Spanish-American War

This subject is divided into several sections in order to deal with the large amount of content:

• Spanish-American War - background
• Spanish-American War in the Pacific and Caribbean

The Spanish–American War was a conflict in 1898 between Wikipedia:Spanish Empire and the United States. Some recent historians prefer a broader title to encompass the fighting in Cuba and the Philippine Islands. Here "Spanish-American War" refers to the war between Spain and the U.S in 1898.

Revolts against Spanish rule had been endemic for decades in Cuba and were closely watched by Americans; there had been war scares before, as in the Virginius Affair in 1873. By 1897–98 American public opinion grew angrier at reports of Spanish atrocities, magnified by the "yellow journalism". After the mysterious sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the government headed by President William McKinley, a Republican, into a war McKinley had wished to avoid. Compromise proved impossible, resulting in an ultimatum sent to Madrid, which was not accepted. First Madrid, then Washington, formally declared war.

Although the main issue was Cuban independence, the ten-week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. A series of one-sided American naval and military victories followed on all fronts, owing to their numerical superiority in most of the battles and despite the good performance of some of the Spanish infantry units. The outcome was the 1898 Treaty of Paris—which was favorable to the U.S.—followed by temporary American control of Cuba and indefinite colonial authority over Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. The defeat and subsequent end of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock for Spain's national psyche. The victor gained several island possessions spanning the globe and a rancorous new debate over the wisdom of imperialism.

See also

• Wikipedia:Timeline of the Spanish–American War
• Wikipedia:Propaganda of the Spanish–American War
• Wikipedia:Ostend Manifesto
• Wikipedia:Battles of the Spanish–American War
• Cuban Independence
• Wikipedia:Commonwealth of the Philippines
• Wikipedia:Panama Canal Zone
• Wikipedia:Spain – United States relations
• Wikipedia:Bolton Hall (activist), opposed the war

References

• American Peace Society, {{{first}}} (1898). The Advocate of Peace, . American Peace Society.
• Bailey, Thomas Andrew (1961). The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, . Heath.
• Baycroft, {{{first}}} (2006). What is a nation?: Europe 1789-1914, . Oxford University Press.
• , {{{first}}} (1994). The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934, . Taylor & Francis. An encyclopedia.
• Botero, Rodrigo (2001). Ambivalent embrace: America's troubled relations with Spain from the Revolutionary War to the Cold War, . Greenwood Publishing Group.
• Brune, {{{first}}} (2003). Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1607-1932, . Routledge.
• Campbell, W. Joseph (2001). Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies, . Greenwood Publishing Group.
• Carr, Raymond (1982). Spain, 1808-1975, . Clarendon Press.
• Carreras, {{{first}}} (2004). Historia económica de la España Contemporánea, . Crítica.
• Dyal, {{{first}}} (1996). Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War, . Greenwood Press.
• Dolan, Edward F. (2001). The Spanish-American War, . Twenty-First Century Books.
• Gatewood, Willard B. (1975). Black Americans and the White Man's Burden, 1898–1903, . University of Illinois Press.
• Gaudreault, André (2009). American cinema, 1890-1909: themes and variations, . Rutgers University Press.
• Hendrickson, Kenneth E., Jr. (2003). The Spanish-American War, . Greenwood. short summary
• Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (2006). Philippine history and government, . Phoenix Pub. House.
• Levy, {{{first}}} (2010). Causes of War, . John Wiley and Sons.
• Negrón-Muntaner, Frances (2004). Boricua Pop: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture, . NYU Press.
• Offner, John L. (1992). An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898, . {{{publisher}}}.
• Offner, John L. (2004). "McKinley and the Spanish-American War", 50–61. {{{publisher}}}.
• Parker, John H. (2003). The Gatlings at Santiago, . Indypublish.com.
• Rogers, Robert F. (1995). Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam, . University of Hawaii Press.
• Roosevelt, Theodore (1899). The Rough Riders, . Charles Scribner's Sons.
• Smithsonian Institution, {{{first}}} (2005). The Price of Freedom: Americans at War — Spanish American War, . National Museum of American History (U.S.). Excerpts from The National Museum of American history.
• Thomas, Hugh (1998). Cuba Or the Pursuit of Freedom, . Da Capo Press.
• Trask, David F. (1996). The war with Spain in 1898, . U of Nebraska Press.
• Wionzek, Karl-Heinz (2000). Germany, the Philippines, and the Spanish-American War: four accounts by officers of the Imperial German Navy, x. National Historical Institute.

