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| − | United States' military actions and war crimes of violence against living persons that are unlawful under international law, from the First World War onwards. The numbers dead are rarely large for regime change; comparisons between the importance of the dead and the loss of democratic and socialist governments are unlikely to be uncontroversial, but quite likely to be thought-provoking.
| + | #REDIRECT [[List of military interventions of the United States]] |
| − | | + | [[Category:Redirects]] |
| − | War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war"; including but not limited to "murder, the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied territory to slave labor camps", "the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war", the killing of hostages, "the wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, and any devastation not justified by military, or civilian necessity".
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| − | Incidents in WWII involving desecration of Japanese remains is not listed, but is linked in the See Also section.
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| − | The USA engaged in 21 covert military actions designed to cause instability in governments before the end of the Cold War, all but one of them involving the [[Special Activities Division]] (SAD) and Special Operations Group (SOG) of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], 22 if the unrestricted attacks on civilian shipping in the Pacific between 1941 and 1945 is counted.
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| − | After the Cold War, the CIA's role changed significantly, and SAD and SOG forces were increasingly used in overt warfare, while covert regime change was more often carried out by the covert non-military divisions of the CIA, using destabilization techniques (propaganda, paid protestors, bribes, blackmail and threats of government officials, black propaganda and control of the press, etc).
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| − | One exception is the use of CIA drones in attacks on military leaders in Iraq, which was alluded to by Bob Woodward in a CBS interview<ref>Bob Woodward interview on 60 Minutes, discussing his book Enemy Within. "There are secret operational capabilities developed by the military to locate, target, and kill leaders of Al-Qaida in Iraq, insurgent leaders, renegade militia leaders; that is one of the true breakthroughs" (quite a few of the related YouTube videos ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AiA_st1_4KQ example]) have an "inexplicable" :) bug that prevents ads from playing, which prevents the vid from playing, so in order to do (almost) all I can to ensure some of them continue to work, I am not going to link to the working ones; just use a combination of the YouTube search terms: Bob Woodward, 60 Minutes, CBS, Enemy Within, and some version of Secrets of the Surge)</ref> Another is the ongoing, as of Feb 2011, covert assaults on Iraq by CIA squads begun by GW Bush (junior) and first reported in 2007.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1624993,00.html#ixzz1CNmcz4jJ More Bad Intelligence on Iran and Iraq] Robert Baer 24 May 2007</ref>
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| − | {| style="text-align:center" width=95% align=center
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| − | |- bgcolor=#bbbbaa
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| − | ! Year (started)
| + | |
| − | ! Country
| + | |
| − | ! Estimated Casualties
| + | |
| − | ! Notes
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
| + | |
| − | | 1918-1923
| + | |
| − | | USSR
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | AKA 'the first Second World War', closely related to the [[Russian Civil War]]: [[Wikipedia:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]]
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1945-1989
| + | |
| − | | Communist states
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | Instigation, with no material support, of revolts against the USSR
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1945
| + | |
| − | | Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
| + | |
| − | | 200,000
| + | |
| − | | Nuclear Attacks
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
| + | |
| − | | 1941-1945
| + | |
| − | | Pacific Ocean
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | Breach of [[Wikipedia:London Naval Treaty]] (1930): [[Wikipedia:Unrestricted submarine warfare]] against merchant shipping.<ref>[[Nuremberg Trials]], Admiral [[Wikipedia:Chester Nimitz]]</ref><ref name="NT">[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/juddoeni.htm Judgement: Doenitz] the [[Avalon Project]] at the [[Yale Law School]]</ref>
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| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
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| − | | July 1943
| + | |
| − | | [[Sicily]]
| + | |
| − | | Unknown (est. 8)
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| − | |[[Wikipedia:Canicattì massacre]]: Crimes against humanity (Murder of civilians)<ref>[http://www.canicatti-centrodoc.it/nuovocentro/sezI/storia/BartoloneGiovanni1/AltreStragi/index.html Le altre stragi - Le stragi alleate e tedesche nella Sicilia del 1943-1944]</ref><ref>[[Wikipedia:Allied invasion of Sicily]]</ref>
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| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | between July and August 1943
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| − | | Sicily
| + | |
| − | | 76
| + | |
| − | | War crimes:Murder of POWs<ref>[[Wikipedia:Biscari massacre]]</ref>
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
| + | |
| − | | April 29, 1945
| + | |
| − | | [[Wikipedia:Dachau|Dachau]], southern [[Germany]]
| + | |
| − | | [[Wikipedia:SS-Totenkopfverbände|Death's Head SS]]
| + | |
| − | | War crimes: Murder of POWs.<ref>[[Wikipedia:Dachau massacre]]</ref>
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| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | Night of July 7–July 8, 1945
| + | |
| − | |[[Salina]], [[Utah]], [[United States of America]]
| + | |
| − | | 9 deaths, 20 injured
| + | |
| − | |War crimes: Murder of POWs<ref>[[Wikipedia:Salina, Utah POW massacre]]</ref>
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | Spring-late summer 1945
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| − | | Rhine region in Germany
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| − | | 3,000-10,000 (high estimate 71,000)
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| − | |[[Wikipedia:Rheinwiesenlager|Rheinwiesenlager]]<ref>[http://www.cyberussr.com/hcunn/for/us-germany-pow.html U.S. (and French) abuse of German PoWs, 1945-1948]</ref> War crimes: Deaths of POWs from starvation and exposure. In general, the US was as much better than other countries at caring for PoWs as they are worse at overthrowing democratically elected governments, with a lower rate of PoW deaths (at most, less than 2%) than any other country but Britain
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| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
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| − | | 1948-present
| + | |
| − | | Europe, in particular NATO countries
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | [[Operation Gladio]] ([[Wikipedia:Operation Gladio]]) US sleeper cells in NATO countries and throughout Europe, still continuing.
