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Non-market economics

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Non-market economics
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Non-market economics the study of the production, Wikipedia:trade, and distribution of goods and services via mechanisms other than the Wikipedia:market, in other words using systems other than the Wikipedia:Price system. Non-market economies do not operate through the exchange of Wikipedia:money. Wikipedia:Barter is usually considered a type of a Wikipedia:commodity-economy, so it is generally not considered a non-market economy. This type of exchange is also called Wikipedia:reciprocity. This includes unilateral giving such as gifts and bilateral giving, meaning a person gives a gift expecting to be repaid at some unspecified time.

The study of non-market economics is typically a part of Wikipedia:economic anthropology. Among the founders of the discipline are Wikipedia:Karl Bücher and Wikipedia:Karl Polanyi.

The term is also widely used in traditional economics, with at least four different meanings, see #Traditional economists' writings


Non market methods[edit]

One possible non-monetary, non-market way to run a society is the idea of energy accounting.[1] This concept was proposed by various technocratic groups in the early 1930's.[2][3]

The most common form of non-market economics is the fully Wikipedia:planned economy, wherein Wikipedia:economic planning in terms of production and resource allocation is carried out by a central authority or by decentralized production and accounting units rather than by the market. Economic planning is often associated with non-market Wikipedia:Socialist economics.

In Wikipedia:Marxist theory, full Wikipedia:socialism will be a stage in society where the market, and Wikipedia:commodity production itself, ceases to exist and be relevant.

One possible non market economic system proposed is based on Wikipedia:thermodynamics and energy.[4] Wikipedia:Technocracy Incorporated proposes a non market economic system called Wikipedia:Energy Accounting[5] which uses a Wikipedia:post scarcity type of economy as its basis.[6]The Wikipedia:technate design as projected, would include such post scarcity aspects as free housing (Wikipedia:urbanates), transportation, recreation, and education. In other words free everything, including all consumer products, as a right of citizenship.[7]

“Nonmarket” has also been applied to: (1) command (or centrally-planned) economies where the State owns the economic factors of production and is the firm by having internalized private external and internal markets which no longer exist outside of “black markets” (Daniels, Radebaugh & Sullivan, 2007: 141-142); (2) traditional types of exchange systems (e.g., intra-family or intra-clan and between-group trade) dominated by social reciprocity which balances out the giving and receiving of goods in the short and long runs in contrast to the market system where prices result from bargaining for economic advantage (Smelser, 1963: 87), and (3) the non-profit sector (Lohmann, 1989). Economist Williamson (1991, 1999) has used “nonmarket” to refer to internal “hierarchies” (or “private bureaucracies”) within the business firm that has internalized external markets on account of the latter’s higher uncertainty and transaction costs.


Energy accounting[edit]

Wikipedia:Willard Gibbs developed a 'Theory of Energy Determinants' also referred to as Wikipedia:vector analysis which according to Wikipedia:Howard Scott, formed the basis of determining the operational dynamic of functional social design on a continental scale of magnitude for North America.[8] Gibbs Wikipedia:thermodynamic approach led to the concepts of Wikipedia:Energy Accounting as envisioned by the Technical Alliance.[9] Scott referred to Gibbs as the person that made possible the concept of Wikipedia:energy economics using energy accounting.[10]


See also[edit]

Traditional economists' writings[edit]

Added http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-market_economics&diff=238667407&oldid=226273623 Revision as of 21:17, 15 September 2008 by JBoddewyn

  • Baron, D.P. (1995). “Integrated Strategy: Market and Non-market Components,” California Management Review, 37(2): 47-65.
  • Bell, D. (1995). “The Structure of Rights in the Context of Private Property,” Journal of Socio-Economics, 24(4): 607-622.
  • Boddewyn, J.J. (2003). “Understanding and Advancing the Concept of ‘Nonmarket’,” Business & Society, 42(3): 297-327.
  • Boyer, R. (1997). “The Variety and Unequal Performance of Really Existing Markets: Farewell to Doctor Pangloss?” In J.R. Hollingsworth and R. Boyer (eds.), Contemporary Capitalism: The Embeddedness of Institutions, New York: Cambridge University Press: 59-93.
  • Buckley, P.J. & Casson M. (1993). “Economics as an Imperialist Social Science,” Human Relations, 46(9): 1035-1052.
  • Daniels, J.D., Radebaugh, L.H. and D.P. Sullivan (2007). International Business: Environments and Operations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall.
  • Granovetter, M. (1985). “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness,” American Journal of Sociology, 91(3): 481-510.
  • Granovetter, M. (1992). “Economic Institutions as Social Constructions: A Framework for Analysis,” Acta Sociologica, 35(1): 3-11.
  • Hayes, M.T. (1981). Lobbyists and Legislators: A Theory of Political Markets. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • Hirschman, A.O. (1958). The Strategy of Economic Development. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Hirschman, A.O. (1970). Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Hollingsworth, J.R., Schmitter, P.C. and W. Streeck (eds.) (1994). Governing Capitalist Economies. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lohmann, R.A. (1989). “And Lettuce is Nonanimal: Toward a Positive Economics of Voluntary Action,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 18(4): 367-383.
  • Parsons, T. and N.J. Smelser (1956). Economy and Society: A Study of the Integration of Economic and Social Theory. New York: Free Press.
  • Pfeffer, J., and G.R. Salancik (1978). The External Control of Organizations. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Scott, W.R. (1995). Institutions and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Smelser, N.J. (1963). The Sociology of Economic Life. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Tollison, R.D. (1982). “Rent Seeking: A Survey,” Kylos, 35(3): 575-602.
  • Williamson, O.E. (1991). “Comparative Economic Organizations: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(2): 269-296.
  • Williamson, O.E. (1999). “Public and Private Bureaucracies: A Transaction Cost Economics Perspective,” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 15(4): 306-342.


References[edit]

  1. ↑ http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/05account.shtml
  2. ↑ http://surepost.com/igdtech/technocracy/index.php
  3. ↑ http://ecen.com/eee9/ecoterme.htm
  4. ↑ Cutler J. Cleveland, "Biophysical economics", Encyclopedia of Earth, Last updated: September 14, 2006.
  5. ↑ http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/05account.shtml Environmental Decision making, Science and Technology
  6. ↑ The Energy Certificate essay by Fezer. An article on energy accounting as proposed by Technocracy Inc. Article on alternative system to money 'energy accounting'
  7. ↑ Ivie, Wilton A Place to Live: 1955 Technocracy Digest
  8. ↑ http://www.technocracy.org/origins-1.htm
  9. ↑ http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/05account.shtml
  10. ↑ http://www.technocracy.org/Archives/History%20&%20Purpose-r.htm
Wikipedia:pt:Economia primitiva
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