Difference between revisions of "Moon Hoax"

Revision as of 18:32, 19 February 2010

NASA image AS11-40-5903,^[1] cropped from the bottom and the sides but not from the top

Moon Hoax (or Apollo Hoax) is a view that no man really landed on the Moon in 1969â€“1972 during the Apollo programme. Those who think so (called here Moon sceptics) say that NASA lied to the world by filming everything on Earth and fabricating evidence such as rock samples. Some Moon sceptics dispute also the authenticity of the Skylab orbital station.^[2]

Questioning man's way to the Moon is almost an absolute taboo in scientific circles.^[3] But in the Internet, the debate^[4] between NASA defenders and Moon sceptics goes on, with public support for the latter growing.^[5] An official admission of a hoax would likely have the most grave consequences for NASA, the USA, and all people and organisations involved in space exploration worldwide. This would also challenge the future manned Moon and Mars missions.^[6]

Rationale

On 12 April 1961, the USSR sent the first man into spaceâ€”Yuri Gagarin.^[7] Six weeks later, U.S. President John Kennedy promised a manned Moon landing by 1969 to win the battle of systems and impress the world with technical superiority:^[8]

â€œ

Finally, if we are to win the battle that is now going on around the world between freedom and tyranny, the dramatic achievements in space which occurred in recent weeks should have made clear to us all, as did the Sputnik in 1957, the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere, who are attempting to make a determination of which road they should take.

â€

Moon sceptics say that NASA had to fake the Moon landings due to serious technical problems, insoluble for these eight years, which deadline however had to be met by all means. The USA could not afford to lose the Moon race.^[9] Bill Kaysing (see below) suggested that during the 1960s, they (NASA) said "if you can't make it, fake it".^[10] And in 2004, President George W. Bush gave not eight but sixteen years for a manned return to the Moon,^[11] albeit the technologies for it should have already been developed forty years ago.^[12]

Origins and history

The term "Moon Hoax" sprang up in 1835 from six consecutive New York Sun newspaper articles, written probably by its reporter Richard Locke, about alleged discoveries of life on the Moon by astronomer Sir John Herschel through "a telescope of vast dimensions and an entirely new principle".^[13] Since the late 1960s, this term has been used chiefly in regard to the Apollo Moon landings. Doubts about their authenticity appeared first in December 1968 when Apollo 8 was launched.^[14] And the almost perfectly executed odyssey of Apollo 11 seemed unreal to some who believed it to be a hoax, contrived for mere publicity.^[15]

The first book on the subject (Did man land on the Moon?) was written by the mathematician James Cranny in 1970.^[16]^[17]^{(2:52â€“3:03)} The suggestive scenes in the films Diamonds are forever by Guy Hamilton (1971)^[18] and especially Capricorn One by Peter Hyams (1978, about a hoaxed flight to Mars in a spacecraft that looks the same as the Apollo craft)^[19] gave a powerful boost to the popularity of the hoax theory, coinciding with the increased distrust in official U.S. reports after the Watergate scandal.^[4]^[20]^[21]^[22] And today, a sequel to "Capricorn One" is in the "deep development stage", said Navid McIlhargey, Senior Vice President of New Regency Productions in Los Angeles.^[23]

In 2006, the Apollo era slow-scan TV and telemetry data tape reels were declared missing.^[24] The question of what happened to the tapes "stuck in the craw" of the Moon doubters.^[25] And in 2009, NASA revealed that the tapes were erased.^[26]^[27]

Public opinion

There are entire subcultures within the USA and substantial cultures around the world that strongly believe that the Moon landings were faked. This view is taught in Cuban schools and wherever else Cuban teachers are sent (Nicaragua, Angola, etc.).^[28]^[29]^[30] It is also shared by the Taliban in Pakistan.^[31]

Poll results

On 14 June 1970, Knight Newspapers conducted a poll of 1721 people in six U.S. cities and found that more than 30% were "suspicious of NASA's trips to the Moon" with the number rising to 54% in some Afro-American areas.^[4]^[32]^{(pp. 3, 5)}^[33] And on 4 November 2002, the Italian daily Corriere della sera reported that 68% of the non-white American population do not believe NASA.^[34] The following table lists a score of public opinion survey results. The "sceptics" column shows the percentage of people who doubt or deny that men walked on the Moon.

**Closed access polls**
Organisation	Year	Country	Age	Sceptics
Knight Newspapers, Inc.	1970	USA	N.A.	30%^[4]
Gallup, Inc.	1976	USA	N.A.	28%^[35]
The Washington Post	1994	USA	N.A.	30%^[34]
Public Opinion Fund	2000	Russia	N.A.	28%^[36]
Fox TV	2001	USA	N.A.	20%^[37]
Dittmar Associates, Inc.	2006	USA	18â€“25	27%^[38]
Unspecified	2008	USA	N.A.	28^[39]
20th Century Fox	2008	UK	Adults	35Â±5%^[40]^[41]^[42]
Unspecified	2009	USA	N.A.	22%^[43]^[44]
Engineering & Technology magazine	2009	UK	16â€“64	25%^[45]

**Open access polls**
Source	Year(s)	Language	Attendance	Sceptics
Spiegel TV	2001+	German	â‰ˆ5000	47%^[46] â€
Sparklit Networks	2002+	English	â‰ˆ7000	41%^[47]
BBC	2003â€“2004	English	â‰ˆ20000	41%^[48]
Alex Dantart^[49]	2007+	Spanish	â‰ˆ3000	53%^[50]
PourOuContre.com	2007+	French	â‰ˆ1700	62%^[51]
20 Minuten daily	2009+	French	(to be added)	45%^[52]
Aftonbladet daily	2009+	Swedish	â‰ˆ75000	40%^[53]
CNews.ru on-line daily	2009	Russian	â‰ˆ5500	49%^[54]
Twiigs, LLC	2009	English	â‰ˆ1400	42%^[55]
PlanetMars.org	2009+	English	â‰ˆ2000	37%^[56]

â€ German astronaut Prof. Dr. Ulrich Walter noted that the percentage of sceptics increased from 36% in 2002 to 44% just two years later.^[5]

NASA's response

NASA issued an information sheet to address some of the concerns already in June 1977.^[57] But in August 1997, their Director of Media Services (1998â€“2000)^[58] Brian D. Welch (1958â€“2000) said in an interview with Sky TV News:^[59]^{(p. 68)}^[60]^{(48:13â€“48:46)}

â€œ

This is thirty year old stuff... I don't understand why we should spend the time to go after, do the research, to look up, to prove to people that we went to the Moon; in fact of matters we did go to the Moon.

â€

When Fox TV aired Bruce Nash's^[61] film "Conspiracy theory: Did we land on the Moon?" in 2001,^[62] NASA added hoax theory rebuttal materials on their web and FTP sites.^[57]^[63]^[64]^[65] They also wrote suggestions for science teachers^[66] on how to refute the hoax claims using the Lunar Sample Disk Kits.^[67]

In 2002, NASA hired their veteran, former rocket scientist, MSNBC News space consultant and analyst, journalist (and as it turned out later, China's Moon programme sceptic)^[68] James Edward Oberg (born 1944).^[69]^[70] For a fee of $15,000, his job was to write a book intended to challenge those who claim the Apollo Moon landings were a hoax.^[37] But NASA soon cancelled the project, declining to give the reasons for this. It is understood that the decision resulted from the bad publicity that followed the announcement of the project. NASA spokesman Bob Jacobs said criticism that NASA was displaying poor judgement and a lack of confidence in commissioning the book caused the agency to abort it. Others commented that making the Oberg's book an official NASA publication would actually give a certain credibility to the hoax theory.^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74] For example, then NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe said:^[71]^[75]

â€œ

The issue of trying to do a targeted response to this is just lending credibility to something that is, on its face, asinine.

â€

After NASA's decision to cancel the book, Oberg said that ignoring the problem just makes this harder and that he still intends to write it as an unofficial publication (working title: "A pall over Apollo"), depending on successfully arranging new funding sources. But as of 2009, no such book is known to have been published by him yet,^[29]^[75]^[76] albeit the influential Israeli daily Haaretz ("The Land") wrote that he did get the $15,000 from NASA.^[77] Moon sceptic Yuri Mukhin (see below) claims that Oberg had passed the text of the unreleased book for use by the voluntary NASA helpers.^[78]^{(p. 251)} Oberg had indeed announced that he will issue the book in an informal manner.^[79]

NASA defenders

Nonetheless, with the advent of the Internet, unofficial websites appeared worldwide that aim to refute the sceptics' objections. Thus NASA's intention turned out to be carried out by others' hands, in an unofficial manner. So NASA evaded the initial promise and thus escaped responsibility, leaving the world public in a deep bewilderment.^[80]

Here are some of the most notable NASA defendersâ€”webmasters, authors of books, articles, TV shows, etc.:

Sir Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore, Commander of the British Empire, Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, English amateur astronomer and writer.^[81]^[82]
Prof. Dr. Harald Lesch, German astrophysicist.^[83]^[84]
Dr. Igor Rurikovich Suslov, Russian doctor of physical-mathematical sciences of the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering in Obninsk.^[85]
Dr. Michael Linden-VÃ¸rnle, Danish astrophysicist.^[86]
Dr. Pasquariello Domenico, director of the Italian Research Centre on Anomalous Phenomena (CEIFAN).^[87]
Dr. Philip Cary Plait, American astronomer, author of the book Bad astronomy" and webmaster of the website of the same name.^[65]^[88]
Dr. Vladislav-Veniamin Friedrichovich Pustynski, native-Russian-speaking Estonian astrophysicist, lecturer, and teacher in Spanish of Jewish origin who defends NASA in various web forums under the alias of "7-40" (or similar) and others.^[89]^[90] Pustynski is a member of the International Astronomical Union.^[91]
Abduldaem Al-Kaheel, Syrian mechanical engineer, researcher in the Scientific Miracles of the Qur'an and Sunnah, author of forty books, and webmaster of the Kaheel7 website.^[92]^[93]
Alberto Farid Char Bonilla, Chilean psychologist and amateur astronomer, webmaster of the Austrinus website.^[94]
Alexander Yevgenyevich Markov, Russian engineer who collected a special library about the Apollo programme and Wernher von Braun and published a series of articles about them.^[95]
Ali Murat GÃ¼ven, Turkish journalist and columnist of the Yeni safak ("New dawn") conservative daily.^[96]
Chan Kihung, Hong Kong Space Museum assistant curator.^[97]
David A. Hardy, Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society and former President of the International Association of Astronomical Artists.^[98]
Dirk H. Lorenzen, German astrophysicist, writer, and member of the executive board of the German Association of Science Journalists.^[99]^[100]
Guillermo O. Descalzo, Argentinean manager and rocket modeller, webmaster of the website of the same name.^[101]
H.J.P. Arnold, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, the British Interplanetary Society, and the Remote Sensing and Photogrammetric Society.^[82]^[102]
James V. Scotti, American astronomer from the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory of the University of Arizona.^[103]
Jay Windley, American engineer who runs the website Clavius.org.^[65]^[104]
Keith Mayes, British amateur astronomer, author of the book Science, the Universe and God (2004), and webmaster of the TheKeyboard.org.uk website.^[105]
Marcus Haas, German physicist and webmaster of the website of the same name.^[106]^[107]
Masashi Yokoyama, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Junya Terazono, and Tatsuya Honjo, Japanese NASA defenders of the Association for Sceptical Investigation of Supernatural (ASIOS).^[108]
Matteo Negri, secretary of the Italian amateur astronomers group Columbia and webmaster of the Siamo andati sulla Luna ("We went to the Moon") website.^[109]
Matthias Lipinski, German NASA defender and webmaster of the Apollo Projekt website.^[110]
Milivoje Jugin, Serbian aeronautics engineer.^[111]
Neil Atkinson, English geologist and webmaster of the Apollo-Hoax.co.uk website.^[112]
Paolo Attivissimo, Italian NASA defender and webmaster of the website of the same name.^[113]
Patrick Jacques, President of a Belgian astronomy club.^[114]^[115]
Pavel Gabzdyl, Czech astronomer.^[116]
Philip R. Karn, Jr., American electrical engineer, radio amateur, programmer, and webmaster of the KA9Q website.^[117]
Robert A. Braeunig, American engineer, amateur astronomer, and webmaster of the website of the same name.^[118]
Ronaldo RogÃ©rio de Freitas MourÃ£o, Brazilian astronomer.^[119]^[120]
Svetoslav Dimitrov Alexandrov, Bulgarian NASA defender and webmaster of the Cosmos.1.bg website.^[121]
Thanassis Vembos, Greek researcher, journalist, writer, and webmaster of the website of the same name.^[122]^[123]
Uwe Rexin, German NASA defender and webmaster of the Mondlandung website.^[124]
Visanu Euarchukiati, Thai Astronomical Society deputy secretary.^[125]^[126]
Vladimir Nikolaevich Pavlyuk, Russian aviation equipment engineer who defends NASA in web forums under the alias of "Stary" (old man).^[127]
WÅ‚odzimierz (family to be added), Russian-Polish NASA defender in forums (aliases Wlodzio_Boss, Aligator, D.W.W., Ð”ÑÐ´ÑŽÑˆÐºÐ° Ð’Ð’, etc.), webmaster of the Programme Apollo website, and Polish translator of part of the article of Krasilnikov and Yatskin (see below).^[128]
Yuri Donatovich Krasilnikov^[129]^[130] (physicist and programmer)^[131] and Vyacheslav Yatskin (programmer),^[132] Russian NASA defenders, authors (or mostly translators from English, according to Yuri Mukhinâ€”see below)^[78]^{(p. 251)} of the 327 KB long Skeptik.net/conspir/moonhoax.htm article.^[133]
The Maximum programme on the Russian NTV.^[134]
The MythBusters, Australian TV programme^[135] (also translated on the Russian TV3 channel).^[136]
The Wikipedia editors who put a great deal of effort into defending NASA, categorising the Moon hoax view as "conspiracy theory", "pseudo-science", "pseudo-history", "denialism", etc.^[137]

In 2009, NASA spokesman John Yembrick wrote that "amateurs are stepping in and arguing on behalf of astronauts and scientists who are too professional to defend themselves."^[65]

Moon sceptics or "conspiracy theorists"?

Moon sceptics are often labelled "conspiracy theorists" (e.g. by Roger Launius, senior curator at the National Air and Space Museum at the U.S. Smithsonian Institution) but they disagree. For example, Bart Sibrel (see below) said:^[23]

â€œ

I'm not a conspiracy theorist. I don't believe in aliens from outer space, and I grew up as a big fan of the Moon missions from age 8 to 14.

â€

Psychologist Floyd Rudmin writes that "conspiracy theory" is a powerful pejorative label, meaning paranoid, nutty, marginal, and certainly untrue. Its power is that it discounts a theory by attacking the motivations and mental competence of its advocates. By labelling an explanation of events "conspiracy theory", evidence and argument are dismissed because they come from a mentally or morally deficient personality, not because they have been shown to be incorrect. Calling an explanation of events "conspiracy theory" means, in effect, "We don't like you, and no one should listen to your explanation."

In past eras, other pejorative labels like "heresy", "witchery", and "communism" also worked like this. The charge of "conspiracy theory" is not so severe, but in its way much worse. Heresy, witchcraft, and communism at least retain a sense of potency, designating ideas to be feared. "Conspiracy theory" implies that the ideas and their advocates are simple-minded or insane. Such labels implicitly define a community of orthodox believers and try to banish or shun people who challenge orthodox beliefs. Community members sympathetic to new thoughts may shy away from them and join in the shunning in fear of being tainted by the pejorative label.^[138]

Besides "conspiracy theorists", Moon sceptics are also called "fringe theorists",^[139] "refuters"^[140] (assuming that they hold the burden of proof, which they, e.g. Alexander Popov, denyâ€”see below), "deniers"^[65] (associating them with the Holocaust deniers),^[141] "hoax believers", "crackpots", etc.^[117] And Julian W. Scheer (1926â€“2001), NASA's Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs (1963â€“1971)^[142] stated:^[62]^{(41:43â€“41:51)}

â€œ

I would say that anybody who believes that we did not go to the Moon is an absolute nut.