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1950s
| + | |
| − | | Tibet
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | Fruitless decades of funding Tibetan resistance organizations against China<ref name=KC>[http://books.google.com/books?id=hsDtAAAAMAAJ The CIA's secret war in Tibet] Kenneth J. Conboy, James Morrison University Press of Kansas, 2002</ref>
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| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
| + | |
| − | | 1952
| + | |
| − | | Korea
| + | |
| − | | 2000000?
| + | |
| − | | Napalm
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1953
| + | |
| − | | Iran
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA coup [[Iranian coup d'état of 1953]]
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1954
| + | |
| − | | Guatemala
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA coup [[Guatemalan coup d'état of 1954]]
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
| + | |
| − | | 1959-
| + | |
| − | | Cuba
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | Destabilizing actions including the Bay of Pigs
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1960
| + | |
| − | | Democratic Republic of the Congo
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA coup
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1961
| + | |
| − | | Angola
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| − | | A small proportion of the 2 million lives lost in the entire forty year conflict between 1961 and 2002<ref name=FUO>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mg27rSK-YAIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false U.S. policy in postcolonial Africa: four case studies in conflict resolution] by Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam</ref>
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| − | | John F. Kennedy complies with the anti-communist MPLA's request for US aid to fight the communists and conspires with MPLA splinter faction leaders to back the formation of the NFLA
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1963
| + | |
| − | | Iraq
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA coup
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
| + | |
| − | | 1964
| + | |
| − | | Brazil
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA coup
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1964
| + | |
| − | | Laos
| + | |
| − | | 70000
| + | |
| − | | Napalm
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1966
| + | |
| − | | Republic of Ghana
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA coup
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
| + | |
| − | | 1967
| + | |
| − | | Guatemala
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | Napalm
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1968
| + | |
| − | | Iraq
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA coup
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1970
| + | |
| − | | Cambodia
| + | |
| − | | 150000<ref>[http://www.flagrancy.net/entry-but_we_were_so_totally_not_in_cambo-1686.html Flagrancy to Reason]</ref>
| + | |
| − | | Carpet bombing
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
| + | |
| − | | 1970
| + | |
| − | | Vietnam
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| − | | 10000<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP6.HTM Statistics of Democide, Chapter 6, Statistics Of Vietnamese Democide: Estimates, Calculations, And Sources, By R.J. Rummel]</ref>
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| − | | Chemical weapons, Operation Ranch Hand
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1973
| + | |
| − | | Chile
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA coup
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1973-74
| + | |
| − | | Afghanistan
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA coup
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1973-75
| + | |
| − | | Iraq
| + | |
| − | | Kurdish rebels
| + | |
| − | | The CIA colludes with Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to finance and arm Kurdish rebels in an attempt to overthrow Iraq's Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr.<ref name=CH>Hitchens, Christopher, [http://www.slate.com/id/2156400 "The Ugly Truth About Gerald Ford"], ''Slate''</ref><ref name=HK>{{Cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/03/opinion/the-kurdish-ghost.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss?pagewanted=1 | title=The Kurdish Ghost | first=William | last=Safire | date=2003-03-03 | work=The New York Times}}</ref>
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1975
| + | |
| − | | Southern South America<ref>The [[Wikipedia:Southern Cone]] of Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil</ref>
| + | |
| − | | 60,000,<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.el-universal.com.mx/editoriales/34023.html | author = Victor Flores Olea | title = Editoriales - El Universal - 10 de abril 2006 : Operacion Condor | publisher = [[El Universal (Mexico)]] | accessdate = 2009-03-24 | language=Spanish }}</ref> possibly more<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.pj.gov.py/cdya/index.html | title = Centro de Documentación y Archivo para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos | accessdate = 2007-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = Tracking the Origins of a State Terror Network: Operation Condor | author = J. Patrice McSherry | year = 2002 | journal = Latin American Perspectives | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 36–60}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20061212/pags/20061212213006.html | title = 2006: el ocaso de los “cóndores mayores†| publisher = [[La Nación (Chile)|La Nación]] | accessdate = 2007-06-25 | date = 2007-12-13}}</ref>
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| − | | [[Operation Condor]] ([[Wikipedia:Operation Condor]])
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
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| − | | 1976
| + | |
| − | | Argentina
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| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA coup
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1978-1980s
| + | |
| − | | Afghanistan
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1980s
| + | |
| − | | Angola
| + | |
| − | | A small proportion of the 2 million lives lost in the entire forty year conflict 1961 and 2002<ref name=FUO/>
| + | |
| − | | In a pattern that would be repeated nearly 20 years later, the CIA, armed forces, and Machiavellian foreign policymaker minders of a president newly pressed in the Neocon mold with aw-shucks and gusto to spare, would turn his pet peeves into a policy of crippling warfare and puppet government diplomacy. The Reagan adminstration
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1980-1988
| + | |
| − | | Cambodia
| + | |
| − | | 1.2 million<ref>http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP4.HTM [[Wikipedia:Rudolph Rummel|R. J. Rummel]], Hawaii.edu</ref>
| + | |
| − | | Ronald Reagan authorized support for vestiges of the Khmer Rouge to destabilize Cambodia's government and oust the Viet Namese occupation forces supporting them.<ref name= CC>[http://www.worldandi.com/specialreport/1988/february/Sa13957.htm Cambodia at a Crossroads] by Michael Johns, ''The World and I'' magazine, February 1988</ref> The US would return to finish the next half of the plan in 1991
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| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1980
| + | |
| − | | Iran
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
| + | |
| − | | 1980
| + | |
| − | | Libya
| + | |
| − | | 15
| + | |
| − | | Bombing<ref>[[Wikipedia:1986 Bombing of Libya]]</ref>
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1980
| + | |
| − | | Turkey
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1981-1990
| + | |
| − | | Nicaragua
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | CIA support for the Contras
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
| + | |
| − | | 1980-92
| + | |
| − | | El Salvador
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | Anti-Sandinista activities, CIA and School of the Americas graduates operation and coordination
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1983
| + | |
| − | | Grenada
| + | |
| − | | 23
| + | |
| − | | Ground invasion, Operation Urgent Fury including bombing of Richmond Hill, St Georges in October 1983
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1989
| + | |
| − | | Panama
| + | |
| − | | 200
| + | |
| − | | Bombing, Operation Just Cause including bombing of El Chorillo neighbourhood, Panama City in December<ref>[[Wikipedia:US invasion of Panama]]</ref>
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
| + | |
| − | | 1990
| + | |
| − | | Iraq
| + | |
| − | | 20000?
