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Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding
Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding (ATRAC) is a family of proprietary audio compression algorithms developed by Sony. MiniDisc was the first commercial product to incorporate ATRAC in 1992. ATRAC allowed a relatively small disc like MiniDisc to have the same running time as CD while storing audio information with minimal loss in perceptible quality. Today ATRAC is used in many Sony-branded audio players. Improvements to the codec in the form of ATRAC3, ATRAC3plus and ATRAC Advanced Lossless followed in 1999, 2002 and 2006 respectively.
Other MiniDisc manufacturers such as Sharp and Panasonic also implemented their own versions of the ATRAC codec. In 2006, a hybrid lossless compression scheme was added to the ATRAC family.
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General bitrate quality[edit]
ATRAC's original 292 kbit/s bitrate was designed to be 'close to CD quality' acoustically. This is the bitrate used on original MiniDiscs. Years later ATRAC was improved and is generally considered better than earlier versions at similar bitrates. For purposes of comparison, CDs are encoded at 1411.2 kbit/s, and lossless encoders can encode most CDs below 1000 kbit/s, with significant bitrate reduction for easier-to-encode content such as voice.
Bitrate quality compared to other formats[edit]
Sony's official claim is that ATRAC3plus at 64 kbit/s rate provides a quality comparable to MP3 at 128 kbit/s, placing this codec in the same league as Windows Media Audio (with similar claims from Microsoft), and mp3Pro
Performance[edit]
According to ATRAC engineers, ATRAC algorithms were developed in close co-operation with LSI development engineers within Sony in order to deliver on a tangible product that could encode at high speeds and with minimal power consumption. [1]. This is in contrast to other codecs developed on computers with no regard for the constraints of portable hardware.
Sony Walkmans offer better battery life when playing ATRAC files as compared to MP3 files. This is how the Sony NW-HDx series (NW-HD1, NW-HD3, NW-HD5) of Walkman declare a 30-hour battery life. However, Sony only push ATRAC compatibility in Sony-Ericsson Walkman series phones in Japanese market only. For most other markets, ATRAC is not supported (e.g. (W800i, W700i, W550i, W600i and so on). It would only make sense, given the prospect of longer battery life which is necessary in multimedia phones. Sony's Xplod series of car audio CD players support ATRAC CDs - relevant, but some say not necessary considering the almost unlimited supply of electrical power that a car can provide.
ATRAC1[edit]
ATRAC1 was first used in Sony's own theater format SDDS system in the 1990s, and in this context is a direct competitor to Dolby Digital (AC3) and DTS. SDDS uses ATRAC1 with 8 channel encoding, and with a total encoding rate over all the channels of 1168 kbit/s.
Two stacked quadrature mirror filters split the signal into 3 parts:
- 0 to 5.5125 kHz
- 5.5125to 11.025 kHz
- 11.025 to 22.05 kHz
Full stereo (i.e., independent channel) encoding with a data rate is 292 kbit/s.
Quality is generally transparent for many people (meaning that it is not possible to tell an ATRAC encoding from the source) [unverified]. This is most possible when using the latest algorithm, Type-S, or Type-R (Type-S only improves LP modes). Some signals will "trip" the codec and cause artifacts, though these are not usually severe enough to be obvious.
High-frequency lowpass depends on the complexity of the material; some encodings have content clear up to 22.05 kHz.
ATRAC1 can also be used in mono (one channel) mode, doubling recording time.
ATRAC3 (LP2 and LP4 Modes)[edit]
Three stacked QMF split the signal into 4 parts:
- 0 to 2.75625 kHz (DC to f/16)
- 2.75625 to 5.5125 kHz (f/16 to f/8)
- 5.5125 to 11.025 kHz (f/8 to f/4)
- 11.025 to 22.05 kHz (f/4 to f/2)
RealAudio8 is an implementation of ATRAC3.
