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| − | '''Russian anarchism''' is [[anarchism]] in [[Russia]] or among [[Russians]].
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| − | == The Exile ==
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| − | {{main|Exile}}
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| − | In [[1848]], on his return to [[Paris]], [[Michel Bakunin]] published a fiery tirade against [[Russia]], which caused his expulsion from [[France]]. The [[Revolutions of 1848|revolutionary movement of 1848]] gave him the [[opportunity]] to join a [[radical]] [[campaign]] of [[democratic]] [[agitation]], and for his participation in the [[May Uprising in Dresden]] of [[1849]] he was [[arrest]]ed and condemned to death. The [[death sentence]], however, was [[commute]]d to [[life imprisonment]], and he was eventually handed over to the Russian authorities, by whom he was [[imprison]]ed and finally sent to Eastern [[Siberia]] in [[1857]].
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| − | Bakunin received permission to move to the [[Amur]] region, from where he succeeded in escaping, making his way through [[Japan]] and the [[United States]] to [[England]] in [[1861]]. He spent the rest of his life in [[exile]] in [[Western Europe]], principally in [[Switzerland]].
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| − | In January of [[1869]], [[Sergey Nechayev]] spread false rumors of his arrest in [[Saint Petersburg]], then left for [[Moscow]] before heading abroad. In [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], he pretended to be a representative of a revolutionary committee who had fled from the [[Peter and Paul Fortress]], and he won the confidence of revolutionary-in-exile [[Michel Bakunin]] and his friend [[Nikolai Ogarev]].
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| − | [[Michel Bakunin]] undoubtedly played a prominent part in developing and elaborating the theory of [[anarchism]] and in leading the anarchist movement. He left a deep imprint on the movement of the [[Russia]]n "revolutionary commoners" of the [[1870]]s.
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| − | In [[1873]], [[Peter Kropotkin]] was arrested and imprisoned, but escaped in [[1876]] and went to [[England]], moving after a short stay to Switzerland, where he joined the [[Jura Federation]]. In [[1877]] he went to [[Paris]], where he helped to start the anarchist movement there. He returned to Switzerland in [[1878]], where he edited a revolutionary newspaper for the Jura Federation called [[Le Révolté]], subsequently also publishing various revolutionary pamphlets.
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| − | == Nihilist movement ==
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| − | {{main|Nihilist movement}}
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| − | After an assassination attempt, Count [[Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov]] was appointed the head of the [[Supreme Executive Commission]] and given extraordinary powers to fight the revolutionaries. Loris-Melikov's proposals called for some form of parliamentary body, and the Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] seemed to agree; these plans were never realized as on [[March 13]] (March 1 [[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]]), [[1881]], Alexander was assassinated: while driving on one of the central streets of St. Petersburg, near the [[Winter Palace]], he was mortally wounded by hand-made grenades and died a few hours afterwards. The conspirators [[Nikolai Kibalchich]], [[Sophia Perovskaya]], [[Nikolai Rysakov]], [[Timofei Mikhailov]], and [[Andrei Zhelyabov]] were all arrested and sentenced to death. [[Gesya Gelfman]] was sent to [[Siberia]]. The assassin was identified as [[Ignacy Hryniewiecki]], a [[Poles|Pole]] from [[Bobrujsk]], who died during the attack. It has been theorized that the assassination was the result of the [[Russification]] process, which constituted a complete ban on the [[Polish language]] in public areas, schools, and offices.
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| − | == The Doukhobors ==
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| − | {{main|Doukhobor}}
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| − | The origin of the Doukhobors dates back to 16th century and 17th century [[Muscovy]]. The Doukhobors ("Spirit Wrestlers") are a radical Christian sect who maintained a belief in [[pacifism]] and a communal lifestyle while rejecting secular government. In [[1899]], the Doukhobors fled repression in [[Imperial Russia]] and migrated to [[Canada]], mostly in the provinces of [[Saskatchewan]] and [[British Columbia]]. The funds for the trip were paid for by the [[Religious Society of Friends]] and the Russian novelist [[Leo Tolstoy]]. Peter Kropotkin suggested Canada to Tolstoy as a safe-haven for the Doukhobors because while on a speaking tour across Canada, Kropotkin observed the religious tolerance experienced by the [[Mennonites]].