â€

Conversely, NASA defenders are called "NASA hiwis"^[143] and "Pro-Apollo nutters" ("PANs") by Moon sceptics Yuri Mukhin^[78]^{(p. 251)} and Sam Colby,^[144] respectively (see below).

The following funny theses are popular in the Russian Internet community:

The 4 theses of "Stary"^[145]

The 4 theses of "Gosh"^[146]

The refuters are unable to find in the universally accepted theory a single discrepancy that would permit a suspicion in falsification.
The refuters do not understand anything in what they try to judge.
The refuters are unable to make both ends meet even in the very grounds of their own theories.
The refuters are forced to lie and fake, although they accuse their opponents and NASA in this all the time.

The flyers' position is based on an absolute, religious faith in the Americans' landing, because they have no evidence and they are unable to stand up for their beliefs with facts and numbers.
The flyers, being profanes in the subject themselves, have terrible complexes because of that, and try with all their might to shift the argument about the landing into a discussion about the opponents' personalities, thus trying to self-assert.
In the course of the argument, they so much lie, cheat and dodge, and to hide all thisâ€”they first attack their opponents with accusations in cheating and faking, "finding" them even where they cannot be in principle.
In the bottom line, the flyers cannot refute a single evidence of the affair produced by the conspirologists without speculations, faking and going into personalities.

Major Moon sceptics

Some of the most notable Moon sceptics are listed below.

Bill Kaysing

William Charles Kaysing (1922â€“2005), American writer, head of technical publications at Rocketdyne (the company that built the F-1 engines used in the first stage of the Saturn V rocket) from 1957 until 1963, when he became a freelance writer.^[147]^[148] He wrote his book We never went to the Moon with Randy Reid in 1974.^[32]^[88]^{(ch. 17)}^[149]

Kaysing stated that the chance of a successful Moon landing was calculated to be 0.0017% in a late 1950s Rocketdyne report^[118] and that the F-1 rocket engine had combustion stability problems.^[32]^{(p. 9)}^[150] He said that the Saturn V rockets took off without astronauts on board, suggesting a "coalition between governments at the highest level" to conceal, among other things, the Moon hoax.^[149]

Bart Sibrel

Bartholomew Winfield Sibrel (born 1965),^[151] American filmmaker and investigative journalist, author of the following documentary films:^[152]

A funny thing happened on the way to the Moon (2001)^[153]
Astronauts Gone Wild (2004)^[154]
Apollo 11 press conference (2004)^[155]
Apollo 11: Monkey business: False photography unedited (2004)^[156]
Apollo One accident report (2007)^[157]

Sibrel says that "a successful manned mission to the Moon offered a wonderful, pride-boosting distraction for the near revolt of the citizens of America over 50,000 deaths in the Vietnam War",^[158] with lunar activities stopping abruptly and planned missions cancelled around the same time that the USA ceased its involvement in Vietnam.^[159]

In his film Astronauts gone wild,^[154] Sibrel asked nine Apollo astronauts to swear on the Bible that they did go to the Moon, of which three did so.^[160] Apollo 11 lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin refused to swear, and Sibrel called him "a coward and a liar and a thief".^[75]^[161] Aldrin then punched Sibrel's face.^[65] The police investigated the incident but filed no charges.^[151]^[162]^[163]

Stanislav Pokrovsky

Stanislav Georgievich Pokrovsky (born 1959)^[164] is a Russian candidate of technical sciences and General Director of the scientific-manufacturing enterprise Project-D-MSK.^[165]

In 2007, he studied the filmed staging of the first stage (S-IC) of the Saturn V rocket after the launch of Apollo 11.^[166] Analysing it frame by frame, he calculated the actual speed of the Saturn V rocket at S-IC staging time using four different, independent and mutually verifying methods. With all of them, the calculated speed turned out to be at maximum half (1.2 km/s) of the declared one at that point (2.4 km/s). He concluded that due to this, no more than 28 t could be brought on the way to the Moon, including the spacecraft, instead of the 46 t declared by NASA, and so a loop around the Moon was possible but not a manned landing on the Moon with return to the Earth.^[167]^[168]^[169]^[170]

In 2008, Pokrovsky also claimed to have determined the reason why a higher speed was impossibleâ€”problems with the Inconel X-750 superalloy used for the tubes of the wall of the thrust chamber of the F-1 engine,^[171] whose physics of high-temperature strength was not yet studied at that time. The strength of the material changes when affected by high temperature and plastic deformations. As a result, the F-1 engine thrust had to be lowered by at least 20%. With these assumptions, he calculated that the real speed would be the same as he had already estimated (see above). Pokrovsky proved that six or more F-1 engines (instead of five) could not be used due to the increased fuel mass required by each new engine, which in turn would require more engines, and so on.^[169]^[170]^[172]^[173]

Pokrovsky claims that his Saturn V speed estimation is the first direct proof of the impossibility of the Apollo Moon landing.^[165] He says that fifteen specialists with scientific degrees (e.g. Alexander Budnik)^[174] who reviewed his paper, of which at least five aerodynamics experts and three narrow specialists in ultrasonic movement and aerosols, raised no objections in principle, and the specific wishes and notes they (e.g. Vladimir Surdin)^[175] did have could not change his results significantly even if followed.^[176]^[177] Pokrovsky compares his own frame-by-frame analysis of the filmed Saturn V flight to the frame-by-frame analysis of the filmed Trinity nuclear test (1945) done by the Soviet academician Leonid Sedov who created his own blast wave theory to estimate the then top secret power of the explosion.^[178]

See also author's note below.^[179] Pokrovsky's findings about the rocket speed were later confirmed by Alexander Reshnyak and Alexander Popov (see below).

Alexander Popov

Alexander Ivanovich Popov (born 1943) is a Russian senior research associate, doctor of physical-mathematical sciences and author of more than 100 scientific works and inventions in the fields of laser optics and spectroscopy.^[180]

Helped by more than forty volunteers, most of which with scientific degrees,^[181] he wrote the book Americans on the Moon (2009).^[182]^[183] In it, Popov placed the burden of proof on NASA,^[181] and denied all Moon landing evidence, dividing it to five groups:

Visual (photo, film and video) material that can successfully be made on Earth, in cinema studios.
Obvious counterfeits and fakes, when visual material from ordinary space flights on Earth orbit is presented as Moon material.
Space photos, attributed to the astronauts but which by that time could already be made and were made by space robots, including American ones.
Devices on Moon (e.g. light reflectors)â€”by that time both American and Soviet automatic "messengers" had sent on Moon several tens of similar devices.
Unfounded, unprovable claims, e.g. for about 400 kg of soil, overwhelming part of which NASA keeps safe and gives only grams for checking.

Thus he concluded that the NASA claims on Moon landings are left unproven, and pursuant to science rules, in the absence of trustworthy evidence, the event, in this case the American Moon landings and their loops around the Moon, cannot be considered real, that is, having taken place.^[12] He also confirmed Pokrovsky's results for the speed of the Saturn V at S-IC staging time (see above), giving a still lower value of 0.9 km/s.^[182]^{(pp. 230â€“233)} Popov accused the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee of trading the 1970s DÃ©tente for covering up the U.S. Moon hoax and stopping the Soviet Moon programme.^[184]

Yuri Mukhin

Yuri Ignatievich Mukhin (born 1949), Russian opposition politician, publicist, writer, engineer, former metallurgist, manager, and inventor. Author of the books The Moon affair of the USA (2006)^[185] and A Moon affair (2009)^[78] in which he examines the differences in the Soviet and U.S. lunar soil found out by Western researchers, refutes the arguments of the NASA defenders, and accuses the U.S. establishment for plundering the money paid by the American tax payers for the Moon programme. Mukhin states that the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee was blackmailed by the USA that if the USSR denounces the Moon hoax, the U.S. will denounce the Soviet partocracy before his people, revealing that Khrushchev had killed Stalin and Beria.^[78]^{(pp. 124â€“126)}

Other Moon sceptics

Prof. Dr. Krassimir Ivanov Ivandjiiski (born 1947), Bulgarian doctor of economics, professor in geopolitics and international relations.^[186] He is the editor of the monthly analytical newspaper Strogo sektetno ("Top secret"), which published a series of ten articles on the Moon Hoax, based on the ideas of Alexander Popov (see above) in 2007â€“2008.^[187]
Prof. Dr. Li Zifeng, Chinese geologist, member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers and the Petroleum Society of Canada.^[188]^[189]
Prof. Dr. Takahiko Soejima (born 1953), Japanese political scientist and writer, member of the International Political Science Association, founder and president of the Soejima National Strategy Institute, and author of the book 1962â€“1972: Apollo 11 has never been to the Moon (2004).^[190]
Prof. Federico MartÃn Maglio (born 1959), Argentinean higher educator and webmaster of the FMM education website.^[191]
Dr. David Groves, British physicist and holographic computer image analyst. Analysing NASA photo AS11-40-5866,^[192] knowing the focal length of the camera's lens, and having an actual boot, he and David Percy (see below) calculated (using ray-tracing) that an artificial light source is 30 Â± 6 cm to the right of the camera.^[60]^{(35:14â€“36:46)}^[193]^[194]^[195]
Dr. Marco Stefanelli, Italian PhD in Indovedic psychology, analyst-programmer, Web engineer, painter, Reiki Usui alternative medicine practitioner, researcher, audio engineer, sound designer, composer, multi-instrumetalist, and webmaster of the website of the same name.^[196]
Dr. Shrikant N. Devdikar, Indian doctor and webmaster of the Shriworld website.^[197]
Dr. William L. Brian II,^[198] American engineer and author of the self-published book "Moongate: suppressed findings of the U.S. space programme" (1982). He claims that "the film speed was adjusted to slow down the action to give the impression that the astronauts were lighter than they actually were".^[199]^[200]
Alexander Garrievich Gordon (born 1964), Russian radio and TV host, journalist, actor, and filmmaker. Author of the film The Americans haven't been on the Moon (1997).^[17]
Alexander Valeryevich Reshnyak (born 1973), Russian engineer^[201] who confirmed Pokrovsky's results on the Saturn V speed (see above) using a method of his own.^[202]
AndrÃ© F. Mauro (born 1964), Brazilian filmmaker and writer, author of the book O homem nÃ£o pisou na Lua ("Man did not set foot on the Moon"), and webmaster of the Show da Lua website.^[3]^[203]
Anne Tonelson (died 2006), British stage actress who lived in Nashville and narrated the documentary film A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon by Bart Sibrel (see above).^[204]
Arkady Velyurov, Russian webmaster of the Pepelatsy website.^[205]
Aron Ranen, American filmmaker. His documentary film "Did we go?" (co-produced with Benjamin Britton) was selected for the 2000 "New Documentary Series" Museum of Modern Art, New York City, the 2000 Dallas Video Festival Awards, and the 2001 Digital Video Underground Festival in San Francisco. He received a Golden Cine Eagle and two fellowships from the National Endowment for Arts.^[160]^[206]
Bill Wood, American scientist with degrees in mathematics, physics and chemistry, and a space rocket and propulsion engineer who has worked with McDonnell Douglas and engineers who worked on the Saturn V rocket. He attended David Percy's documentary film What happened on the Moon? (see below).^[60]^{(17:20â€“18:15)}
Borislav Lazarov, Bulgarian radio host, journalist and director of the documentary film To the Moon and back (2007).^[207]^[208]
Bruce Mitchell Nash (born 1947), American writer and reality TV producer.^[61]^[62]
Charles T. Hawkins (born 1962), American writer whose book How America faked the Moon landings (2004) presents the ideas of Sam Colby (see below).^[209]^[210]^[211]
Clyde Lewis (Louis Clyde Holder, born 1964), American radio talk show host.^[22]
David Cosnette, British webmaster of the Cosmic Conspiracies website.^[195]
David McGowan (born 1960), American writer and contractor-constructor, "host" of the Centre for an Informed America (CIA) website.^[212]
David R. Hook (1971â€“2006), Canadian comedian and musician, author of the music and lyrics of The Moon song.^[213]
David S. Percy, British TV producer, audio-visual technology expert, member of the Royal Photographic Society, coauthor (with Mary Bennettâ€”see below) of the book Dark Moon (2001),^[59] and director of the documentary film What happened on the Moon? (2000).^[60] He says that NASA photos have so obvious flaws that they prove that insiders tried to "blow the whistle" on the hoax by purposely adding errors they know will be seen.^[214]^[215]
Eric Hufschmid, American software engineer^[216] and webmaster of the website of the same name.^[217]
Gerhard Wisnewski (born 1959),^[218] German publicist and author of the films Die Akte Apollo ("The case Apollo", 2002)^[219] and Die Mond(f)lÃ¼ge: Warum Menschen niemals auf dem Mond landeten? ("Why have men never landed on the Moon?", 2008),^[220] and the books "Lies in space"^[221] (in German) and its English versionâ€”"One small step?".^[222]
Gernot L. Geise, German writer, author of Der grÃ¶ÃŸte Betrug des Jahrhunderts? Die Apollo-MondflÃ¼ge ("The greatest scam of the century? The Apollo Moon flights")^[223] and 5 other books on the subject.^[224]
Henrik Melvang, Danish publicist, author of the video documentary film AfslÃ¸ring Apollo ("Uncovering Apollo")^[225]
Ivona Å½ivkoviÄ‡, Serbian journalist and TV star.^[111]^[226]
Jack White, American photo historian, photo analyst, and expert on the assassination of U.S. President John Kennedy.^[227]
Jackie Jura, independent Canadian researcher and webmaster of the Orwell Today website.^[228]
James J. Cranny, American mathematician and author of the first book on the subjectâ€”Did man land on the Moon? (1970).^[16]^[17]^{(2:52â€“3:03)}
James M. Collier (died 1998), American journalist, writer, and producer of the video-film Was it only a paper Moon? in 1997, in which he examines some mechanical issues of the Apollo Lunar Module, questioning its usability.^[229]^[230]
Jarrah White, native Australian, director of the film series MoonFaker.^[160]^[231]
Jean-Luc Godard (born 1930), French-Swiss filmmaker.^[232]^[233]
JiÅ™Ã Wojnar, Czech writer, journalist, and editor of the WM magazine who published a Czech translation of Sam Colby's work (see below) in 2004.^[234]^[235]
Joe Rogan (born 1967), American comedian, actor, and summariser.^[236]
John Lee, American webmaster of the NASA moons USA website^[237] whose film "We Never Went to the Moon" received the "Music Video of the Year" award in 2005.^[238]
Kazimierz OÅ¼Ã³g, Polish webmaster of the Market analysis website.^[239]
Kevin Overstreet, American webmaster of the Bates Motel website.^[240]
LÃ¡szlÃ³ Aranyi, Hungarian webmaster of the website of the same name and translator of the pages of Sam Colby (see below).^[241]
Leonid Valentinovich Batsura, Russian Himmash design house lead engineer and rocket engine specialist.^[242]^[243]
Marcus Allen, British publisher of Nexus magazine who said that Lunar Module photos do not prove that the U.S. put men on the Moon: "Getting to the Moon really isn't much of a problemâ€”the Russians did that in 1959â€”the big problem is getting people there".^[112]^[244]
Mario Kienappel, German webmaster of the Esoturio website.^[245]
Marwa Rizk, Egyptian journalist and columnist of the Moheet on-line daily.^[246]
Mary D. M. Bennett, British researcher and writer who coauthored David Percy's book Dark Moon^[59] and attended his documentary film What happened on the Moon?^[60] (see above).^[247]
Michael Palomino, Swiss musician, writer, and webmaster of the Geschichte in Chronologie ("History in chronology") website.^[248]
Pasi Toivonen (born 1970), Finnish webmaster of the Cutting edge Finland website.^[249]
Peter Bown, English senior school physics teacher and part time photographer.^[250]
Philippe Lheureux, French author of the books Moon Landings: Did NASA lie? and LumiÃ¨res sur la Lune ("Lights on the Moon"), and webmaster of the website of the same name.^[251]
Ralph RenÃ© (1933â€“2008), American inventor, self-taught engineering enthusiast, and author of the book NASA mooned America (1994).^[252]
Randy Reid, American coauthor of Bill Kaysing's book We never went to the Moon (see above).^[32]
Ronnie Stonge, British narrator of David Percy's documentary film What happened on the Moon? (see above).^[60]
Sam Colby, Canadian webmaster of the NASA Scam website^[253] which, among the other things, provides information and photos of the site and the equipment said to be used for the hoax.^[144]
SatsvarÅ«pa dÄsa GoswÄmÄ« (born 1939), Indian writer, poet and artist who founded the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, better known in the West as the Hare Krishna movement.^[35]
Whoopi Goldberg (Caryn Elaine Johnson, born 1955), American actress, comedian, singer-songwriter, activist, and media personality.^[254]^[255]