- LP2 Mode
This uses a 132 kbit/s data rate, the quality of which is advertised to be similar to that of MP3 encoded at a similar bit rate.
A blind test[2] (2003/02) funded by Sony (with most test tracks provided by Sony) supports the claim that ATRAC3 at 132 kbit/s produces similar quality to MP3 at comparable bitrate.
However, in an independent double-blind test[3] (2004/05) against Ogg Vorbis, AAC, and LAME VBR MP3, ATRAC3 came last.
Common criticisms of similar tests include the supposition that Sony did not implement the top quality ATRAC3 encoder/decoder, the DSP TYPE S, on the PC. Criticisms following indicated that ATRAC encoders are usually implemented on portables with limited power, probably making heavy-duty compression (and hence high quality compression) difficult. However, it's also a truth that Sony do implemented the DSP TYPE S codec in most portable HiMD player/recorder (e.g. Sony HiMD Walkman model MZ-NH1), and some of the high-end NetMD player/recorder models (e.g. Sony MD Walkman model MZ-N10).
- LP4 Mode
This reduces the data rate to 66 kbit/s (half that of LP2), partly by using joint stereo coding and a lowpass filter around 13.5 kHz. It allows 324 minutes to be recorded on an 80 minute MiniDisc, with the same padding required as LP2.
FFmpeg has an implementation of an ATRAC3 decoder. It currently supports wav and rm wrapped ATRAC3 file.
ATRAC3plus[edit]
This codec is used in Sony HiMD Walkman devices (e.g., "Hi-LP and Hi-SP"), Memory Stick players, VAIO Pocket, PS3 and PSP console, and ATRAC CD players. It is thought to be a hybrid subband/MDCT codec, though not much information has been released. It uses a relatively large transform window of 4096 samples, four times bigger than that of ATRAC3. The signal is split into 16 sub-bands before MDCT and bit allocation.
The available data encoding rates are 48 kbit/s, 64 kbit/s, and 256 kbit/s. In the recently released Sonic Stage version 3.2 and 3.3 some more bitrates have been introduced, the available bitrates are: 48, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192, 256, 320 and 352 kbit/s. However, the newer bitrates are not always compatible with all older hardware decoders, even though some of the older hardware found compatible with certain newer ATRAC3plus bitrates.
Minidiscs recorded in this format are incompatible with older players.
In a test conducted by an independent firm [4], but financed by Sony, it was concluded that ATRAC3plus at 64 kbit/s is equal in subjective sound quality to MP3 at 128 kbit/s, or AAC at 96 kbit/s.
To convert audio to ATRAC3+ you will need Sony's SonicStage software (free download), or a professional suite like Sony's SoundForge Pro 8.0d or Vegas 7.0
ATRAC Advanced Lossless[edit]
ATRAC Advanced Lossless is the latest update to the codec family. It can provide compression for a CD music source at approximately 30-80% that of the original size without any quality loss.
ATRAC Advanced Lossless is one of the very few audio codecs in the market that can provide scalable compression. It records both the information of ATRAC3 and ATRAC3plus, the residual information that ATRAC3 or ATRAC3plus eliminated. This means that the ATRAC3 or ATRAC3plus data can be extracted just as it is, or the eliminated information can be added to perfectly reproduce the information on the original CD. In the order words, ATRAC Advanced Lossless only requires that you store one type of data on your PC, meaning you need not recompress the data and allowing the data size to remain small. Benefits of scalable compression include providing excellent backward compatibility as well as faster transfer speed between portable audio devices and PC.
ATRAC Advanced Lossless is widely supported in Sony latest Network Walkman model, as well as Playstation3(PS3) and Playstation Portable with latest firmware upgrade.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- ATRACLife - News portal, discussion forums and downloads related to ATRAC.
- ATRAC technology page - Official site about ATRAC hosted on Sony webpages.
- InfoAnarchy Atrac3 page - A somewhat more technical and less theoretical page on ATRAC3. Includes links to audio output conversion software.
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