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| − | == The First Russian Revolution ==
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| − | {{main|Russian Revolution of 1905}}
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| − | The first Anarchist groups to attract a signifigant following of Russian workers or peasants, were the [[Anarcho-Communist]] [[Chernoe-Znamia]] groups, founded in [[Bialystock]] in 1903. They drew their support mainly from the impoverished and persecuted working-class Jews of the [["Pale"]]-the places on the Western borders of the Russian Empire where Jews were "allowed" to live. The Chernoe Znamia made their first attack in 1904, when [[Nisan Farber]], a devoted member of the group, stabbed a strike-breaking industrialist on the Jewish Day of Atonement. The Chernoe Znamia, [[Left SRs]] and [[Zionists]] of Bialystock congregrated inside a forest to decide their next action. At the end of the meeting the shouts of "Long Live the Social Revolution" and "Hail Anarchy" attracted the police to the secret meeting. Violence ensued, leaving many revolutionaries arrested or wounded. In vengeance, Nisan Farber threw a homemade bomb at a police station, killing himself and injuring many. He quickly became a Revolutionary Martyr to the Anarchists, and when [[Bloody Sunday]] broke out in ST Petersburg his actions began to be imitated by the rest of the Chernoe Znamias. Obtaining weapons was the first objective. Police stations, gun shops and arsenals were raided and their stock stolen. Bomb labs were set up and money gleaned from expropriations went to buying more weapons from [[Vienna]]. Bialystock became a warzone, virtually everyday an Anarchist attack or a Police repression. [[Ekaterinoslav]], [[Odessa]], [[Warsaw]] and [[Baku]] all became witnesess to more and more gunpoint hold-ups and tense shootouts. Sticks of dynamite were thrown into factories or mansions of the most loathed capitalists. Workers were encouraged to overthrow their bosses and manage the factory for themselves. Workers and peasants throughout the Empire took this advice to heart and sporadic uprisings in the remote countryside became a common sight. The Western borderlands in paricular- the cities of [[Russian]][[Poland]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Lithuania]] flared up in anger and hatred. The Revolution in the Pale reached a bloody climax in November and December 1905 with the bombing of the [[Hotel Bristol]] in [[Warsaw]] and the [[Cafe Libman]] in [[Odessa]]. After the suppression of the [[Moscow December Uprising]], the Anarchists retreated for a while, but soon returned to the Revolution. Even the small towns and villages of the countryside had their own Anarchist fighting groups. But the tide was turning against the revolutionaries. In 1907, the Tsarist Minister [[Stolypin]] set about his new "pacification" program. Police received more arms, orders and reinforcements to raid Anarchist centres. The police would track the Anarchists to their headquarters and then strike swiftly and brutally. The Anarchists were tried by court martial in which preliminary investigation was waived, verdicts delivered within 2 days and sentences executed immediately. Rather than succumb to the ignominy of arrest, many Anarchists preferred suicide when cornered. Those that were caught would usually deliver a rousing speech on Justice and Anarchy before they were executed, in the manner of [[Ravachol]] and [[Emile Henry]]. By 1909 most of the Anarchists were either dead, exiled or in jail. Anarchism was not to resurface in Russia until 1917
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| − | == The World War of 1914 - 1918 ==
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| − | {{main|World War I}}
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| − | == February Revolution ==
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| − | {{main|February Revolution}}
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| − | In [[1917]], Peter Kropotkin returned to [[Petrograd]], where he helped [[Alexander Kerensky]]'s [[Russian Provisional Government]] to formulate policies. He curtailed his activity when the [[Bolsheviks]] came to power.
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| − | === See also ===
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| − | *[[July Days]]
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| − | == Bolsheviks and Anarchists in the October Revolution ==
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| − | {{main|October Revolution}}
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| − | The Russian Anarchists despised [[Kerensky]] and his "bourgoeis" Constituent Assembly, even more than the Bolsheviks did. And this was not the only matter that the Anarchists agreed with Lenin on. The Bolshevik slogans "All Power to the Soviets" and "the Factory to the Worker, the Land to the Peasants" were also used by the Anarchists in their various pamphlets and proclamations. And Lenin himself had written a book, entitled [[The State and Revolution]], that called for the gradual elimination of the State immediately after the Revolution. It seemed to some Anarchists that a Bolshevik Revolution could inaugurate the stateless utopia they had long dreamed of. On these terms, a Bolshevik-Anarchist alliance was made and it was the Anarchist sailor [[Zhelezniakov]] who led the attack on the Constituent Assembly in October 1917. For a while, the Anarchists rejoiced, elated at the thought of the new age that Russia had won. But it wasn't long before the Bolsheviks became tired with the Anarchists seemingly endless torrent of ideas, suggestions and criticisms they subjected them with. And they were furious at the expropriations and kidnappings that the Anarchist [[Black Guards]] were committing. The last straw came when the [[Black Guards]] abducted the American Ambassador to Russia, in revenge for the imprisonment of the Anarchists Tom Mooney and Alexander Berkman in the United States.