Further reading

Diplomacy and causes of the war

• Bradford, James C. ed., Crucible of Empire: The Spanish–American War and Its Aftermath (1993), essays on diplomacy, naval and military operations, and historiography.
• Dobson, John M. Reticient Expansionism: The Foreign Policy of William McKinley. (1988).
• Fry, Joseph A. "William McKinley and the Coming of the Spanish-American War: A Study of the Besmirching and Redemption of an Historical Image," Diplomatic History 3 (Winter 1979): 77–97
• Gould, Lewis. The Spanish–American War and President McKinley (1980) excerpt and text search
• Foner, Philip, The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism, 1895-1902 (1972)
• Hamilton, Richard. President McKinley, War, and Empire (2006).
• Harrington, Fred H. "The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States, 1898-1900," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Sep., 1935), pp. 211–230 in JSTOR
• Herring, George C. From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (2008), the latest survey
• Hoganson, Kristin. Fighting For American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (1998)
• Holbo, Paul S. "Presidential Leadership in Foreign Affairs: William McKinley and the Turpie-Foraker Amendment," The American Historical Review 1967 72 (4): 1321-1335. in JSTOR
• LaFeber, Walter, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1865-1898 (1963)
• May, Ernest. Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power (1961)
• McCartney, Paul T. American National Identity, the War of 1898, and the Rise of American Imperialism (2006)
• Maass, Matthias. "When Communication Fails: Spanish-American Crisis Diplomacy 1898," Amerikastudien, 2007, Vol. 52 Issue 4, pp 481–493
• Mellander, Gustavo A.(1971) The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years. Daville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568.
• Mellander, Gustavo A.; Nelly Maldonado Mellander (1999). Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390.
• Richard H. Miller, ed., American Imperialism in 1898: The Quest for National Fulfillment (1970)
• Millis, Walter. The Martial Spirit: A Study of Our War with Spain (1931)
• Morgan, H. Wayne. , America's Road to Empire: The War with Spain and Overseas Expansion (1965)
• Paterson. Thomas G. "United States Intervention in Cuba, 1898: Interpretations of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War," The History Teacher, Vol. 29, No. 3 (May, 1996), pp. 341–361 in JSTOR
• Pratt, Julius W. The Expansionists of 1898 (1936)
• Schoonover, Thomas. Uncle Sam's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization. (2003)
• Tone, John Lawrence. War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895–1898 (2006)
• Fareed Zakaria, From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role (1998)

War

• Cirillo, Vincent J. Bullets and Bacilli: The Spanish–American War and Military Medicine (2004)
• Cosmas, Graham A. An Army for Empire: The United States Army and the Spanish–American War (1971), organizational issues
• Feuer, A. B. The Spanish–American War at Sea: Naval Action in the Atlantic (1995) online edition
• Freidel, Frank. The Splendid Little War (1958), well illustrated narrative by scholar
• Keller, Allan. The Spanish–American War: A Compact History (1969)
• Leeke, Jim. Manila and Santiago: The New Steel Navy in the Spanish–American War (2009)
• Linderman, Gerald F. The Mirror of War: American Society and the Spanish–American War (1974), domestic aspects
• Smith, Joseph. The Spanish–American War: Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific (1994)
• O'Toole, G. J. A. The Spanish War: An American Epic—1898 (1984)
• Stewart, Richard W. "Emergence to World Power 1898-1902" Ch. 15, , in "American Military History, Volume I: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775-1917", Center of Military History, United States Army. (2004), official U.S. Army textbook

