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German graphemes

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This grapheme table can be used to determine or approximate the pronunciation of a German word. Possible phonemes are separated by a comma, eventual allophones are enclosed between parentheses, the notation used is ASCII-IPA (Kirshenbaum).

grapheme phonemes notes
-a- /a/, /a:/
-ä-
-b- /b/ see also -b
-b /p/
-c- /k/ see also -ch-, -ce-, -ci-, -cy-, -cä-, -cö-
-d- /d[/, /d/ see also -d
-d /t[/, /t/
-e- /e:/, /E/
-f- /f/
-g- /g/ see also -g
-g /k/
-h- //, /x/
-i- /i:/, /i/
-j- /i/
-k- /k/
-l- /l[/, /l/
-m- /m/
-n- /n/, /n[/
-o- /o:/, /O/
-ö- /uE/
-p- /p/
-q- /k/ see also: -qu-
-r- /r<trl>/
-s- /s/
-t- /t/, /t[/
-u- /u:/, /u/
-ü- /y:/
-v- /v/, /f/ (rarely) see also -v
-v /f/
-w- /v/
-x- /ks/
-y- /y/, /i:/
-z- /ts/
digraphs
-ae- umlaut, see -ä-
-äu- /Oi/
-au-
-ch- /k/, /sh/, /tsh/
-eu-
-ie-
-oe- see -ö-
-qu- /kv/
-ue- see -ü-
-tz-
trigraphs
-ach
-aeu- umlaut, see -äu-
-ich

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