People and organisations claimed to be involved in hoaxing

Prof. Dr. Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (1912â€“1977), claimed by Bart Sibrel,^[256] Ralph RenÃ©,^[252]^{(p. 16, 54)} and Aron Ranen^[206]^{(part 5, 6:14â€“7:21)} to be complicit in the hoax by collecting samples to be used as the basis for "Moon rocks" during his trip to Antarctica in 1967.
Dr. Robert Rowe Gilruth (1913â€“2000), then director of the NASA Manned Spacecraft Centre,^[257] Lunar Module chief designer in Houston (see Wernher von Braun's "right hand" Ernst Stuhlinger in ^[219] at 38:09), and Apollo programme lead.^[258] Willy Brunner and Gerhard Wisnewski claim^[222]^{(p. 127)} that Gilruth "was the real filmmaker of the Moon landing" ("war die engentliche Regisseur der Mondlandung").^[219]^(38:44)
Colonel Frank Frederick Borman, II (born 1928), Gemini 7 and Apollo 8 flight commander. He visited the USSR just before the Apollo 11 flight^[259] (as Alexander Popov says, to reconnoitre whether the Russians believed in the Apollo 8 orbiting the Moon and help decide if they can "swallow" a much larger Apollo 11 Moon landing hoax).^[260] He was also one of the Skylab programme managers.^[2]^[261]
Donald Kent Slayton (1924â€“1993), NASA Chief Astronaut in 1968. Sam Colby^[30] and Clyde Lewis^[262] say that Slayton was one of the primary leaders of the hoax. He visited the film set of 2001: A Space Odyssey, in the UK, which he referred to as "NASA East".
Douglas Trumbull, a visual effects designer on 2001: A Space Odyssey, is said to have lead the special effects team for the faking of the Apollo 11 and 12 missions.^[22]
Michael J. Tuttle, claimed to have taken the job of producing fake photos in 1994. Before the spread of the Internet, only a small subset of the photos currently in existence were seen. Sam Colby claims that many of the photos were created in the mid 1990s,^[263] and that Tuttle had admitted that to him.^[210]
Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. (1916â€“2009), CBS journalist who Bill Kaysing says "was the father figure that NASA chose to essentially hype the whole project".^[149]
William M. Thompson (1920â€“2002) who had written the following: "I was actually part of the team that created the faked Moon landings and I am ready to talk about them. I have physical evidence to prove that they were faked", to Sam Colby^[210] and the American Patriot Friends Network.^[264]
The Lookout Mountain Laboratory, claimed by David McGowan to have done the post-production on the Apollo footage after the official "deactivation" of the studio in 1969.^[212]^[265]

Details

Some specific issues are listed below.

General

Statement of NASA and/or its defenders

Statement of Moon sceptics

Burden of proof

"Precisely because of human fallibility, extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence." (Carl Sagan)^[266]

The burden of proof is on those who make such claims without any credible evidence to support them (i.e. those who deny the Apollo Moon landings).^[267]

"When scientists fail to require independent duplication of such an outlandish claim after over 30 years have passed, science is degraded to the status of being just another religion." (Bart Sibrel)^[268]

The authenticity of a scientific discovery (manned flights to the Moon) should be proven by its author (the USA) and those who share its point of view (the defenders).^[181]

Keeping it secret

Too many people were involved with the project to keep a secret like this. More than 400,000 people worked on the Apollo project for nearly ten years, and a dozen men who walked on the Moon returned to Earth to recount their experiences. It would have been significantly easier to actually land on the Moon than to generate such a massive conspiracy to fake such a landing.^[269]

NASA engineering-technical personnel was about 13,000.^[270] Much fewer people were in the know, and there are examples in history for secrets known by a lot of people but kept for many years (N-1 rocket, cruiser Belfast crashes, Enigma machine message decryption, cargo vessel Rona sinking, operations of British submarines in Swedish waters accusing the Soviets, etc).^[260] The Manhattan Project^[271] employed hundreds of thousands of people and hardly a word was leaked out.^[252]^{(p. 19)}

If someone who attended the Apollo programme admits a hoax, he will lose his prestige and risks being declared insane or killed.^[78]^{(p. 423)}

Denouncement by the USSR

With their own competing Moon programme, the Soviets could be expected to have cried foul if the U.S. tried to fake the Moon landings.^[88]^{(p. 173)}

Even if the Russians did suspect the landings were not authentic, the act of calling the USA liars of this magnitude at the height of the Cold War could have instigated a war, and perhaps they thought it better not to chance that.^[268]

Russia could have blabbed to the world that the Moon landings were fake, and probably would have done were Khrushchev in power, but the West would say they were jealous because the USA had beaten them to it.^[272]

On 8 July 1972, the U.S. government announced the sale of about one quarter of the entire crop of wheat to the USSR at a fixed price of $1.63 per bushel. The market price at the time of the announcement was $1.50 but immediately soared to a new high of $2.44 a bushel.^[273] That's how the USA bought the silence of the USSR on the Moon programme.^[252]^{(p. 41)}

Since 1967, the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee has helped the USA while impeding the Soviet Moon programme by all means. The Proton rocket failure in September 1967 was a result of a diversion.^[78]^{(p. 172)} The N-1 rocket failure in June 1969 was a result of in internal engine explosion caused by a foreign metallic object.^[274] In 1970, the USSR and the USA secretly agreed to hide from the public some circumstances of the latter's Moon programme.^[275]^[276]^[277] In 1974, the Politburo ordered the destruction of 3 ready-to-fly N-1 rockets. (The USA and Japan's NASDA bought and licensed their NK-33 engines a couple of decades later,^[278] and NASA will use them, marketed by GenCorp Aerojet as AJ26,^[279] in the Orbital Sciences Taurus II expendable launch system.)^[280]^[281] Since 1976, no Soviet space robot has flown to the Moonâ€”the Politburo stopped their flights to prevent an Apollo hoax disclosure. And the 1980s Politburo led the USSR to a break-up. As a result, the Russian leadership cancelled the Energia rocket in 1993. All these actions were in favour of the USA.^[184]^[282]

1967 deaths

On the death of Virgil Grissom,^[283] Edward White,^[284] and Roger Chaffee^[285] (in the Apollo 1 fire), Edward Givens^[286] (on a car crash), Clifton Williams^[287] (on a T-38 jet trainer), Michael Adams^[288] (on an X-15 high-altitude experimental aircraft), Robert Lawrence^[289] (on an F-104B combat trainer), Russel Rogers^[290] (on an F-105 fighter), and Thomas Baron^[291] with all his family (at a railroad crossing) in 1967,^[292] the NASA defenders asked: Why remove the disagreeable along with the unique experimental aircraft or the first spacecraft prototype?^[133]

3 of the X-15 were built, and its last flight was a year later (in 1968), out of 9 service years in total.^[293] Apollo 1 was not the first prototype but had a serial number of 012.^[294]. For many years before and after 1967 both the U.S. and Soviet space industry had from 0 to 3 death cases per year. Only in 1967, a year before the first manned Apollo flight, there were 11 death cases.^[182]^{(pp. 41â€“49)}

The Apollo 1 crew was still alive for at least 15 minutes after the craft caught fire, because their autopsy found that they have managed to develop pulmatory oedema, which cannot happen if they had died earlier.^[222]^{(p. 95)} Senior NASA astronaut and Apollo 1 commander Virgil Grissom was a sharp critic of the programme. "Quite a number of things are not in order with this spacecraft, he once said. "It's not as good as the ones we flew before." He publicly called the Apollo capsule "a bucket of bolts" and the spacecraft "a heap of old scrap". On 22 January 1967 (5 days before his death), he picked the largest lemon from his lemon garden in Texas, and intended to hang it on the Apollo spacecraftâ€”as a symbol of failure. (In December 1966, a report made by Joe Shea noted that "At least 20,000 failures of all kinds had been logged, more than 200 of them in the environmental control system.")^[252]^{(p. 115)}^[295] Grissom had received death threats earlier, which his family saw as coming from the space programme. "If there ever is a serious accident in the space programme, it's likely to be me", he said to his wife.^[252]^{(p. 39)}^[222]^{(pp. 87â€“90)} NASA quality engineer Thomas Baron died with his family a week after his 500-page report analysing the Apollo 1 incident was deposed before the Congressational committee, and the report vanished.^[222]^{(p. 94)}

Jump height

Lunar explorers should be able to jump vertical distances up to 12 or 14 ft (4 Â± 0.3 m) on the Moon, unencumbered with a spacesuit or other equipment, but will experience difficulty in maintaining their balance. However, falls from these heights under similar conditions are not likely to result in personal injury.^[296] The EMU (Extravehicular Mobility Unit, or the Apollo spacesuit) tested on Apollo 9 and used on Apollo 11â€“14 weighs about 85 kg fully charged.^[297]

Assuming astronaut's body weight of 85 kg, his total weight including the space suit would be 170 kg, so he could achieve jump heights of 2 m. But the maximum jump height shown by an Apollo astronaut was 0.42 m,^[298] which is five times less.^[80]

Lunar samples

Between 1969 and 1972, six Apollo missions brought back 382 kg of lunar rocks, core samples, pebbles, sand and dust from the lunar surface. Lunar samples are prepared for shipment to scientists and educators at NASA's Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility. Nearly 400 samples are distributed each year for research and teaching projects. All samples (split or intact) must be returned to the NASA Johnson Space Centre after being studied.^[299]

There are plenty of museums, including the Smithsonian and others, where members of the public can touch and examine rocks from the Moon.^[63]

Unlike the Apollo lunar samples, their Soviet counterparts exhibit triboluminescence^[300] and non-oxidation,^[301] contain 6 to 9 times more Mercury (which should be uniformly distributed on the lunar surface),^[302] orders of magnitude more molybdenum, wolfram, cadmium and silver, and have 50 times lower thermoluminescence sensitivity. Also, A. Dollfus and E. Bouell of the Paris Observatory found that unlike the NASA samples, the polarisation of reflected light from the Soviet samples corresponds to that from the Moon surface.^[78]^{(pp. 141â€“152, 208â€“210, 216â€“224, 231â€“232)}^[303]^[304]

Geochemist Minoru Ozima of the Tokyo University discovered that the nitrogen-14/nitrogen-15 isotope ratio in the Apollo lunar samples is very different from that in the solar wind whose blasts drilled these atoms into the lunar soil.^[305]^[306] The explanation is simpleâ€”the Apollo's soil was made on Earth.^[78]^{(pp. 467â€“470)}

In the 1990s, publications about lunar soil simulation started to appear.^[307] They could not have appeared earlier as this would raise questions about the Apollo programme.^[308]

Curating the samples

Carlton Allen, Astromaterials Curator Manager: "We in the Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office continue our core missions providing samples of extraterrestrial material to the international science and education communities and curating these unique samples for future generations."^[309]

Poor contemporary scientists. With their instruments, they can register every single atom in a substance, but they were denied trust.

Poor future generations of scientists. In the 21st, and possibly in the 22nd century, they will of course lack such splendid crafts and rockets as Apollos and Saturn-Vs were in the 20th century. They will not be able to fly up the Moon and get fresh lunar stones. But NASA took care of them: it did not give the lunar stones to its contemporaries, and set them aside for them.^[308]

Light reflectors

On 21 July 1969, Armstrong and Aldrin left lunar laser ranging reflectors on the Moon surface. They reflect pulses of laser light fired from the Earth, helping measure its distance to the Moon with high accuracy. Apollo 14 and 15 also left each one such reflector.^[310]^[311]

The Apollo 11, 14 and 15 reflectors were left on the Moon by secret Surveyor^[312] 8, 9, and 10 unmanned probes that were not really cancelled as declared.^[268]^[313]^[314]

TV and radio signals received from the Moon

20% of mankind at the time watched Neil Armstrong's first steps on the Moon. Three tracking stations were receiving these signals from the Moon simultaneously. They were CSIRO's Parkes Radio Telescope, the Honeysuckle Creek tracking station outside Canberra, and NASA's Goldstone station in California. They received the voice communication with and between the astronauts,^[315] and spacecraft and biomedical telemetry radio signals from the Moon too.^[316]

The TV and radio signals were emitted from Earth to the Moon and re-translated to Earth by the radio equipment of special secret Surveyor or Orbiter unmanned crafts.^[182]^{(pp. 196, 197)} (27 of 61 U.S. space rocket launches in 1968 were secret,^[317] and 20 of 47 in 1969).^[318]

Tracking by the USSR

Unable to track Apollo flights due to incompatibility issues, in 1968 the USSR built in Simferopol (Crimea) a dedicated tracking facility with a S-band (13 cm) antenna with a diameter of 32 m. To track the spacecraft on their lunar orbits, their data was needed. As it was not published, it was calculated based on the start and Moon arrival times of the Apollo crafts reported on U.S. radio. Apollo 8, 10, 11 and 12 from December 1968 to November 1969 were tracked, including voice communications of the astronauts with Earth, TV images, and telemetry data.^[319]^[320]

This was the only Soviet tracking facility. The fact that orbit data was calculated based on the start and Moon arrival times of the Apollo crafts reported on U.S. radio means that the USSR did not fix the fact of Apollos leaving Earth orbit for the Moon nor did it track their movement on the spaceway Eathâ€”Moon. Because if they fixed and tracked, then no orbit calculation or using U.S. radio reports about the start and Moon arrival times would be needed. Thus the fact of Apollos leaving Earth orbit and the entire flight from the Earth to the Moon were left totally unconfirmed by Soviet means. Nor did the USSR track this in a telescope, as reported from the only Soviet facility capable of thatâ€”the Sternberg Astronomical Institute in Moscow.^[321]

Waving U.S. flag

Not every waving flag needs a breezeâ€”at least not in space. When astronauts were planting the flagpole they rotated it back and forth to better penetrate the lunar soil (anyone who's set a blunt tent-post will know how this works). So of course the flag waved! Unfurling a piece of rolled-up cloth with stored angular momentum will naturally result in waves and ripplesâ€”no breeze required!^[63]

The backpacks, designed for one-sixth gravity, must have had the cooling systems removed, to allow for movement without falling over. With very near and hot studio lighting, that left one hot astronaut inside... The necessary mammoth amounts of air-conditioning were probably responsible for the air count... This rare clip [showing waving U.S. flag], attained decades ago, was never rereleased, with the inevitable increasing experience and scrutiny.^[153]^{(29:36â€“30:38)}^[322]

Moon surface photos

Michael Collins used this map to mark the estimated [Apollo 11] Lunar Module locations given to him by Houston.^[323]

"Moon" surfaces like this have artificially been prepared on the Earth (Flagstaff, Arizona) in the 1960s, as Dr. Farook El Baz explained in the BBC film Moon^[324] (see also ^[325]). At 17:00 in that film, an experienced hand of a master superimposes a slight veil on a photo of this artificial surface to get a cosmic look.^[326]

LRO images

A set of recent still images was published by NASA on July 17, 2009. Taken by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission, these images show lunar landers, including that of Apollo 11, standing on the surface, science experiments, and, in one case, astronaut footprints in a line between the Apollo 14 lander and a nearby science experiment.^[327] A month after LROC's first image of the Apollo 11 landing site was acquired, the LRO passed over again providing the [LRO Camera] (LROC) instrument a new view of the historic site.^[328]^[329]

Photos showing those objects can be made on a printed lunar surface photos with rough models of the objects added, or using a computer.^[330]