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| − | The [[Bolsheviks]] used the respite of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] in order to attack their critics on the [[left-wing politics|left]]. On the night of [[April 12]], [[1918]] the ''[[Cheka]]'' (secret police) raided the 26 anarchist centres in [[Moscow]], including [[The House of Anarchy]], the [[Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups]] building. The [[Black Guards]] offered armed resistance. A fierce battle raged on Malaia Dimitrovka Street. About 40 anarchists were killed or wounded, and approximately 500 were imprisoned. A dozen Cheka agents had also been killed in the fighting.
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| − | == Anarchists During the Third Russian Revolution ==
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| − | {{main|Third Russian Revolution}}
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| − | The attempted [[Third Russian Revolution]] began on July 1918 with the assassination of the German Ambassador to the Soviet Union in order to prevent the signing of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]]. This was immediately followed by an artillery attack on the [[Kremlin]] and the occupation of the telegraph and telephone buildings by the [[Left SR]]'s who sent out several manifestoes appealing to the people to rise up against their oppressors and destroy the Bolshevik regime. But whilst this order was'nt followed by the people of Moscow, the peasants of South Russia responded vigorously to this call to arms. Bands of [[Chernoe Znamia]] and [[Beznachaly]] Anarchist terrorists flared up as rapidly and violently as they had done in 1905. Anarchists in [[Rostov]], [[Ekaterinoslav]] and [[Briansk]] broke into prisons to liberate the prisoners and issued fiery proclamations calling on the people to revolt against the Bolshevik regime. The Anarchist Battle Detachments attacked the [[Whites]], Reds and Germans alike. Many peasants joined the Revolution, attacking their enemies with pitchforks and sickles. Meanwhile in Moscow, the [[Underground Anarchists]] were formed by [[Kazimir Kovalevich]] and [[Piotr Sobalev]] to be the shock troops of the Revolution, infiltrating Bolshevik ranks and striking when least expected. On 25 September 1919, the Undergound Anarchists struck the Bolsheviks with the heaviest blow of the Revolution. The headquarters of the Moscow Commitee of the Communist Party was blown up, killing 12 and injuring 55 Party members, including [[Nikolai Bukharin]] and [[Emilian Iaroslavskii]]. Spurred on by their apparent success, the Underground Anarchists proclaimed a new "era of dynamite" that would finally wipe away capitalism and the State. The Bolsheviks responded by initiating a new wave of mass arrests in which Kovalevich and Sobalev were the first to be shot. With their leaders dead and much of their organization in tatters, the remaining Underground Anarchists blew themselves up in their last battle with the [[Cheka]], taking much of their safe house with them. Numerous attacks and assassinations occured frequently until the Revolution finally petered out in 1922. Although the Revolution was mainly a Left SR initiative, it was the Anarchists who had the support of a greater number of the population and they participated in almost all of the attacks the Left SR's organised, and also many on completely their own initiative. The most celebrated figures of the [[Third Russian Revolution]], [[Lev Chernyi]] and [[Fanya Baron]] were both Anarchists.
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| − | == Soviet Union ==
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| − | {{main|Soviet Union}}
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| − | In [[1923]] Victor Serge became associated with the [[Left Opposition]] group that included [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Karl Radek]], and [[Adolf Joffe]]. Later Gregory Zinoviev and [[Lev Kamenev]] joined in the struggle against [[Joseph Stalin]]. Serge was an outspoken critic of the authoritarian way that Stalin governed the country and is believed to be the first writer to describe the [[Soviet government]] as "[[totalitarian]]".
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| − | In [[1926]], joining other Russian exiles in Paris as part of the group ''[[Dielo Trouda]]'' (''Дело Труда'', "The Сause of Labour"), [[Batko Makhno]] co-wrote and co-published "[[The Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists", which put forward ideas on how anarchists should organize based on the experiences of revolutionary [[Ukraine]] and the defeat at the hand of the Bolsheviks.