| + | |
| − | | Bombing including bombing of Amiriyah, Baghdad in February 1991
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1991-1997
| + | |
| − | | Cambodia
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | In 1991, the US returned to Cambodia. Overtly, with UN support even, they overthrew the very Khmer Rouge government they had backed in 1980-1988.<ref name=Ped>[http://books.google.com/books?id=VKnRj5DLFt4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false Political transition in Cambodia, 1991-99: power, elitism, and democracy] David W. Roberts</ref><ref name=UN>UN document ID= S-RES-745(1992)Resolution Security Council 1992 Resolution number 745, 28 February 1992. accessdate 2008-04-09</ref>
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1992-1995
| + | |
| − | | Iraq
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | | Bombing attacks & sabotage orchestrated by the CIA via insurgent organization [[Wikipedia:Iraqi National Accord|Iraqi National Accord]]<ref name="NYT-20040609">{{cite news |author= Joel Brinkley |date= 2004-06-09 |title= Ex-C.I.A. Aides Say Iraq Leader Helped Agency in 90's Attacks |publisher= New York Times |url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9403E3D91630F93AA35755C0A9629C8B63
| + | |
| − | }}<!--back-up http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0609-02.htm --> </ref>
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
| + | |
| − | | 1998
| + | |
| − | | Sudan
| + | |
| − | | 15
| + | |
| − | | Cruise missile bombing on North Khartoum in August
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 1998
| + | |
| − | | Afghanistan
| + | |
| − | | 34
| + | |
| − | | Cruise missile bombing
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 1999
| + | |
| − | | Yugoslavia
| + | |
| − | | 489
| + | |
| − | | NATO bombing with Depleted Uranium on Novi Sad in May
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#c0ccbb
| + | |
| − | | 2001
| + | |
| − | | Afghanistan
| + | |
| − | | 10960
| + | |
| − | | Bombing on Chowkar-Karez
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#e9e9d9
| + | |
| − | | 2003
| + | |
| − | | Iraq
| + | |
| − | | 1000000
| + | |
| − | | Bombing, sanctions including bombing of Fallujah in April, November 2004 and Mukaradeeb in May 2004
| + | |
| − | |- bgcolor=#d9ddcc
| + | |
| − | | 2009
| + | |
| − | | Pakistan
| + | |
| − | | 400<ref>[http://www.welt.de/international/article3989333/Facts-on-U-S-drone-attacks-in-Pakistan.html Facts on US drone attacks in Pakistan-De Welt]</ref>
| + | |
| − | | Bombing<ref>[[Wikipedia:Drone attacks in Pakistan by the US]]</ref>
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | * Philippines 1986
| + | |
| − | * Iraq 1992-1995
| + | |
| − | * Guatemala 1993
| + | |
| − | * Zimbabwe 2000s
| + | |
| − | * Serbia 2000
| + | |
| − | * Iran 2001-present
| + | |
| − | * Venezuela 2002
| + | |
| − | * Georgia, 2003
| + | |
| − | * Haiti 2004
| + | |
| − | * Ukraine, 2004
| + | |
| − | * Equatorial Guinea and Zimbabwe 2004
| + | |
| − | * Lebanon 2005
| + | |
| − | * Palestinian Authority, 2006-present
| + | |
| − | * Somalia 2006-2007
| + | |
| − | * Venezuela 2007
| + | |
| − | * Myanmar (Burma), 2007
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | == See also ==
| + | |
| − | *[[United States of America]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Cold War covert overthrow of governments by the US]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Post-Cold War covert regime change by the US]]
| + | |
| − | *[[US military operations in the 20th and 21st centuries]]
| + | |
| − | *[[private military corporations]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Iranian coup d'état of 1953]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Wikipedia:List of war crimes]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==External links==