Earth satellites can now reveal licence plate numbers on cars. Then why a satellite cannot provide much better images of the Moon which has no atmosphere?^[331]

Flight-specific

Statement or document of NASA and/or its defenders	Statement of Moon sceptics
Strange rotating object Snoopy (the Apollo 10 Lunar Module) rose up from the Moon to join Charlie Brown (the Command Module).^[332]^{(20:59â€“21:01)}	What is the rotating object flying past the lunar module at 21:00?^[333]
"Flight" over a Moon globe? [Stuart Roosa] It's 2001 type stuff. That old moors just growing magnificently fast, and it's just filling up that hatch window... and you're drifting into the shadow.^[334] 04 06 54 42 LMP ([Apollo 10] Lunar Module Pilot) [Eugene Cernan] "OK baby." 04 06 54 47 CDR (Commander) [Thomas Stafford] "2, OK, 12, 10" 04 06 54 53 LMP "8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1" 04 06 55 O1 LMP "Burn." 04 06 55 02 CDR "OK. OK, it's burning down." 04 06 55 05 LMP "Burning? OK. Got 60 to go; 34 to go; 100 to go; 78 to go, 50 to go; 20 to go; stand by, Tom."^[335]^{(p. 218)}^[336]^{(6:57â€“7:29)}	The ring-shaped structure gets dark in 11 seconds, but the terminator (the border between the light and darkness) on the Moon moves only 70 m for such a short time, whereas the distance to the horizon for an orbit height of about 110 km is about 600 km. 70 m vs. 600 km is a too great discrepancy. And why it suddenly gets lit up shortly after that? All this is explainable if we assume that NASA used their huge Moon globes^[144] for filming.^[337]
Prevention of destruction or of reconnaissance? On 16 July 1969, from 8:00 to 9:00 EST (Apollo 11 was launched at 8:32),^[338] near the Cape Canaveral Space Centre, 7 Soviet trawlers with reconnaissance equipment on board^[339] were met by 15 U.S. surface ships, 7 submarines and an unspecified number of P-3 Orion-type maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft with electronic warfare equipment on board, of U.S. Second Fleet. 12 minutes before the Apollo 11 launch, all U.S. coastal, ship and aircraft radio jamming equipment was switched on full power and then switched off 4 minutes after Apollo 11 reached Earth orbit. The operation was justified by an alleged danger that the Soviet ships can try to radio-jam the Saturn V electronic equipment and thus destroy the flight. The danger was later recognised as non-existent, and the $320 million spent on the operation as wasted.^[340]	To destroy the rocket would be suicidal for the Soviets as it would equal to declaring a nuclear war. The real reason why the Soviet reconnaissance was suppressed was to not let it receive the Saturn V telemetry data, which would reveal the non-conformance of its real speed and altitude to the declared values and that the flight goes not proceed as declared.^[260]
1000 page TV scenario Astronomer Richard West of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) who commented the Apollo 11 Moon landing at the Danish TV says that they had a manual of 1000 pages or so where it was exactly described what the astronauts had to do at what time (in ^[219] at 9:21).	How can it be relied that everything would go in accordance with the 1000-page instruction manual, when every detail was done for the first time? But if it was a play, then an instruction (or scenario) is absolutely necessary. If the actors don't strictly follow the instructions of the director, the show will inevitably fail.^[182]^{(p. 179)}
Famous shot of Aldrin "walking on the Moon" Astronaut Buzz Aldrin, [Apollo 11] lunar module pilot, walks on the surface of the Moon near the leg of the Lunar Module (LM) "Eagle" during the Apollo 11 extravehicular activity (EVA). Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, commander, took this photograph with a 70 mm lunar surface camera.^[1]^[341]	The face shield (right) shows inconsistent ground lighting, left side spot lit. Ground hotspot around astronaut (top left) but dark horizon, unlike sunshine. Rock in the distance (left) front lit, while astronaut is back lit. Rock shadow should be parallel to astronaut's. Dark side of astronaut fully lit, but no flashbulb, while his shadow is solid black.^[342]
Splashdown At 13:35 P.M., as the [Apollo 11] command module with its human passengers and its cargo of Moon rocks sped on a north-easterly course 80 [nautical] miles above the Gilbert Islands, it slammed into the atmosphere and streaked like a flaming meteor towards a soft landing in the water below. Fifteen minutes later the command ship's three parachutes lowered it gently, at 21 [nautical] miles an hour, into the Pacific 950 [nautical] miles south-west of Hawaii, 2.7 [nautical] miles (5 km) from its aiming point and 13.8 [nautical] miles (25.6 km) from the [aircraft] carrier Hornet, the recovery ship. Man's first expedition to another world was over. President Nixon watched the recovery from one of the Hornet's two bridges. He caught a glimpse of the spaceship's fiery re-entry into the atmosphere, but shared in the disappointment of the crew and millions of television viewers when the craft splashed down out of sight of the ship.^[343] [Apollo 11] capsule was first righted by flotation bags.^[344]^{(left photo)}	If Nixon could see the spacecraft's entry into the atmosphere down its sloping trajectory, the sky must have been exceptionally clear, assuring direct visibleness of hundreds of kilometres. Then the craft descending on three huge parachutes at only 25 km should have been noticeable too: aircraft carrier's bridges are 40â€“50 m above sea level, corresponding to a horizon of 20â€“25 km, so the high flying parachutes would be visible. But only a helicopter and the capsule were filmed, without even its parachutes.^[344]^{(left photo)} And if the splashdown accuracy was only 5 km, why was not the ship at the aiming point but stayed 25 km away? Finally, even today Soyuz spacecraft's landing accuracy (50â€“60 km)^[345] is an order of magnitude worse than the average of 4 km Apollo could achieve back then,^[346] which makes such high accuracy unreal.^[347] All issues vanish if we assume that the crew did not fly but the capsule with it was dropped in advance far enough (25 km) from the ship. Craft entry into the atmosphere can be imitated by a ballistic missile with a suitable head surface material to produce enough fire.^[182]^{(pp. 254â€“257)}
18-day quarantine As [Apollo 11] astronauts in special isolation suits watched, frogman scrubbed the capsule down with disinfectant.^[344]^{(right photo)} Apollo crew waved as they entered quarantine trainer aboard Hornet.^[348] The astronauts then settled down for an 18-day quarantine to make certain their contact with the Moon had not contaminated or infected them in any way.^[349]	What bacteria can there be on the Moon, tilled already for several billions of years every 27 days now by space cold of âˆ’150Â°C, now by Sun heat of +150Â°C, and irradiated by streams of radiation from the Sun flares? Do Earth medics have such sterilisers? And why scrub the craft down with disinfectant if it had flown through the atmosphere in a cloud with a temperature of several thousands of degrees on its return? And, if lunar bacteria do exist and are so hardy, then what quatantine, and what disinfectant can help against them? But if there was a hoax, the quarantine was important for its success. The black [gas] masks on the astronauts' faces^[350] helped them avoid unwanted sights by the welcoming people (and questions from the press during the whole quarantine)^[149] while getting used to their most important role (Moon flight stories), having ensured 3 weeks later that the world public opinion had already believed the Moon landings. It did, so next Apollo crews had no quarantine.^[351]
TV camera failure? The [Apollo 12] colour television camera provided satisfactory television coverage for approximately 40 minutes at the beginning of the first extravehicular activity. Thereafter, the video display showed only white in an irregular pattern in the upper part of the picture and black in the remainder. The camera was turned off after repeated attempts by the crew to restore a satisfactory picture. In the process of moving the camera on the lunar surface, a portion of the target in the secondary-electron conductivity vidicon must have received a high solar input, either directly from the Sun or from some highly reflective surface. That portion of the target was destroyed, as was evidenced by the white appearance of the upper part of the picture.^[352]	However the camera is not securely locked into position, and then for over a period of time the camera changes its view as you can see. And as you can hear, everyone thinks it's all very funny.^[353]^{(0:45â€“1:37)} But as the fixing on its stand is not tight enough, the camera is slowly drooping and this fact is demonstrated by the changing images captured over a period of time.^[354]^{(2:14â€“2:18)} (At that timeâ€”116:16:02â€”Alan Bean says that he hit the camera on the top with his hammer.)^[355] It would not have been possible to see this differential imaging if the camera have really been destroyed by being pointed for a while directly into the Sunâ€”the official reason for its failure.^[60]^{(1:20:19â€“1:20:52)}
A studio photo? This view of the damaged Apollo 13 Service Module (SM) was photographed from the Lunar Module/Command Module following SM jettisoning.^[356]	The rear side of a spotlight is clearly seen on the top right edge of the photo. When brightness and contrast are increased, a halo due to reflection of its light by dust is seen. So the photo was made in a studio.^[357]
Apollo boilerplate found by the USSR In early 1970, the Soviet Union had recovered an empty Apollo capsule and returned it to the Americans a several months later. The capsule was identified at NASA as the BP-1227 training capsule lost a while back.^[358]	It was on the night of 11â€“12 April 1970, the night after Apollo 13 was launched, and it was its capsule and not BP-1227.^[275]^[276]^[277]^[359]
The solder ball "bug" in the LEM Edgar Mitchell (Apollo 14): "Our next major problem was the well-known one of the solder ball in the abort switch, which happened just two hours before we were scheduled to go down to the lunar surface, and we noticed as we were on our last circuit of the Moon before starting down, while checking out the lunar module and getting ready, that the abort light came on in the lunar module. And that was a surprise. It shouldn't do that."^[360]	Harry Hurt explains what happened after the mission: "Only after their return to Earth did they learn that the bug illuminating the Abort light was a loose solder ball in the wiring." ^[361] How did NASA discover that drop of loose solder after the [Lunar Excursion Module] (LEM) was dropped back onto the Moon? I'm really beginning to believe that the CIA resurrected Merlin the Magician and gave him a job with NASA as the assistant to the Wizard of Oz.^[252]^{(p. 117)}
The Galileo's experiment Apollo 15 astronauts repeated Galileo's experiment.^[315]^[362] (Apollo 15 TV camera frame rate was 20 fps.)^[363]	More than a half of the frames in the NASA (.mpg) film are repeated, and after removing them, the acceleration it was taken under was calculated as 9.5 Â± 2 m/sÂ². The experiment may have been filmed at NASA's Space Power Facility (SPF) vacuum chamber.^[12]^[364]^[270] Also, the same experiment was conducted in a London studio without a vacuum chamber and with the same results in the film What happened on the Moon?.^[60]^[365]
Composite photo? A view of the Apollo 15 Command and Service Module from the Lunar Module.^[366]	If it were an actual three-dimensional scene, the spaceship would be 69 miles above the lunar surfaceâ€”which would, I would think, make it difficult for a portion of that lunar terrain to obscure part of the ship's S-band antennae assembly.^[367]
Shrink-wrapped photo on Moon surface? Charlie [Duke, Apollo 16] put a picture of the Duke familyâ€”Charlie, Dotty, and sons Charles and Tomâ€”on the surface and took several pictures of it. This image is the best of the series.^[368]	But why did Charles Duke have it shrink-wrapped in plastic? First of all it would puff up and lose its seal or burst in the vacuum when the lunar module's atmosphere was removed. Then there is the question of what would happen when Duke placed it on the Moon's surface at 100Â°C. Would he succeed in photographing it before it melted and became ugly and deformed?^[222]^{(pp. 158, 159)}
Lifted by a wire? Charlie [Duke, Apollo 16] has dropped the hammer. He tries to bob down to get it but loses his balance and lands heavily on his hands and knees... Charlie wants John [Young] to push back on his head so he can rotate his torso up and over his knees. Instead, John goes to Charlie's left side and holds out his hand... Charlie takes John's hand and rises, albeit awkwardly.^[369]^{(0:54â€“1:20)}	David Percy comments: "The astronaut is getting up with the wire taking the weight, relieving him of five sixths of the Earth's gravity. A magic trick? No, just the help of a wire man."^[60]^[370]^{(2:06â€“2:36)}
Docking in lunar orbit 177:38:58 [Thomas] Mattingly (Apollo 16): "OK, about 5 feet." 177:40:37 Mattingly: "Doesn't look like it. I don't have any barber poles (stripped indicators' output; means it's all OK). There we go. Took a couple of extra blurps to get you. OK. Are you free?" 177:40:52 Mattingly: "OK." 177:41:00 Mattingly: "OK, it looks - looks pretty fair. How about if I just retract you?" 177:41:25 Mattingly: "I believe we're there." 177:41:27 Mattingly: "Casper's captured Orion!"^[371] The inspection is complete. Command module and lunar module manoeuvre to docking.^[372]^{(24:34â€“24:44)}^[373]^[374]^{(28:13â€“30:18)}	No control thruster activity is visible (contrast this with this photo of the Apollo taken from the Soyuz),^[375] and the high-tonnage modules do jerky movements as if there is no inertia, leaving the impression of animation or a very small mass.^[182]^{(pp. 110, 150)}
Earth angle over the horizon In each of the following Apollo 17 archive photos, the Earth (with an angular diameter of 1.9Â±0.1Â°) is at a different angle over the horizon: AS17-137-20910â€”16Â°, AS17-134-20473â€”32Â°, AS17-134-20384â€”34Â°, AS17-137-20957â€”16Â°, AS17-137-20960â€”16Â°	Calculating from the coordinates of the Apollo 17 lunar landing site (20.16Â° North and 30.77Â° East),^[376] the Earth should be at constant 53.4Â° above the lunar horizon.^[377]
Return to orbit 188:01:27 [Apollo 17] lunar lift-off film. The television camera was mounted on the rover which Gene [Cernan] parked about 145 m east of (behind) the lunar module. The ascent stage ignites and climbs, spacecraft foil and dust flying in all directions. Ed Fendell in Houston anticipates exactly the timing of ignition, lift-off, and the rate of climb, and the camera tilts to follows the ascent.^[378]	Awesome! And there apparently either wasn't any delay in the signal or NASA had the foresight to hire a remote camera operator who was able to see a few seconds into the future.^[379]
Skylab interior photo Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., Skylab-2 commander, smiles happily for the camera after a hot bath in the shower in the crew quarters of the Orbital Workshop of the Skylab space station.^[380]	The towel at the upper right corner hangs as on Earth, so there was no weightlessness and the photo was taken on Earth, not Earth orbit.^[2]