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| − | [[Tolstoyan]]s had had problems with the [[Tsarist]] regimes, and even more so with the Bolshevik ones. By [[1930]], many Tolstoyans had to relocate to [[Siberia]] to avoid being liquidated as [[kulak]]s, but [[Stalinist]] police nevertheless arrested them and sent them to [[labor camps]] between [[1936]] and [[1939]].
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| − | == The World War of 1939 - 1945 ==
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| − | {{main|Eastern Front (World War II)}}
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| − | {{main|Soviet partisans}}
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| − | The Russian anarchist [[Voline]] was living in the [[Marseille]] area during the [[Vichy France]] period. Even though he was under police surveillance, he was able to evade the authorities in order to participate in the work of the group. He helped to put together and distribute the pamphlet [[The Guilty Ones]], among other things.
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| − | In [[1953]], upon the death of Stalin, a vast insurrection took place in the labor camps of the [[Gulag]]. The prisoners of the [[Norilsk]] camp, after seizing control, hoisted the [[black flag]] of [[Makhnovshchina|Makhnovist movement]] to the top of the mast.
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| − | == Anarchism in Literature, Cinema, and the Arts ==
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| − | {{main|Anarchism and the arts}}
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| − | == Punk rock ==
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| − | {{main|Anarcho-punk}}
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| − | An anarchist punk rock scene appeared in the [[1980]]s in [[Siberia]] with such songwriters as Egor Letov ([[Grazhdanskaya Oborona]] of [[Omsk]]) and [[Yanka Dyagileva]].
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| − | === Russian anarcho-punk bands ===
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| − | *[[Distemper]]
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| − | *[[Grazhdanskaya Oborona]]
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| − | *[[Nick Rock'n'Roll & Trite Dushi]]
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| − | *[[Pauki]]
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| − | *[[Sektor Gaza]]
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| − | *[[Swinja & Awtomaticzeskie Udowletworiteli]]
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| − | == Present-day anarchism ==
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| − | {{main|Anarchism}}
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| − | The [[New Revolutionary Alternative]] first surfaced in [[1996]], carrying out a number of direct actions (including arson) in protest of the [[Second Chechen War]]. Targets included conscription centers, government buildings, military installations and police stations.
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| − | == Bibliography ==
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| − | *''Bakunin on Anarchism'' ISBN 0-919619-06-1
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| − | *''Bakunin: Statism and Anarchy'' ISBN 0-521-36973-8
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | [[List of Russian Anarchists]]
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | *[http://home.freeuk.com/russica2/books/nez/book.html Nikolai Nosov, THE ADVENTURES OF DUNNO AND HIS FRIENDS]
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| − | *[http://lib.ru/NOSOW/nezn2.txt Ðиколай ÐоÑов. Ðезнайка в Солнечном городе (Russian)]
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| − | *[http://www.serann.ru/t/t127_0.html Ðиколай ÐоÑов. Ðезнайка в Солнечном городе (Russian)]
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| − | *[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=5290 "Andrei "Svinya" Panov, described as "Russian Punk's Godfather,"..."]
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| − | *[http://www.rockmusik.ru/news1.phtml?news_id%5B%5D=3363&tnews_id%5B%5D=0&unit_id%5B%5D=0&page=1&moday=12&moyear=08-2002 ÐИК РОК-Ð-РОЛЛ: К Ñожаленью, День Ð Ð¾Ð¶Ð´ÐµÐ½ÑŒÑ Ñ‚Ð¾Ð»ÑŒÐºÐ¾ раз в году. Или два... (Russian)]
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| − | *[http://www.gif.ru/cities/tmn/ Ðик Рок-н-Ролл (Ðиколай Францевич Кунцевич) (Russian)]
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| − | *[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/russiahis.html Russian anarchism]
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| − | *[http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/russia/index.html Russian anarchism]
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| − | *[http://www.zabalaza.net/texts/anarchism_guerin/russia.html Anarchism in the Russian Revolution]
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| − | *[http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/russia.html October 1917 : A lost opportunity for socialism?]
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| − | *[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSnechayev.htm Sergei Nechayev]
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| − | *[http://athens.indymedia.org/front.php3?lang=el&article_id=501849 Catechism of the Revolutionist by Sergei Nechayev]
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| − | [[Category:Russian anarchism]]
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| − | [[Category:History of Russia]]
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| − | [[Category:Anarchism by region]]
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