| + | |
| − | *[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstats.htm Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls]
| + | |
| − | *[http://nottheenemy.com/Real-Dead/real-dead.html What People Are Saying - Not the Enemy]
| + | |
| − | *[http://nottheenemy.com/index_files/Death%20Counts/Death%20Counts.htm Data from William Blum book, "Rogue State" supplemented by casulty data from various sources]
| + | |
| − | *[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP13.HTM Statistics of American Genocide and Mass Murder - R. J. Rummel]
| + | |
| − | *[http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/US_Interventions_WBlumZ.html U.S. Interventions - 1945 to the Present William Blum]
| + | |
| − | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._military_history_events Timeline of United States military operations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia]
| + | |
| − | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_U.S._regime_change_actions Covert U.S. regime change actions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia]
| + | |
| − | *[http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/interventions.html History of U.S. Military Interventions since 1890] by Zoltan Grossman
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | == Footnotes ==
| + | |
| − | * [[American mutilation of Japanese war dead]]<ref>[http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=114661059720058 Xavier Guillaume, "A Heterology of American GIs during World War II"]. ''H-US-Japan''' (July, 2003). Access date: January 4, 2008.</ref><ref>James J. Weingartner “Trophies of War: U.S. Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead, 1941–1945†Pacific Historical Review (1992)</ref><ref>Simon Harrison “Skull Trophies of the Pacific War: transgressive objects of remembrance†''Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute'' (N.S) 12, 817-836 (2006)</ref>
| + | |
| − | * [[Operation Gladio]] ([[Wikipedia:Operation Gladio]]) US intelligence sleeper cells in NATO countries and throughout Europe, established in 1948. Its role in NATO countries' affairs was primarily subversion, the [[Strategy of tension]] ([[Wikipedia:Strategy of tension|WP:Sot]]) of [[False flag]] operations, but its connections to numerous nefarious and malign influences are many,<ref>[[Wikipedia:Propaganda Due|Propaganda Due]], [[Wikipedia:Operation Condor|Operation Condor]], attack on [[Wikipedia:Bernardo Leighton|Bernardo Leighton]] in Rome, [[Wikipedia:1973 Ezeiza massacre|1973 Ezeiza massacre]], the [[Wikipedia:1976 Montejurra massacre|1976 Montejurra massacre]]</ref> and despite numerous investigations by European governments, it never seems to fully go away.<ref>[[Wikipedia:Department of Anti-terrorism Strategic Studies]]</ref>
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| − | * Tibet, 1950-: It is this author's opinion that seeing the very positive reaction by what has normally been a thorn in the side of the US' neo-imperialism, the UN, to the Tibet issue,<ref name=KC/> was what made the CIA and later the FBI aware of the potential of working both sides of the political divide with [[:Category:Astroturf seeding|astroturf seeding]] of (from the CIA's perspective) "useful idiots" in human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. Nothing like a solid chunk of 'thinking globally and acting locally' for example, to keep the CIA and its operatives from being further outnumbered in the field by aid workers and reporters. And of course if the middle or left can be kept busy pressuring China to reinstate a religious oligarchy (workers schlepping rice up the mountain to the monks in their temples), then so much the better.