Discrepancies in NASA documents

First NASA document	NASA document or astronaut statement found to contradict the first document
Earthrise photos The first photo of Earthrise by a human as he watched the event unfold (AS08-13-2329) was taken on 24 December 1968.^[381]	There is yet another photo (AS08-14-2392) of the same Earthrise at the same time and place but with a window frame^[382] and said to be taken two days earlier.^[383] A sceptic says that both photos are taken by a secret Lunar Orbiter unmanned craft and not from Apollo 8.^[182]^{(p. 190)}
Visibility of stars from the Lunar Module 103:12:44 [Neil] Armstrong (Apollo 11): "I'd say the colour of the local surface is very comparable to that we observed from orbit at this Sun angleâ€”about 10Â° Sun angle, or that nature." 103:22:30 Armstrong: "From the surface, we could not see any stars out the window; but out my overhead hatch (means the overhead rendezvous window), I'm looking at the Earth. It's big and bright and beautiful."^[384]	[Alan] Bean, from the [Apollo 12] 1969 Technical Debriefâ€”"Star (and) Earth visibility was interesting. We could always see stars at the upper rendezvous window."^[385] The Sun is currently 5.5Â° above the eastern horizon.^[386] With the Sun 10Â° above the horizon, stars should have been visible out the Apollo 11 overhead window too.^[80]
Visibility of stars from the lunar surface [Neil] Armstrong (Apollo 11): "We were never able to see stars from the lunar surface or on the daylight side of the Moon by eye without looking through the optics." [Michael] Collins (Command Module pilot): "I don't remember seeing any."^[155]^{(1:06:00â€“1:06:19)} (Collins' remark is misattributed to [Edwin] Aldrin in the transcript.^[387] In his book "Liftoff", Collins writes "My God, the stars are everywhere, even below me. They are somewhat brighter than on Earth")^[252]^{(p. 33)}^[388] Alan Bean (Apollo 12): "Oh so carefully, I removed my silver pin, took one last look at it, and gave it my strongest underarm toss out towards Surveyor. I can still remember how it flashed in the bright sunlight then disappeared in the distance. It was the only star I ever saw up in the black sky, the sunlight was just too bright on the Moon's surface to see any of the others."^[389] Stars are not readily seen in the daylight lunar sky by either the human eye or a camera because of the brightness of the sunlight surface.^[390]	103:22:54 Duke: "...Gene Cernan says that, while standing in the shadow of the Apollo 17 [Lunar Module] (LM), he could see some stars while he was outside."^[384] (Correction on the star visibility issue from the Moon is introduced later.) Astronauts' reminiscences contradict the descriptions of the star sky observed by Soviet cosmonauts (Leonov, Lebedev, Savinykh) on the dayside of the orbit; light from the Earth (Earth albedo 0.367, Moon albedo 0.12) did not hamper them see the stars.^[80] For example, Leonov says that "the brightest of the stars can be recognised when they are farther than 30Â° away from the daylight luminary [the Sun]".^[391] On the Moon, the sky is blackâ€”even during the dayâ€”and the stars are always visible.^[392]^[393] In fact, the Moon is about the poorest reflector in the solar system... The Moon relects only 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it.^[394]
Omitted telltale astronauts' words from journal text? 116:07:19 [Alan] Bean (Apollo 12): "OK. You go ahead. That's difficult, because it's so tender up here on these legs." 116:07:26 [Charles] Conrad: "Well, I don't see the Earth anywhere in the sight."^[395]	Listening to the RealVideo clip (1:39â€“1:45), Alan Bean actually said "It's difficult tricking them", and Charles Conrad replied "Yea, I know."^[396]
Moon landing trajectory and dust visibility [Charles] Conrad (Apollo 12), from the 1969 Technical Debriefâ€”"As soon as I got the vehicle stopped in horizontal velocity at 300 feet (figure 4â€“12 from the Apollo 12 Mission Report indicates that he stopped almost all of his forwards motion at about 220 ft), we picked up a tremendous amount of dustâ€”much more than I had expected. It looked a lot worse than it did in the movies I saw of Neil's landing. It seemed to me that we got the dust much higher than Neil indicated. It could be because we were in a hover, higher up, coming down...".^[397]	According to the Apollo 12 land path,^[398] at 300 ft (90 m) the module was almost half a kilometre far from the landing place and was descending not vertically but down a very gently sloping trajectory, and dust was first seen at a 3 times less height of 30 m (100 ft).^[326]
Fred Haise on the Moon? [Fred W.] Haise and fellow [Apollo 13] crewmen, James A. Lovell (spacecraft commander) and John L. Swigert (command module pilot), working closely with Houston ground controllers, converted their lunar module "Aquarius" into an effective lifeboat. Their emergency activation and operation of lunar module systems conserved both electrical power and water in sufficient supply to assure their safety and survival while in space and for the return to Earth.^[399]	Edwin Aldrin (Apollo 11): "The highlight of the evening was a film showing Fred Haise, my back-up on the flight to the Moon, stumbling around on the surface of the Moon until, in desperation, he retreated to the lunar lander which, the moment he stepped on the ladder, tumbled into pieces around him."^[252]^{(p. 164)}^[400]^[401]
Dust blowing After the landing of the Apollo 14 lunar module, the engine has worked for several more seconds and the jets of dust flying from under the module are clearly seen.^[402]^{(4:46â€“4:56)}	There are no signs of blowing the dust on the photo of the surface under the Apollo 14 lunar module.^[403]^[404]
Separationâ€”Contradictory times and distances to Earth 03:42:29 [Apollo 17] Commander [Eugene Cernan]: "Separation, Houston."^[405] This photo shows the [Apollo 12] Spacecraft-LM Adapter (SLA) above centre.^[406]^[407] (Altitude at [SLA] separation was about 3,800 nautical milesâ€”about 7,000 km.)^[408]	A Full Earth from the Apollo 17 Command Module at about 5 hours 6 minutes, shortly after separation of the docked CSM-LM from the S-IVB at 4 hours 45 minutes.^[409]
When was the descent engine stopped? 113:01:43 [Harrison] Schmitt (Apollo 17): "Stand by. 25 feet, down at 2. Fuel's good. 20 feet. Going down at 2. 10 feet. 10 feet." 113:01:58 Schmitt: "Contact." (Pause) 113:02:03 Schmitt: (Reading a checklist) "Stop, push. Engine stop; Engine Arm; Proceed; Command Override, Off; Mode Control, Att(itude) Hold; PGNS, Auto." 113:02:11 [Eugene] Cernan: "OK, Houston. The Challenger has landed!"^[410]	Eugene Cernan: "We shut the engine down some 3 m above the surface."^[206]^{(part 6, 6:02â€“6:26)}
Lunar rovers had an engine muffler? 120:10:55 [Eugene] Cernan (Apollo 17): "Just don't step on it." (Pause) 120:11:01 [Harrison] Schmitt: "I do that (pause) in training, though." (Pause). 120:11:13 Cernan: "Ooh. (Grunting and breathing hard) Hey, Bob, just out of curiosity, what kind of heart rates has this drill been producing on me?"^[411]	Listening to the RealVideo clip^[412] (17:11â€“17:41), these words are missing from both the journal text and the MP3 audio clip: 120:10:57 Flight/EVA: "OK, we definitely did not want Flight to figure the rover's muffler at this point. He has it as a stick with mine as an optional, as an option, and ah we're, at this stage of the game, we're screwing around. We definitely do not want to figure this muffler. Since we're being called upon, I'm sure you all recognise not to do this anymore."^[413]

Technological legacy

Statement or document of NASA and/or its defenders

Statement of Moon sceptics

Moon race legacy

Hook-and-loop fasteners, polytetrafluoroethylene non-stick coating, disposable nappiesâ€”here are only the most well-known results [of the Apollo programme] in everyday life. It has been counted that the spreading of "lunar" technologies gave the American economy an effect, estimated to more than $20bn. But the space technology created strictly for conquering of the Moon did not get further development.^[414]

Here is what remained with the USSR after the end of the Moon race:

The Proton rocket and the Soyuz spacecraft which were both developed for circumlunar, not circumterrestrial flights.^[415]^[416]

Why is the Saturn V no longer used?

Notwithstanding the great carrying capacity, the Saturn [V] expendable launch systems did not get useâ€”they got nothing to carry. The mass of even the most sophisticated artificial Earth satellites does not exceed 20 t. Yet another obstacle is the complexity and cost of service of the huge rocket.^[414]

If the Saturn V carried the International Space Station (ISS) modules, which are now not heavier than 20 t, their mass could quadruple while their number be reduced four times, along with the number of the docking assemblies for space rendezvous, whose mass is now about one seventh of the mass of the entire ISS. The number of the dangerous space rendezvous procedures would also be reduced. The cost of the two Proton rockets and one Space Shuttle used to carry three ISS modules is roughly equal to the cost of one Saturn V. And the ISS cost is thousands of times greater than the Saturn V service cost. Also, the launching cost for 1 kg of cargo using the Space Shuttle turns out to be much higher than using the Saturn V.^[417]^{(drawing 4)} But for some reason, the Americans have money for the "prodigal" Shuttles and not for the "frugal" Saturns. And why is the F-1 engine no longer used but the U.S. Atlas V rocket uses the Russian RD-180 engines instead that are nothing else but one half of the RD-170/171 engines of the Soviet Energia and Zenith rockets?^[418]^[419]

The F-1 engine failure modes (especially combustion instability) need substantial research and the Russian RD-180 is recommended as a model for its modification, if it is to be used in future manned flights to the Moon and Mars.^[150]^[420]

Quotes by famous people

â€œ

I can't be 100% sure that man actually walked on the Moon. It's possible that NASA could have covered it up, just in order to cut corners, and to be the first to allegedly go to the Moon.

â€

â€”Dr. Brian Todd O'Leary, former NASA astronaut and Apollo project adviser^[43]^[44]^[62]^{(5:22â€“5:45)}

â€œ

Just a month before, Apollo 11 astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong had left their colleague, Michael Collins, aboard spaceship Columbia and walked on the Moon, beating by five months President Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon before the decade was out. The old carpenter asked me if I really believed it happened. I said sure, I saw it on television. He disagreed; he said that he didn't believe it for a minute, that 'them television fellers' could make things look real that weren't. Back then, I thought he was a crank. During my eight years in Washington, I saw some things on TV that made me wonder if he wasn't ahead of his time.

â€

â€”Dr.^[421] William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States of America (1993â€“2001)^[422]

â€œ

The date of the so-called return to the Moon slipped from 2020 to heaven-knows when... I ask my friends and readers to get behind Obama's new policy. Join with me and help usher in a new age of space. A space programme that truly goes somewhere!

â€

â€”Dr. Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr.), astronaut, the Apollo 11 lunar module pilot^[423]

