenbaum).

grapheme phonemes notes
-a- /A/ See also: -aa-
-b- /b/
-c- /k/, /s/ See also: -ca-, -ci-, -cc-, -ch-, -ctie
-d- /d/ See also: -d
-d /ts<o>/
-e- /E/, /e/, /@/ (/e"/, /E"/; unstressed) See also: -ee-, -ie-, -e[CCV]-, -he-,
-é- See: -éé-
-f- /f/
-g- /Q/
-h- /h<?>/, // See also: -ch-, -he-
-i- /i/, /@/ (/i"/; unstressed) See also: -ie-, -ij-
-j- /i/ See also: -ij-, -sj-
-k- /k/
-l- /l/ Sometimes syllabic, see -lm-
-m- /m/
-n- /n/ See also: -ng
-o- /o/, /O/ See also: -oo-, -ou-
-p- /p/
-q- See: -qu-
-r- /r"/ ([r]) Sometimes syllabic.
-s- /s/ See also: -sj-, -uws-
-t- /t/ See also: -tie, -t, -tw-, -tj-
-t /t/ ([ts<o>])
-u- /y/ ([u"]) See also: -uu-
-v- /v/
-w- /r<w>/ labiodental approximant
-x- /ks/
-y- Non native letter: [i] or [i:]
-z- /z/
digraphs
-aa- /a:/ See also:
-ca- /ka/
-cc- /k/ "occitaans" /'o ki ,ta:ns/
-ch- /x/ See also: cha-, -che-, -chi-, -ch
-ch /x/
-ci- /si/
-ct- /kt/ See also: -ctie
-ee- /e:/ (/ei/) See also: -hee-; potential diphthong
-éé- /e:/ (/ei/) Example: één
-ei- /Ei/ Ex: sein
-eu- /@<umd>.:/ (/@y/, /@ @./) Potential diphthong; see also -ieuw-
-he- /h<?>E/
-ie- /i:/ See also: -tie
-ij- /Ei/
-ng N
-oe- /u/
-oo- /o:/ (/oi/) Potential diphthong
-ou- /A.u/
-qu- /kw/
-sj- /Z/
-tj- -c-
-tw- /ts<o>r<w>/
-ue- /u:/
-ui- /a.y/
-uu- /y:/
-uw- (/u/ or /y/?); see also uws
trigraphs
cha- /SA/
-che- /SE/
-chi- /Si/
-hoe- /r<w><j>/ "hoed"; labial-palatal approximant
-hee- /h<?>E:/ or /h<?>e:/
-tie /tsi/ "alimentatie"; see also -ctie
-uws-
four letters
-ctie /ksi/ "reproductie"
-ieuw- /i:u/

External links[edit]