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| − | * Angola, 1975-1980. Revolutionary war really is a messy business; left-wing historians ignore death tolls and killing civilians altogether or capitulate to the mainstream view of it being genetically linked to communism. The first step in reducing the bloodshed is understand how and why it occurs, but no. So one of the stories left to history of Angola is tales by a missionary of the godless communists strafing peasants with a helicopter gunship (no mention of how many times more than one that happened, of course). See [[Wikipedia:Covert United States foreign regime change actions#Angola 1980s|Angola 1980s]] on Wikipedia. And of course it is the only story about Angola in the WP article.
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| − | * Cambodia 1980. Ronald Reagan authorized support for vestiges of the Khmer Rouge to destabilize Cambodia's government, which was strengthened by Viet Namese occupation forces. The coalition called the [[Wikipedia:KPNLF|Khmer People's National Liberation Front]], (KPNLF, under [[Wikipedia:Son Sann|Son Sann]]) was led against the government that had replaced it. Both were Communist, and the Khmer Rouge was universally considered the most bloody regime of the 20th C. After 1.2 million deaths (Admittedly deaths from famine were due in part to the war. But unlike other famines used as boogeymen by many a right wing charge of genocide by socialist governments, the war was a direct result of US warmaking), more than half as many as the notorious Khmer Rouge had killed, the Vietnamese withdrew, and Cambodia's Communist regime fell eight years after the US destabilization began.<ref name= CC/> The US would return to finish the next half of the plan in 1991
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| − | * Cambodia 1991. After three years, the US returned to Cambodia. Overtly, with UN support even, they overthrew the very Khmer Rouge government they had backed in 1980-1988.<ref name=Ped>[http://books.google.com/books?id=VKnRj5DLFt4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false Political transition in Cambodia, 1991-99: power, elitism, and democracy] David W. Roberts</ref><ref name=UN>UN document ID= S-RES-745(1992)Resolution Security Council 1992 Resolution number 745, 28 February 1992. accessdate 2008-04-09</ref> In keeping with their new stance of overt regime change, the invasion was out in the open this time. And during this honeymoon period with the rest of the world, as the conquering heroes that had ousted communism, and in a country that was synonymous with the notorious Khmer Rouge, they even got UN support to oust the very Khmer Rouge they had given arms to in 1980-1988. It took a tortuous 6 years, but 'free' elections were held in 1995, and the country was 'stable' by 1997.<ref name=Ped/><ref name=UN/>
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| − | * Iraq 1973-1975. The CIA had in 1953 toppled a democratic government to install Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the last Shah of Iran. His father had been the largest supplier of goods to prewar Nazi Germany, and the US colluded with him to finance and arm Kurdish rebels in an attempt to overthrow Iraq's Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. This started a chain of circumstances that led to the death of hundreds of Iraqis and more Kurds, on top of the deaths in the Iraq and Iran hostilities.<ref name="The Ugly Truth About Gerald Ford">Hitchens, Christopher, [http://www.slate.com/id/2156400 "The Ugly Truth About Gerald Ford"], ''Slate''</ref> Iran and Iraq signed a peace treaty in 1975; the CIA support was cut off. The Shah denied his useful tools the Kurds refuge in Iran, even as many were slaughtered. The U.S. decided not to press the issue with the Shah.<ref name=CH/> "Covert action should not be confused with missionary work," declared Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]]. <ref name=HK/>
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| − | [[Category:Lists]][[Category:USA military actions]][[Category:Chemical weapons]][[Category:Nuclear weapons]][[Category:Geneva Conventions]][[Category:International relations]]
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