Notes and references

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 AS11-40-5903, Apollo 11 Image Library, NASA, 21-Nov-09
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Alexander Popov, A man on the Moon? What evidence?, Chapter 21: A brilliant epilogue ("Skylab"), 27 December 2006 (Russian)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 CÃ©ticos ainda tentam derrubar "farsa" da jornada Ã Lua by Marina Lang, Folha online, 16-Jul-09 (Portuguese)
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 The wrong stuff by Rogier van Bakel, Wired, September 1994
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Did we go to the Moon? by Prof. Dr. Ulrich Walter, 25-Sep-09
↑ What awaits the denounced? by Dmitry Verhoturov, Neonomad.kz, 13-Aug-09 (Russian)
↑ 1961: Soviets win space race, BBC, 12-Apr-61
↑ Special Message to the Congress on urgent national needs, President John F. Kennedy, Washington, DC, 25-May-61
↑ Chronology of the Moon race, RussianSpaceWeb.com, 16-Feb-09
↑ Did man went on Moon?, BigMantra.com, 25-Mar-08
↑ Bush unveils vision for Moon and beyond, CNN, 15-Jan-04
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 Interview with Alexander Ivanovich Popov by Alex Gromov, Labirint review, 10-Mar-09 (Russian)
↑ The Great Moon Hoax by Alex Boese, Museum of hoaxes, 2002
↑ A man on the Moon by Andrew Chaikin, Penguin Books, 1998, ISBN 9780140272017
↑ Apollo 11: On the Moon, Special edition (text by The New York Times), Look, August 1969, page 65
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 Did man land on the Moon? by James J. Cranny, Johnson City, Texas, 1970
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 The Americans haven't been on the Moon by Alexander Gordon, Rutube, 22-Jun-07 (Russian)
↑ Diamonds are forever, Eon Productions, 1971
↑ Capricorn One, Associated General Films, 1978
↑ A great step or a great con? by Anna Pickard, The Guardian
↑ Apollo Moon landing hoax?? by John Pike, GlobalSecurity.org, 8-Jan-01
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 Good Luck, Mr. Gorsky! by Clyde Lewis, Ground Zero Media, 12-Oct-07
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 Moon-landing debunkers won't fade away, Florida today, 7-Jul-09
↑ The search for the Apollo 11 SSTV tapes by John M. Sarkissian, CSIRO Parkes Observatory, 21-May-06, p. 15
↑ A brief history of the Apollo hoax by Jason Daley, Popular Science, 30-Sep-08
↑ "Lost tapes" lost for good, NASA releases restored footage of first moonwalk, CollectSpace.com, 17-Jul-09
↑ Moonwalk video gets a makeover by Alan Boyle, MSNBC, 16-Jul-09
↑ Getting Apollo 11 right, ABC, July 1999
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 Lessons of the 'fake Moon flight' myth by James Oberg, Skeptical Inquirer, March/April 2003, pp. 23, 30
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 Apollo Truth by Sam Colby, 2-Mar-09
↑ Obama's cancellation of Moon landings is a case of "No we can't", not "Yes we can" by Toby Young, Daily Telegraph, 2-Feb-10
↑ ^32.0 ^32.1 ^32.2 ^32.3 We never went to the Moon by Bill Kaysing and Randy Reid, Health Research Books, 1976, ISBN 9780787304874
↑ Remembrance and cultural representation of the Space Age, NASA, p. 378
↑ ^34.0 ^34.1 Monngate: A bomb ready to explode? by Simone Colzani, Nexus edizioni, 16-Feb-05 (Italian)
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 Man on the Moonâ€”a colossal hoax that cost billions of dollars by SatsvarÅ«pa dÄsa GoswÄmÄ«, Krishna.org, 11-Aug-08
↑ Were the Americans on the Moon?, Public Opinion Fund, 19-Apr-00 (Russian)
↑ ^37.0 ^37.1 Book to confirm Moon landings by Seth Borenstein, Deseret News, 2-Nov-02
↑ Engaging the 18â€“25 generation: Educational outreach, interactive technologies, and space by Mary Lynne Dittmar, PhD, 25-Sep-06, p. 6
↑ Overlooked election facts & statistics by Zack Parsons, 8-Feb-08
↑ Area 51 is top conspiracy theory, Sky News, 31-Jul-08
↑ US base leads poll's top conspiracy theories, The Guardian, 31-Jul-08
↑ 50pct Britons believe in captive space aliens, Asian News International, 31-Jul-08
↑ ^43.0 ^43.1 The Dark Side of the Moon: 40 years after Moon landing the doubts persist by Dennis Ellam, Daily Mirror, 14-Feb-09
↑ ^44.0 ^44.1 Moonfakers by Peter Sheridan, Daily Express, 17-Jul-09
↑ Britons question Apollo 11 Moon landings, survey reveals, Engineering & Technology, 8-Jul-09
↑ Ein kosmischer Streit / Hat die erste Mondlandung Ã¼berhaup stattgefunden?, Der Spiegel (German)
↑ Did we land on the Moon?, Sparklit.com
↑ Did we really land on the Moon?, BBC, 28-Apr-05
↑ Alex Dantart, 17-May-08 (Spanish)
↑ El hombre llegÃ³ a la Luna... Â¿o no?, 86400.es, 16-Jan-07 (Spanish)
↑ Pensez-vous que l'homme a marchÃ© sur la lune?, PourOuContre.com (French)
↑ L'Homme a-t-il marchÃ© sur la Lune?, 20Minuten.ch (French)
↑ Do you think the first Moon landing was a scam?, Aftonbladet, 15-Jul-09 (Swedish)
↑ Archive of polls, CNews.ru (Russian)
↑ Do you think the government could fake a Moon landing?, Twiigs.com, 20 Julyâ€”19 August 2009
↑ Did we land on the Moon in 1969? by Eddie Wieder, PlanetMars.org
↑ ^57.0 ^57.1 Did U.S. astronauts really land on the Moon?, NASA, June 1977 (reissued 14-Feb-01)
↑ Brian Welch, NASA Director of Media Services, dies, NASA, 27-Nov-00
↑ ^59.0 ^59.1 ^59.2 Dark Moon by Mary Bennett and David Percy, Adventures Unlimited Press, 2001, ISBN 9780932813909
↑ ^60.0 ^60.1 ^60.2 ^60.3 ^60.4 ^60.5 ^60.6 ^60.7 ^60.8 What happened on the Moon (2000), Aulis Publishers, 28-Nov-07
↑ ^61.0 ^61.1 Bruce Nash, CEO/President, Nash Entertainment, 4-Jan-10
↑ ^62.0 ^62.1 ^62.2 ^62.3 Conspiracy theory: Did we land on the Moon?, Nash Entertainment, 2001
↑ ^63.0 ^63.1 ^63.2 The great Moon hoax by Dr. Tony Philips, NASA, 23-Feb-01
↑ The Moon landing hoax by Gil Knier & Becky Bray, NASA, 30-Mar-01
↑ ^65.0 ^65.1 ^65.2 ^65.3 ^65.4 ^65.5 Moonstruck by Kurt Soller, Newsweek, 17-Jul-09
↑ Did we really land on the Moon? Suggestions for science teachers by Paul D. Lowman Jr., NASA, 4-Mar-01
↑ Exhibits for loan from the Goddard Visitor Centre. Lunar and meteorite samples for loans, NASA, 10-Mar-09.
↑ Moon photo mystery solved by Alan Boyle, MSNBC, 4-Dec-07
↑ Profile, JamesOberg.com, 26-Aug-09
↑ James Oberg, Absolute Astronomy
↑ ^71.0 ^71.1 One giant leap of imagination, The Age, 24-Dec-02
↑ NASA pulls Moon hoax book, BBC, 8-Nov-02
↑ One giant hoax for mankind by Dr. David Whitehouse, BBC, 11-Nov-02
↑ One giant leap for conspiricists by Mark Lawson, The Guardian, 9-Nov-02
↑ ^75.0 ^75.1 ^75.2 Hoaxers vs. rocket scientists: Even NASA unsure how to counter claims of faked Moon missions by Marcia Dunn, Associated Press, 21-Dec-02
↑ James E. Oberg, Bibliography, Amazon
↑ 40 years after landing on the Moon, many are convinced it was staged at movie studios by Lior Friedman, Haaretz, 17-Jul-09 (Hebrew)
↑ ^78.0 ^78.1 ^78.2 ^78.3 ^78.4 ^78.5 ^78.6 ^78.7 ^78.8 A Moon affair, Algorithm Publishing, 2009, ISBN 9785926506201 (Russian)
↑ NASA against the conspiracy theory: it landed on the Moon by Avi Blizovsky, Hayadan.org, 9-Nov-02 (Hebrew)
↑ ^80.0 ^80.1 ^80.2 ^80.3 The Americans have never been on the Moon, 30-Sep-09 (Russian)
↑ Patrick Moore, Freebase.com
↑ ^82.0 ^82.1 Twelve men on the Moon, "The sky at night", BBC, 1-Apr-02
↑ Prof. Dr. Harald Lesch, Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Munich (27-Jul-09)
↑ Die Landung auf dem Mond by JÃ¶rg Keller (German)
↑ Meeting: Article, 24-Feb-08 (Russian)
↑ Flogging the conspiracy theories about lunar landing by Thomas Hoffman, 20-Jul-09 (Danish)
↑ Siamo realmente andati sulla Luna?, Ceifan.org, 14-Dec-09 (Italian)
↑ ^88.0 ^88.1 ^88.2 "Bad astronomy", Dr. Philip Plait, John Wiley & Sons, 2002, ISBN 9780471409762
↑ Not only about the Moon affair, 27-Dec-08 (Russian)
↑ Vladislav-Veniamin Pustynski's CV, 27-Nov-08
↑ Vladislav-Veniamin PustÃµnski, International Astronomical Union, 26-Aug-09
↑ Biography by Abduldaem Al-Kaheel, Kaheel7.com
↑ Did we go to the Moon? by Abduldaem Al-Kaheel, Kaheel7.com (Arabic)
↑ Â¿El hombre llegÃ³ a la Luna? by Alberto Farid Char Bonilla, 25-Nov-08 (Spanish)
↑ Alexander Yevgenyevich Markov, 3-Aug-09 (Russian)
↑ The most popular conspiracy theory: was the Moon landing real? by Ali Murat GÃ¼ven, 18-Aug-06 (Turkish)
↑ Moon FAQ, Hong Kong Space Museum, 11-Jun-01 (Chinese)
↑ The Great Moon-landing hoax? by David A. Hardy, 1-Sep-09
↑ Credibility of science communication, ESA, 30-Oct-09
↑ War der erste Mensch auf dem Mond ein Schauspieler? by Katharina Adick, Westdeutscher Rundfunk, 2-Jun-09 (German)
↑ 1969, la llegada del Hombre a la luna Â¿verdad o farsa? by Guillermo Descalzo, 29-Aug-09 (Spanish)
↑ Autobiography by H.J.P. Arnold, 11-Jul-03
↑ The Moon landings were NOT faked by Jim Scotti, 27-Jun-07
↑ Moon base Clavius, 10-Oct-08
↑ Did we land on the Moon? by Keith Mayes, 12-Dec-04
↑ In eigener Sache by Marcus Haas (German)
↑ Hat die Mondlandung stattgefunden? by Marcus Haas (German)
↑ Apollo conspiracy FAQ, ASIOS, 20-Dec-09 (Japanese)
↑ Siamo andati sulla Luna by Matteo Negri (Italian)
↑ Mondlandung oder ein gigantischer Schwindel? by Matthias Lipinski, 2-Oct-09 (German)
↑ ^111.0 ^111.1 "The truth about the astronaut's flight to the Moon" by Ivona Å½ivkoviÄ‡, 31-Mar-08 (Serbo-Croatian)
↑ ^112.0 ^112.1 The Apollo Moon hoax at the Cheltenham festival of science by Andy Lloyd, 7-Jan-09
↑ Siamo mai andati sulla luna? by Paolo Attivissimo, 9-Aug-09 (Italian)
↑ KsanLab Educational Screensavers by Sergey Denisyuk, 21-Dec-05
↑ Guidestar by Patrick Jacques, 4-Jul-09, pp. 4â€“7 (Dutch)
↑ Were people on the Moon? by Pavel Gabzdyl, 12-Feb-07 (Czech)
↑ ^117.0 ^117.1 Debunking crackpot science by Philip Karn, 26-Sep-09
↑ ^118.0 ^118.1 Did we land on the Moon? by Robert Braeunig, 30-Sep-08
↑ Ronaldo MourÃ£o / Astronomia & astronÃ¡utica (Portuguese)
↑ AstrÃ´nomo desmente mitos de que homem nÃ£o teria ido Ã Lua by MarÃlia Juste, Rede Globo, 15-Jul-09 (Portuguese)
↑ Myths and fallacies, Cosmos.1.bg (Bulgarian)
↑ Biography by Thanassis Vembos, 22-Apr-09 (Greek)
↑ We never went to the Moon? by Thanassis Vembos, 22-Apr-09 (Greek)
↑ Mondlandung oder MondlandungslÃ¼ge by Uwe Rexin, 4-Feb-06 (German)
↑ Special report, Thai Astronomical Society, 24-Jul-09 (Thai)
↑ Academic Committee of TAS, Thai Astronomical Society, 1-Jun-09
↑ AstroRunet stars 2005: Astrorunet man of the year, Sternberg Astronomical Institute (Russian)
↑ Czy czÅ‚owiek byÅ‚ na KsiÄ™Å¼ycu?, 27-Oct-06 (Polish)
↑ Yuri Krasilnikov, Apollo lunar surface journal, NASA, 18-May-09
↑ Yuri Krasilnikov, Paradox, April 2004 (Russian)
↑ Information about the authors, Russian book cover (Russian)
↑ About me by Vyacheslav Yatskin, 7-Aug-01 (Russian)
↑ ^133.0 ^133.1 Were Americans on the Moon? by Vyacheslav Yatskin and Yuri Krasilnikov (Russian)
↑ The Maximum programme. Scandals. Intrigues. Investigations, NTV (Russian)
↑ MythBusters, Discovery Channel
↑ MythBusters, TV3 (Russian)
↑ Moon hoax theory, Wikipedia, 21-Aug-09
↑ Conspiracy theory as naive deconstructive history by Floyd Rudmin, NewDemocracyWorld.org, 27-Sep-03
↑ Moon probe could kill conspiracy theory by Leonard David, Space.com, 4-Mar-05
↑ Moon conspiracy theorists by V. Pustynski, 8-Sep-09 (Russian)
↑ Truth needs no laws to support itâ€”Lunar Landings vs Holocau$t, The Official Website of Representative David Duke, PhD, 20-Jul-09
↑ Biographies of aerospace officials and policy makers, Oâ€“S, NASA History Division, 30-Jun-08
↑ German infantry and "Hiwi", WWII in colour, October 2008
↑ ^144.0 ^144.1 ^144.2 Apollo reality by Sam Colby, 2-Mar-09
↑ About the so-called theses of "Stary", 14-Mar-07 (Russian)
↑ FAQ, 24-Nov-09 (Russian)
↑ Biography by Wendy L. Kaysing, 27-Sep-07
↑ Bibliographyâ€”Bill Kaysing, 23-Jan-09
↑ ^149.0 ^149.1 ^149.2 ^149.3 Nardwuar vs. Bill Kaysing by Nardwuar the Human Serviette, 16-Feb-96
↑ ^150.0 ^150.1 Failure modes of the F-1 rocket engine system by Paul S. Ray, Journal of System Safety, Vol. 40, No. 4, Julyâ€“August 2004
↑ ^151.0 ^151.1 American beat: Moon stalker, Newsweek, 16-Sep-02
↑ Moon landing hoax central by Bart Sibrel, 8-Sep-09
↑ ^153.0 ^153.1 A funny thing happened on the way to the Moon, Bart Sibrel, 2001
↑ ^154.0 ^154.1 Astronauts gone wild, Google Video
↑ ^155.0 ^155.1 Apollo 11 press conference, Google Video
↑ Apollo 11: Monkey business: False photography unedited by Bart Sibrel, 19-Jun-09
↑ Apollo One accident report, Expanded edition by Bart Sibrel, 10-Jul-09
↑ Bibliographyâ€”Bart Sibrel's top fifteen, 6-Feb-08
↑ Wagging the Moondoggie, Part 3 by David McGowan, 25-Nov-09
↑ ^160.0 ^160.1 ^160.2 Moon Hoax by Jarrah White and Aron Ranen, 22-Aug-09
↑ Ex-astronaut escapes assault charge, BBC, 21-Sep-02
↑ Apollo 11 Astronaut decks filmmaker, CBS, 11-Sep-02
↑ An audio interview with Bart Sibrel, Binnall of America, 23-Nov-06
↑ Stanislav Pokrovsky, "Intermediate bottom line", 10-Sep-07 (Russian)
↑ ^165.0 ^165.1 Pokrovsky, Professional.ru (Russian)
↑ A view of the first stage separation of Apollo 11, The Internet archive
↑ S.G.Pokrovsky, "The Americans could not land on the Moon", Actual problems of the modern science, ISSN 1680-2721, issue 5, 2007, pp. 152â€“166 (Russian)
↑ Stanislav Pokrovsky, "A more exact estimation of the Saturn-V speed", Manonmoon.ru (Russian)
↑ ^169.0 ^169.1 Moon", Supernovum.ru (Russian)
↑ ^170.0 ^170.1 Stanislav Pokrovsky, "A more exact reconstruction", 27-Apr-08 (Russian)
↑ Stages to Saturn, Chapter 4 by Roger E. Bilstein, NASA, 22-Mar-02
↑ Proceedings of the conference at the Russian New University, Nano-technologies section, 25-Apr-08 (Russian)
↑ Stanislav Pokrovsky, "Why the flight to the Moon did not take place", Manonmoon.ru (Russian)
↑ Alexander Budnik, Institute for physics and power engineering (Russian)
↑ Vladimir Surdin, Sternberg Astronomical Institute
↑ Stanislav Pokrovsky, "Questions", 7-Jan-08 (Russian)
↑ Stanislav Pokrovsky, "A short message", 8-Jul-07 (Russian)
↑ Pokrovsky, "There is a difference between these two methodologies", Supernovum.ru, 23-Oct-07 (Russian)
↑ Wikipedia had an article devoted to the hoax "accusers". Two days after adding the above text about Pokrovsky's findings there on 23 July 2009, the entire article was proposed for deletion and deleted in a week. At the same time, Pokrovsky's business site was hacked and was empty most of August and September 2009.
↑ Alexander Popov, "A man on the Moon? What evidence?", contents (Russian)
↑ ^181.0 ^181.1 ^181.2 Alexander Popov, "Ruin and curses awaited the loser", 2-Oct-09 (Russian)
↑ ^182.0 ^182.1 ^182.2 ^182.3 ^182.4 ^182.5 ^182.6 ^182.7 Alexander Popov, "Americans on the Moon", Veche, 2009, ISBN 9785953333153 (Russian)
↑ Alex Gromov, "Struggle of systems", a review of Popov's book, Labirint review, 16-Mar-09 (Russian)
↑ ^184.0 ^184.1 Alexander Popov, "Half a step to victory", 16-Dec-09 (Russian)
↑ "AntiApollo". The Moon affair of the USA by Jury Mukhin (Russian)
↑ Krassimir Ivandjiiski, Strogo sekretno
↑ Issue 160, Strogo sekretno, September 2008 (Bulgarian)
↑ Zifeng Li et al, "The essence of special relativity and its influence on science, philosophy and society", Proceedings of the Natural Philosophy Alliance, 13th Annual Conference, 3â€“7 April 2006, University of Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 126â€“130
↑ The U.S. Apollo Moon landing was a hoax by Li Zifeng, Science and Technology, issue 5 (137), May 2009, pp. 272â€“273 (Chinese)
↑ Takahiko Soejima, "1962â€“1972: Apollo 11 has never been to the Moon", Tokuma Shoten, 2004, ISBN 9784198618747 (Japanese)
↑ Viaje a la Luna Â¿fue un fraude? by Federico MartÃn Maglio, 15-Aug-09 (Spanish)
↑ AS11-40-5866, Apollo 11 Image Library, NASA, 21-Nov-09
↑ Apollo Moon Hoax? Dr. David Groves Analysis, Youtube, 26-Apr-07
↑ Examples of anomalies and inconsistencies in the Apollo photography, Aulis Publishers, 20-Jan-08
↑ ^195.0 ^195.1 The Apollo Hoax by David Cosnette, 26-Jul-09
↑ Non siamo mai andati sulla Luna!? by Macro Stefanelli, 27-Apr-09 (Italian)
↑ Man never landed on the Moon, Dr. Shrikant N. Devdikar, 10-Feb-08
↑ Dr. William L. Brian II, Zoominfo.com
↑ Investigating possible conspiracies and cover-ups by Wade Frazier, 27-Mar-09
↑ Research Data on the Moon, Beyond the illusion, 29-Dec-08
↑ Biographical article by Alexander Reshnyak, 2007 (Russian)
↑ A short synopsis of the inversion trace speed determination method + neojet by Alexander Reshnyak, 29-Mar-08 (Russian)
↑ Show da Lua by AndrÃ© Mauro, 30-Jan-08 (Portuguese)
↑ Celebrating Anne Tonelson, Youtube, 23-Apr-08
↑ Free information source by Arkady Velyurov, 6-Sep-09 (Russian)
↑ ^206.0 ^206.1 ^206.2 Did we go? by Aron Ranen, 18-Dec-06
↑ Facts and mysteries about UFOs on bTV, Monitor, 26-Mar-07 (Bulgarian)
↑ A Bulgarian film solves the Moon mystery, Standard, 15-Apr-07 (Bulgarian)
↑ Who speaks for Charles Hawkins?, Clavius.org, 28-Jan-04
↑ ^210.0 ^210.1 ^210.2 Apollo feedback to Sam Colby, 14-Aug-09
↑ How America faked the Moon landings by Charles T. Hawkins, GTI Publishers, 2004, ISBN 9780974940540
↑ ^212.0 ^212.1 Centre for an informed America by David McGowan, 8-Dec-09