Historiography

• Barnes, Mar. The Spanish–American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898-1902: An Annotated Bibliography (Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies) (2010)
• Corbitt, Duvon C. "Cuban Revisionist Interpretations of Cuba's Struggle for Independence," Hispanic American Historical Review 32 (August 1963): 395–404. in JSTOR
• Crapol, Edward P. "Coming to Terms with Empire: The Historiography of Late-Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 16 (Fall 1992): 573–97;
• DeSantis, Hugh. "The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence, 1865–1900," in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker, eds., American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review (1981), pp. 65–90
• Field, Jr., James A. "American Imperialism: The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book," American Historical Review 83 (June 1978): 644–68, past of the "AHR Forum," with responses in JSTOR
• Fry, Joseph A. "William McKinley and the Coming of the Spanish American War: A Study of the Besmirching and Redemption of an Historical Image," Diplomatic History 3 (Winter 1979): 77–97
• Fry, Joseph A. "From Open Door to World Systems: Economic Interpretations of Late-Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations," Pacific Historical Review 65 (May 1996): 277–303
• Paterson, Thomas G. "United States Intervention in Cuba, 1898: Interpretations of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War," History Teacher 29 (May 1996): 341–61
• Pérez Jr. Louis A. "The Meaning of the Maine: Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish-American War," The Pacific Historical Review 1989 58 (3): 293–322.
• Pérez Jr. Louis A. The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography University of North Carolina Press, 1998
• Smith, Ephraim K. "William McKinley's Enduring Legacy: The Historiographical Debate on the Taking of the Philippine Islands," in James C. Bradford, ed., Crucible of Empire: The Spanish–American War and Its Aftermath (1993), pp. 205–49

Memoirs

• Funston, Frederick. Memoirs of Two Wars, Cuba and Philippine Experiences. New York: Charles Schribner's Sons, 1911 online edition
• U.S. War Dept. Military Notes on Cuba. 2 vols. Washington, DC: GPO, 1898. online edition
• Wheeler, Joseph. The Santiago Campaign, 1898. (1898). online edition
• Cull, N. J., Culbert, D., Welch, D. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present. "Spanish–American War". (2003). 378–379.
• Daley, L. (2000), "Canosa in the Cuba of 1898", in Aguirre, B. E.; Espina, E., Los últimos días del comienzo: Ensayos sobre la guerra, Santiago de Chile: RiL Editores, Template:citation/identifier

• McCook, Henry Christopher (1899), The Martial Graves of Our Fallen Heroes in Santiago de Cuba, G. W. Jacobs & Co.
• Muller y Tejeiro, Jose. Combates y Capitulacion de Santiago de Cuba. Marques, Madrid:1898. 208 p. English translation by U.S. Navy Dept.
• Dirks, Tim. War and Anti-War Films. The Greatest Films. URL accessed on November 9, 2005.
• Adjutant General's Office Statistical Exhibit of Strength of Volunteer Forces Called Into Service During the War With Spain; with Losses From All Causes. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899.

Media

• Harrington, Peter, and Frederic A. Sharf. "A Splendid Little War." The Spanish–American War, 1898. The Artists' Perspective. London: Greenhill, 1998.

External links

Media

• William Glackens prints at the Library of Congress
• Images of Florida and the War for Cuban Independence, 1898 from the state archives of Florida
• Pictures of the Army Nurse Corps in the war
• Art and images from the War with Spain at the United States Army Center of Military History
• Spanish-American War photographic collections, via Calisphere, California Digital Library

Reference materials

• Operations of the US Signal Corps Cutting and Diverting Undersea Telegraph Cables from Cuba
• Library of Congress Guide to the Spanish-American War
• Emergence to World Power, 1898–1902 (an extract from Matloff's American Military History a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History
• Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill
• Impact on the Spanish Army by Charles Hendricks
• Black Jack in Cuba —General John J. Pershing’s service in the Spanish–American War, by Kevin Hymel
• The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War — Library of Congress Hispanic Division
• Centennial of the Spanish-American War 1898–1998 by Lincoln Cushing
• History of Negro soldiers in the Spanish-American War, and other items of interest, by Edward Augustus Johnston, published 1899, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
• The War of 98 (The Spanish-American War) The Spanish–American War from a Spanish perspective (in English).
• Name Index to New York in the Spanish-American War 1898
• 1898: El Ocaso de un Imperio Article in Spanish about naval operations during the Spanish-American war.
• Spanish-American War Service Summary Cards from the Georgia Archives.

Newspaper stuff

• Spain to Use Privateers; An Official Decree Declares that She is Determined to Reserve This Right (Headline, NY Times, April 24, 1898)

Other

• America's Black Patriots - Spanish American War
• Spanish-American War Centennial
• Points of Confusion over the Cuba Question and Cuba Sovereignty
• Individual state's contributions to the Spanish–American War: Illinois, Pennsylvania
• Sons of Spanish American War Veterans
• From 'Dagoes' to 'Nervy Spaniards,' American Soldiers' Views of their Opponents, 1898 by Albert Nofi