↑ Reader: Moon Song, Dave Hook, 27-Aug-09
↑ Bibliographyâ€”dramatis personae, Clavius.org, 23-Jan-09
↑ David Percy, Aulis Publishers, 30-Jun-08
↑ An "Invisable army" fights the media lies about 9/11 by Christopher Bollyn, 24-Mar-05
↑ Apollo Moon landings and NASA by Eric Hufschmid, 25-Oct-09
↑ Gerhard Wisnewski, Muslim-Markt, 5-Oct-04 (German)
↑ ^219.0 ^219.1 ^219.2 ^219.3 Die Akte Apollo, Westdeutscher Rundfunk, 2002
↑ Why have men never landed on the Moon?, Amazon, 22-Nov-09 (German)
↑ LÃ¼gen im Weltraum by Gerhard Wisnewski, DrÃ¶mer/Knaur, 2005, ISBN 9783426777558 (German)
↑ ^222.0 ^222.1 ^222.2 ^222.3 ^222.4 ^222.5 One Small Step? by Gerhard Wisnewski, Clairview Books, 2008, ISBN 9781905570126
↑ Studio records?, Magic secrets, 26-Aug-09 (German)
↑ Gernot L. Geise, 21-Aug-09 (German)
↑ Henrik Melvang, Unmask Production, 3-Nov-03 (Danish)
↑ About the suspension of a TV star by Zora LatinoviÄ‡, NIN, 13-Jun-02 (Serbo-Croatian)
↑ Jack White's Apollo Studies, Aulis Publishers, 12-Aug-09
↑ Orwell today by Jackie Jura
↑ Was it only a paper Moon? by James M. Collier, Thule Foundation, 5-Apr-09
↑ Paper Moon by James Collier, 15-Jul-08
↑ Finally the world will know by Jarrah White, 2-Oct-09
↑ Jean-Luc Godard asked me to film him as a painter in his studio by Alain Fleischer, LibÃ©ration, 28-Jan-09 (French)
↑ Explorers on the Moon? by JÃ©rÃ´me Guillas, Le Journal du Dimanche, 31-Oct-09 (French)
↑ Magazine profile, WM, 9-Jan-08 (Czech)
↑ AmeriÄania na Mesiaci? FalzifikÃ¡cia ako z Hollywoodu!, WM, 2-Sep-04 (Czech)
↑ Joe Rogan, me (and Penn), and the Moon hoax: Take III, 27-Feb-07
↑ NASA moons dumbed down USA by John Lee, 21-Sep-04
↑ UFOetry recieves "Music Video of the Year Award", Indymedia, 23-Nov-05
↑ Articles: Moon landing by Kazimierz OÅ¼Ã³g (Polish)
↑ Faked Moon landings? by Kevin Overstreet, 25-Feb-99
↑ Website of LÃ¡szlÃ³ Aranyi, 3-Jan-10 (Hungarian)
↑ Discussion tribune by Leonid Batsura, Kaliningradskaya Pravda, issue 144, 23-Dec-04 (Russian)
↑ Did not land on the Moon!, House reading, issue 5 (177), March 2000 (Russian)
↑ Telescope to challenge Moon doubters, The Sydney Morning Herald, 25-Nov-02
↑ Mondlandung, die LÃ¼ge Ã¼ber einen Mondflug (MondlÃ¼ge) by Mario Kienappel, 22-May-07 (German)
↑ Big bluff or reality? by Marwa Rizk, Moheet.com, 16-Jul-09 (Arabic)
↑ About the authors, Aulis Publishers, 4-Sep-08
↑ Die Beweise fÃ¼r die MondlÃ¼ge by Michael Palomino, 14-Jan-10
↑ Houstonâ€”we have a problem, January 2003 (Finnish)
↑ The lunar conspiracy? Did man really go to the Moon? by Peter Brown, 15-Nov-08
↑ Site officiel du livre 'LumiÃ¨res sur la Lune', Editions Carnot, 14-Sep-03 (French)
↑ ^252.0 ^252.1 ^252.2 ^252.3 ^252.4 ^252.5 ^252.6 ^252.7 ^252.8 Ralph RenÃ©, "NASA Mooned America"
↑ Numerous Anomalies and Scams Abound by Sam Colby, 4-Aug-09
↑ Whoopi Goldberg entertains Moon landing conspiracy theories, Real Clear Politics, 20-Jul-09
↑ Moon landing conspiracy theories and Whoopi Goldberg by Mark Whittington, Associated Content, 20-Jul-09
↑ Moon landing hoax top 10 reasons, Moon hoax documentary films by Bart Sibrel
↑ Robert Gilruth tribute, NASA, 23-Jun-03
↑ The illustrated encyclopedia of space technology, by Gatland, K. W., Salamander Books, London, 1989, 303 p., ISBN 9780861014491
↑ Borman, Austronautix.com, 31-Jul-08
↑ ^260.0 ^260.1 ^260.2 Alexander Popov, "How could they keep this secret?", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)
↑ Frank Borman, MSN Encarta Encyclopaedia, 30-Mar-08
↑ The New Moondoggle by Clyde Lewis, Ground Zero Media, 7-Oct-07
↑ Apollo Fake by Sam Colby, 3-Mar-09
↑ I participated in the project to fake the Moon landings, APFN, 27-Nov-02
↑ Lookout Mountain Laboratory, 15-Aug-07
↑ Interview with Carl Sagan, WGBH Educational Foundation, 1996
↑ Special note, David Morrison, NASA, 10-Mar-09
↑ ^268.0 ^268.1 ^268.2 Frequently asked questions answered by Bart Sibrel, 7-Jul-08
↑ The seven secrets of how to think like a rocket scientist by Jim Longuski, Springer, 2006, ISBN 9780387308760, p. 102
↑ ^270.0 ^270.1 Polemics with the "sceptic", 20-Mar-07 (Russian)
↑ The Manhattan Project, USHistory.org
↑ "Apollo facts" by Sam Colby, 15-Apr-09
↑ "Economics of a Wheat Deal", National Review, ISSN 0028-0038, 27-Oct-72, p. 1168
↑ Triumphs and crises of the Moon programmes by Boris Chertok, 21-Oct-09 (Russian)
↑ ^275.0 ^275.1 Alexander Popov, "A surprising find", 15-Jul-09 (Russian)
↑ ^276.0 ^276.1 Alexander Popov, "Apollo 13â€”an empty 'boilerplate'?", 24-Sep-09 (Russian)
↑ ^277.0 ^277.1 Alexander Popov, "Agreement of the USSR and the USA on the Moon becomes obvious", 24-Sep-09 (Russian)
↑ NK-33 and NK-43 rocket engines by Vic Stathopoulos, Aerospaceguide.net, 11-Oct-09
↑ Space lift propulsion, AeroJet
↑ Taurus II fact sheet, Orbital Sciences Corporation, 21-Oct-09
↑ NASA will use a Soviet engine in its rockets, Izvestia, 23-Jun-09 (Russian)
↑ Alexander Popov, "The Moon raceâ€”a contractual game?", 15-Jan-10 (Russian)
↑ Virgil Grissom, NASA, 4-Dec-08
↑ Edward White, NASA, 4-Dec-08
↑ Roger Chaffee, NASA, 4-Dec-08
↑ Edward Givens, NASA, 4-Dec-08
↑ Clifton Williams, NASA, 4-Dec-08
↑ Michael Adams, NASA, 24-Apr-01
↑ Robert Lawrence, Hill Air Force Base
↑ Russel Rogers, Astronautix.com, 31-Jul-08
↑ Thomas Baron's testimony, Clavius.org, 21-Mar-06
↑ Baron Report (1965â€“1966), NASA, 3-Feb-03
↑ X-15A, Astronautix.com, 31-Jul-08
↑ Apollo-1 (204), NASA, 18-Jan-07
↑ "Journey to Tranquility: The history of man's assault on the Moon" by Hugo Young, Bryan Silcock, and Peter Dunn, Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1969, ISBN 9780224617840, p. 185
↑ Evaluation of a gravity-simulation technique for studies of man's self-locomotion in lunar environment, NASA Technical note D-2176, March 1964, p. 14
↑ Walking to Olympus: an EVA chronology, NASA, p. 12
↑ ALSEP Off-load, Apollo 16 lunar surface journal, NASA, 2-Aug-09
↑ Rocks and soils from the Moon, NASA, 3-Aug-09
↑ Andrey Vladimirovich Mokhov, "Moon under microscope", Science Publishing House, 2007, ISBN 9785020342804 (Russian)
↑ A. V. Mokhov et al, "Find of unusual complex oxides and Î·-bronze in lunar regolith", Doklady Earth Sciences, Volume 421, Number 2, August, 2008, ISSN 1028-334X
↑ Belyaev, Yu. I.; Koveshnikova, T. A., "On the mercury content in highland (Luna 20) and mare (Luna 16) regolith.", Regolith from the highland region of the Moon, pp. 468, 469
↑ Lunar soil from Mare Fecunditatis, Collection of articles, Science Publishing House, 1974, pp. 280, 290, 292, 311, 312, 336, 337, 403, 427, 429, 433, 435, 437, 438, 440, 444, 469, 478, 519, 522, 523 (Russian)
↑ Petrology of a portion of the Mare Fecunditatis regolith, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 13, 1-Jan-72, pp. 257â€“271.
↑ Moon soils store Earth's early breath, Nature, 2-Aug-05
↑ Moon soils store Earth's early breath by Mark Peplow, Nature News, 3-Aug-05
↑ JSC-1: A new lunar soil sumulant, Proceedings of Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Space IV, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 857â€“866, 1994
↑ ^308.0 ^308.1 Alexander Popov, "American lunar soilâ€”a rich soil for doubts", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)
↑ Astromaterials acquisition and curation at JSC, Lunar news, NASA, December 2003
↑ Apollo 11 experiment still going strong after 35 years, NASA, 20-Jul-04
↑ Lunar Retroreflectors by Assoc. Prof. Tom Murphy, UCSD, 22-Jul-08
↑ Surveyor (1966â€“1968), NASA, 5-Oct-06
↑ The truth about the Apollo programme, Chapter 7: Now when the goal was reached by Yaroslav Golovanov, EXMO Press, 2000, ISBN 9785815301061 (Russian)
↑ Alexander Popov, A man on the Moon? What evidence?, Chapter 17: Surveyors landed on the Moon, 27-Dec-06 (Russian)
↑ ^315.0 ^315.1 The hammer and the feather, Apollo 15 lunar surface journal, NASA, 25-Sep-08
↑ The Parkes Observatory's support of the Apollo 11 mission by John Sarkissian of Parkes Observatory, October 2000
↑ Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, 1969, table 2 (Russian)
↑ Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, 1970, table 4 (Russian)
↑ "We saw how Americans landed on the Moon" by Acad. Yevgeniy Molotov, Space news, December 2005 (Russian)
↑ "Did Americans fly to the Moon?" by Valery Mishakov, Secret advisor, 2006, issue 3 (Russian)
↑ Alexander Popov, "How 'ours' tracked the Apollos", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)
↑ Waving U.S. flag, two short excerpts from the film A funny thing happened on the way to the Moon by Bart Sibrel, 30:16â€“30:21 and 30:31â€“30:38
↑ Flown CMP map LAM-2, Apollo 11 image library, NASA, 21-Nov-09
↑ The planets, series producer David McNab, BBC/A&E, 1999, part 1, subpart 4: Moon (357 MB)
↑ Simulated worlds by Alexander Trevi, 11-Sep-07
↑ ^326.0 ^326.1 Alexander Popov, A man on the Moon? What evidence?, Chapter 8: Landing, 8-Jan-07 (Russian)
↑ NASA's LRO spacecraft gets its first look at Apollo landing sites, NASA, 17-Jul-09
↑ LRO looks at Apollo 11 landing site by Teague Soderman, NASA Lunar Science Institute, 2-Oct-09
↑ LROC image browserâ€”M104362199R, NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre / Arizona State University, 8-Aug-09 (a 253 MB "raw" TIFF file is also offered for download there)
↑ Will we learn the truth about the Americans from the Americans and their defenders? by Alexander Popov, 15-Jul-09 (Russian)
↑ NASA'a pulling out all stops in an attempt to convince lemmings it landed on the Moon in 1969 by Curt Maynard, 17-Jul-09
↑ Apollo 10: To sort out the unknowns, Movie archive, NASA, 19-Dec-01 (also available as a Flash video at Vimeo)
↑ NASA problems. A film about Apollo 10, 13-Nov-09 (Russian)
↑ For all mankind (1989), Database of movie dialogues
↑ Apollo 10 Lunar Module (LM) Onboard voice transcription, NASA, June 1969
↑ For all mankind (1989), Apollo Associates, Part 1, 18-Jun-07
↑ Alexander Popov, "Did the Apollos fly around the Moon?", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)
↑ Table 2-39. Apollo 11 Characteristics, SP-4012 NASA historical data book: Vol. III, Programs and projects 1969â€“1978
↑ Soviet military radio-electronic intelligence vesselâ€”a re-equipped trawler
↑ "Ghost chase on tax payers' funds", Secret materials, vol. 13, Mega-polygraph, Kiev, June 2005 (Russian)
↑ Buzz Aldrin on the Moon, Great Images in NASA, NASA, 20-Aug-09
↑ Apollo 11 / Famous shot of Aldrin "walking on the Moon"â€”signs of fakery by David Dees
↑ Apollo 11: On the Moon, Special edition (text by The New York Times), Look, August 1969, page 63
↑ ^344.0 ^344.1 ^344.2 To the Moon and back, Special edition, Life, August 1969, page 90
↑ Manned spacecrafts "Soyuz", "Soyuz T", "Soyuz TM" by E. V. Gudilin, 1-Jun-04 (Russian)
↑ Entry, splashdown, and recovery, NASA, 23-Sep-05 (see the "distance to target" line)
↑ Alexander Popov, "The super-accurate Apollo splashdownâ€”one more link of the lunar bluff", 8-Oct-09 (Russian)
↑ To the Moon and back, Special edition, Life, August 1969, page 91
↑ 'Houston, Tranquility Base here' by Walter Wisniewski (United Press International), The Bryan Times, 26-Jul-69
↑ S69-40753, Apollo Imagery, NASA, 3-Apr-09
↑ Alexander Popov, A man on the Moon? What evidence?, Chapter 18: The difficult burden of glory, 27-Dec-06 (Russian)
↑ Apollo 12 mission report, NASA (12 MB), p. 14â€“50
↑ TV troubles, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 14-May-09
↑ TV troubles, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 14-May-09
↑ TV troubles, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 14-May-09
↑ Explosive Evidence, NASA, 20-Aug-09
↑ Alexander Popov, "The special case of Apollo 13", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)
↑ Soviets recovered an Apollo capsule!, Astronautix.com, 31-Jul-08
↑ Arkady Velyurov, "A return match: NASA versus the Main bureau of finds", 13-Nov-08 (Russian)
↑ Oral history transcript, Edgar Mitchell, interviewed by Sherre Scarborough, NASA, 3-Sep-97, p. 12-19
↑ "For all mankind" by Harry Hurt III, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1988, ISBN 9780871131706, p. 225
↑ Apollo 15 hammer and feather drop (78 MB)
↑ A technical description of Honeysuckle Creek tracking station during the Apollo era by Hamish Lindsay, 15-Apr-09
↑ Alexander Popov, "That Moon gravitation", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)
↑ Moon landing hoaxâ€”hammer & feather, Youtube, 21-Jun-07
↑ AS15-88-11963, Apollo 15 map and image library, NASA, 12-Nov-09
↑ Wagging the Moondoggie, Part 4 by David McGowan, 25-Nov-09
↑ AS16-117-18841, Apollo 16 image library, NASA, 26-Nov-09
↑ Geology Station 8, Apollo 16 lunar surface journal, NASA, 2-Aug-09
↑ Moon landing hoaxâ€”Wires seen in videos, Google Video
↑ Apollo 16 flight journal, Chapter 23, NASA, 3-May-08
↑ Apollo 16: Nothing so hidden... (1972), Movie Archive, NASA, 19-Dec-01 (also available as a Flash video at the Internet archive)
↑ Apollo 16 lunar orbit rendezvous (FTV-0000821), FootageVault.com (the docking sequence in the film Apollo 16: Nothing so hidden, speeded up and lasting longer)
↑ Apollo 11: For all mankind, Movie archive, NASA, 19-Dec-01 (also available as a Flash video at Vimeo)
↑ A view of the Apollo spacecraft from the Soyuz spacecraft, 20 KB (the dark circle is the rear view of the Apollo; the white spots are the control thruster exhaust lit by the Sun)
↑ Apollo landing time, Artemis Society International, 5-Jun-99
↑ Various other Apollo image anomalies by David Wozney, 9-Apr-07
↑ Return to orbit, Apollo 17 video library, NASA, 3-Aug-09
↑ Wagging the Moondoggie, Part 5 by David McGowan, 25-Nov-09
↑ Skylab-2 mission: commander Conrad in shower, NASA
↑ Apollo 8, day 4: Lunar orbits 4, 5 and 6, Apollo flight journal, NASA, 3-Jan-09 (the 2nd photo, at 075:47:37)
↑ AS8-14-2392, Apollo imagery, NASA, 3-Feb-09
↑ AS08-14-2392, JSC digital image collection, NASA, 1-Nov-06
↑ ^384.0 ^384.1 Post-landing activities, Apollo 11 lunar surface journal, NASA, 5-Jun-09
↑ Post-landing activities, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 11-Jun-09
↑ Post-landing activities, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 11-Jun-09
↑ The first lunar landing, part 6, NASA, 24-Apr-01
↑ "Liftoff" by Michael Collins, Grove Press, 1989, ISBN 9780802131881, p. 100
↑ Lone star, The Alan Bean Gallery
↑ S70-31774, Apollo 13 image library, NASA, 19-Sep-09
↑ The colour pallete of cosmos by Alexey Leonov, Technology for the Youth, 1981, issue 4, pp. 27â€“29 (Russian)
↑ Moon by Paul D. Spudis, PhD, World book at NASA, 30-Nov-07
↑ Stars and the Solstice Sun, Astronomy Picture of the Day, NASA, 21-Jun-07
↑ The Moon, NASA, 20-Jan-00
↑ TV troubles, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 14-May-09
↑ Moon landing hoax Apollo 12, Youtube, 27-Aug-08
↑ A visit to the Snowman, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 4-May-09
↑ A profile and plan view of the Apollo 12 approach trajectory, Apollo 12 image library, NASA
↑ Fred Wallace Haise, Jr., Biographical data, NASA, 4-Dec-08
↑ Moon 'photos'? by Graham William Birdsall, 5-Jan-97
↑ "Return to Earth" by Edwin E. Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Random House Publishers, 1973, ISBN 9780394488325, p. 189
↑ Landing at Fra Mauro, Apollo 14 video library, NASA, 6-Sep-06
↑ AS14-66-9258, Apollo 14 image library, NASA, 8-Jul-09
↑ Alexander Popov, "First on the Moon", 21-Jul-09 (Russian)
↑ Day 1: Translunar Injection (TLI), Apollo 17 Flight Journal, 11-Apr-07
↑ AS12-50-7326, Apollo 12 image library, NASA, 4-Aug-09
↑ Earthâ€”Apollo 12, Catalogue of spaceborne imaging, NASA, 21-Sep-04
↑ Day 1: Transposition, docking and extraction, Apollo 12 flight journal, NASA, 24-Sep-05
↑ AS17-148-22726, Apollo 17 image library, NASA, 3-Aug-09
↑ Landing at Taurus-Littrow, Apollo 17 lunar surface journal, NASA, 30-Jun-09
↑ Deep core, Apollo 17 lunar surface journal, NASA, 12-Oct-08
↑ ALSEP deployment, Apollo 17 lunar surface journal, NASA, 12-Oct-08
↑ Moon landing hoax Apollo: Lunar rover had an engine mufflerâ€”ran on fuel in the fake Moon bay, Metacafe, 24-Oct-09
↑ ^414.0 ^414.1 Expenses and results by Sergei Alexandrov and Valentina Ponomaryova, All about cosmos: selected articles (Russian)
↑ The 'Soyuz' have a lunar origin by Boris Chertok, 27-Sep-09 (Russian)
↑ Alexander Popov, A man on the Moon? What evidence?, Chapter 15: Flight analysis results, 22-Dec-06 (Russian)
↑ Some problems of the reusable aerospace launch system development by Victor A. Surdin, From the history of aviation and cosmonautics, issue 61, 25-Feb-06 (Russian)
↑ RD-180, Deagel.com, 30-Aug-09
↑ Alexander Popov, "The rocket: tests failedâ€”let's fly to the Moon", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)
↑ Unfitness of the F-1 engine for a new conquest of the Moon by Dmitry Kropotov, 6-Oct-09 (Russian)
↑ William Jefferson Clinton, Doctor of Laws, The University of Hong Kong, 2008
↑ My life by Bill Clinton, Knopf Publishers, 2004, ISBN 9780375414572, p. 156
↑ President Obama's JFK moment by Buzz Aldrin, The Huffington Post, 3-Feb-10

External links

Sceptical Inquiry: Hoaxes: Lunar Landing at the Open directory project, 9 December 2009

[famous-1] 1.0 ^1.1 AS11-40-5903, Apollo 11 Image Library, NASA, 21-Nov-09

[skylab-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Alexander Popov, A man on the Moon? What evidence?, Chapter 21: A brilliant epilogue ("Skylab"), 27 December 2006 (Russian)

[Folha-3] 3.0 ^3.1 CÃ©ticos ainda tentam derrubar "farsa" da jornada Ã Lua by Marina Lang, Folha online, 16-Jul-09 (Portuguese)

[wired-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 The wrong stuff by Rogier van Bakel, Wired, September 1994

[Walter-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Did we go to the Moon? by Prof. Dr. Ulrich Walter, 25-Sep-09

[6] What awaits the denounced? by Dmitry Verhoturov, Neonomad.kz, 13-Aug-09 (Russian)

[7] 1961: Soviets win space race, BBC, 12-Apr-61

[8] Special Message to the Congress on urgent national needs, President John F. Kennedy, Washington, DC, 25-May-61

[9] Chronology of the Moon race, RussianSpaceWeb.com, 16-Feb-09

[10] Did man went on Moon?, BigMantra.com, 25-Mar-08

[11] Bush unveils vision for Moon and beyond, CNN, 15-Jan-04

[veche-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 Interview with Alexander Ivanovich Popov by Alex Gromov, Labirint review, 10-Mar-09 (Russian)

[13] The Great Moon Hoax by Alex Boese, Museum of hoaxes, 2002

[14] A man on the Moon by Andrew Chaikin, Penguin Books, 1998, ISBN 9780140272017

[15] Apollo 11: On the Moon, Special edition (text by The New York Times), Look, August 1969, page 65

[Cranny-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Did man land on the Moon? by James J. Cranny, Johnson City, Texas, 1970

[Gordon-17] 17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 The Americans haven't been on the Moon by Alexander Gordon, Rutube, 22-Jun-07 (Russian)

[18] Diamonds are forever, Eon Productions, 1971

[19] Capricorn One, Associated General Films, 1978

[20] A great step or a great con? by Anna Pickard, The Guardian

[21] Apollo Moon landing hoax?? by John Pike, GlobalSecurity.org, 8-Jan-01

[Lewis-22] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 Good Luck, Mr. Gorsky! by Clyde Lewis, Ground Zero Media, 12-Oct-07

[ft-23] 23.0 ^23.1 Moon-landing debunkers won't fade away, Florida today, 7-Jul-09

[24] The search for the Apollo 11 SSTV tapes by John M. Sarkissian, CSIRO Parkes Observatory, 21-May-06, p. 15

[25] A brief history of the Apollo hoax by Jason Daley, Popular Science, 30-Sep-08

[26] "Lost tapes" lost for good, NASA releases restored footage of first moonwalk, CollectSpace.com, 17-Jul-09

[27] Moonwalk video gets a makeover by Alan Boyle, MSNBC, 16-Jul-09

[28] Getting Apollo 11 right, ABC, July 1999

[Oberg-29] 29.0 ^29.1 Lessons of the 'fake Moon flight' myth by James Oberg, Skeptical Inquirer, March/April 2003, pp. 23, 30

[Colby-30] 30.0 ^30.1 Apollo Truth by Sam Colby, 2-Mar-09

[31] Obama's cancellation of Moon landings is a case of "No we can't", not "Yes we can" by Toby Young, Daily Telegraph, 2-Feb-10

[Kaysing-32] 32.0 ^32.1 ^32.2 ^32.3 We never went to the Moon by Bill Kaysing and Randy Reid, Health Research Books, 1976, ISBN 9780787304874

[age-33] Remembrance and cultural representation of the Space Age, NASA, p. 378

[moongate-34] 34.0 ^34.1 Monngate: A bomb ready to explode? by Simone Colzani, Nexus edizioni, 16-Feb-05 (Italian)

[sdg-35] 35.0 ^35.1 Man on the Moonâ€”a colossal hoax that cost billions of dollars by SatsvarÅ«pa dÄsa GoswÄmÄ«, Krishna.org, 11-Aug-08

[36] Were the Americans on the Moon?, Public Opinion Fund, 19-Apr-00 (Russian)

[desert-37] 37.0 ^37.1 Book to confirm Moon landings by Seth Borenstein, Deseret News, 2-Nov-02

[38] Engaging the 18â€“25 generation: Educational outreach, interactive technologies, and space by Mary Lynne Dittmar, PhD, 25-Sep-06, p. 6

[39] Overlooked election facts & statistics by Zack Parsons, 8-Feb-08

[40] Area 51 is top conspiracy theory, Sky News, 31-Jul-08

[41] US base leads poll's top conspiracy theories, The Guardian, 31-Jul-08

[42] 50pct Britons believe in captive space aliens, Asian News International, 31-Jul-08

[mirror-43] 43.0 ^43.1 The Dark Side of the Moon: 40 years after Moon landing the doubts persist by Dennis Ellam, Daily Mirror, 14-Feb-09

[express-44] 44.0 ^44.1 Moonfakers by Peter Sheridan, Daily Express, 17-Jul-09

[45] Britons question Apollo 11 Moon landings, survey reveals, Engineering & Technology, 8-Jul-09

[46] Ein kosmischer Streit / Hat die erste Mondlandung Ã¼berhaup stattgefunden?, Der Spiegel (German)

[47] Did we land on the Moon?, Sparklit.com

[48] Did we really land on the Moon?, BBC, 28-Apr-05

[49] Alex Dantart, 17-May-08 (Spanish)

[50] El hombre llegÃ³ a la Luna... Â¿o no?, 86400.es, 16-Jan-07 (Spanish)

[51] Pensez-vous que l'homme a marchÃ© sur la lune?, PourOuContre.com (French)

[52] L'Homme a-t-il marchÃ© sur la Lune?, 20Minuten.ch (French)

[53] Do you think the first Moon landing was a scam?, Aftonbladet, 15-Jul-09 (Swedish)

[54] Archive of polls, CNews.ru (Russian)

[55] Do you think the government could fake a Moon landing?, Twiigs.com, 20 Julyâ€”19 August 2009

[56] Did we land on the Moon in 1969? by Eddie Wieder, PlanetMars.org

[fgm-57] 57.0 ^57.1 Did U.S. astronauts really land on the Moon?, NASA, June 1977 (reissued 14-Feb-01)

[58] Brian Welch, NASA Director of Media Services, dies, NASA, 27-Nov-00

[dark-59] 59.0 ^59.1 ^59.2 Dark Moon by Mary Bennett and David Percy, Adventures Unlimited Press, 2001, ISBN 9780932813909

[what-60] 60.0 ^60.1 ^60.2 ^60.3 ^60.4 ^60.5 ^60.6 ^60.7 ^60.8 What happened on the Moon (2000), Aulis Publishers, 28-Nov-07

[Nash-61] 61.0 ^61.1 Bruce Nash, CEO/President, Nash Entertainment, 4-Jan-10

[fox-62] 62.0 ^62.1 ^62.2 ^62.3 Conspiracy theory: Did we land on the Moon?, Nash Entertainment, 2001

[gmh-63] 63.0 ^63.1 ^63.2 The great Moon hoax by Dr. Tony Philips, NASA, 23-Feb-01

[64] The Moon landing hoax by Gil Knier & Becky Bray, NASA, 30-Mar-01

[struck-65] 65.0 ^65.1 ^65.2 ^65.3 ^65.4 ^65.5 Moonstruck by Kurt Soller, Newsweek, 17-Jul-09

[66] Did we really land on the Moon? Suggestions for science teachers by Paul D. Lowman Jr., NASA, 4-Mar-01

[67] Exhibits for loan from the Goddard Visitor Centre. Lunar and meteorite samples for loans, NASA, 10-Mar-09.

[68] Moon photo mystery solved by Alan Boyle, MSNBC, 4-Dec-07

[69] Profile, JamesOberg.com, 26-Aug-09

[70] James Oberg, Absolute Astronomy

[theage-71] 71.0 ^71.1 One giant leap of imagination, The Age, 24-Dec-02

[72] NASA pulls Moon hoax book, BBC, 8-Nov-02

[73] One giant hoax for mankind by Dr. David Whitehouse, BBC, 11-Nov-02

[74] One giant leap for conspiricists by Mark Lawson, The Guardian, 9-Nov-02

[ap-75] 75.0 ^75.1 ^75.2 Hoaxers vs. rocket scientists: Even NASA unsure how to counter claims of faked Moon missions by Marcia Dunn, Associated Press, 21-Dec-02

[76] James E. Oberg, Bibliography, Amazon

[77] 40 years after landing on the Moon, many are convinced it was staged at movie studios by Lior Friedman, Haaretz, 17-Jul-09 (Hebrew)

[Mukhin-78] 78.0 ^78.1 ^78.2 ^78.3 ^78.4 ^78.5 ^78.6 ^78.7 ^78.8 A Moon affair, Algorithm Publishing, 2009, ISBN 9785926506201 (Russian)

[79] NASA against the conspiracy theory: it landed on the Moon by Avi Blizovsky, Hayadan.org, 9-Nov-02 (Hebrew)

[aFon-80] 80.0 ^80.1 ^80.2 ^80.3 The Americans have never been on the Moon, 30-Sep-09 (Russian)

[81] Patrick Moore, Freebase.com

[twelve-82] 82.0 ^82.1 Twelve men on the Moon, "The sky at night", BBC, 1-Apr-02

[83] Prof. Dr. Harald Lesch, Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Munich (27-Jul-09)

[84] Die Landung auf dem Mond by JÃ¶rg Keller (German)

[85] Meeting: Article, 24-Feb-08 (Russian)

[86] Flogging the conspiracy theories about lunar landing by Thomas Hoffman, 20-Jul-09 (Danish)

[87] Siamo realmente andati sulla Luna?, Ceifan.org, 14-Dec-09 (Italian)

[Plait-88] 88.0 ^88.1 ^88.2 "Bad astronomy", Dr. Philip Plait, John Wiley & Sons, 2002, ISBN 9780471409762

[89] Not only about the Moon affair, 27-Dec-08 (Russian)

[90] Vladislav-Veniamin Pustynski's CV, 27-Nov-08

[91] Vladislav-Veniamin PustÃµnski, International Astronomical Union, 26-Aug-09

[92] Biography by Abduldaem Al-Kaheel, Kaheel7.com

[93] Did we go to the Moon? by Abduldaem Al-Kaheel, Kaheel7.com (Arabic)

[94] Â¿El hombre llegÃ³ a la Luna? by Alberto Farid Char Bonilla, 25-Nov-08 (Spanish)

[95] Alexander Yevgenyevich Markov, 3-Aug-09 (Russian)

[96] The most popular conspiracy theory: was the Moon landing real? by Ali Murat GÃ¼ven, 18-Aug-06 (Turkish)

[97] Moon FAQ, Hong Kong Space Museum, 11-Jun-01 (Chinese)

[98] The Great Moon-landing hoax? by David A. Hardy, 1-Sep-09

[99] Credibility of science communication, ESA, 30-Oct-09

[100] War der erste Mensch auf dem Mond ein Schauspieler? by Katharina Adick, Westdeutscher Rundfunk, 2-Jun-09 (German)

[101] 1969, la llegada del Hombre a la luna Â¿verdad o farsa? by Guillermo Descalzo, 29-Aug-09 (Spanish)

[102] Autobiography by H.J.P. Arnold, 11-Jul-03

[103] The Moon landings were NOT faked by Jim Scotti, 27-Jun-07

[104] Moon base Clavius, 10-Oct-08

[105] Did we land on the Moon? by Keith Mayes, 12-Dec-04

[106] In eigener Sache by Marcus Haas (German)

[107] Hat die Mondlandung stattgefunden? by Marcus Haas (German)

[108] Apollo conspiracy FAQ, ASIOS, 20-Dec-09 (Japanese)

[109] Siamo andati sulla Luna by Matteo Negri (Italian)

[110] Mondlandung oder ein gigantischer Schwindel? by Matthias Lipinski, 2-Oct-09 (German)

[Zivkovic-111] 111.0 ^111.1 "The truth about the astronaut's flight to the Moon" by Ivona Å½ivkoviÄ‡, 31-Mar-08 (Serbo-Croatian)

[Lloyd-112] 112.0 ^112.1 The Apollo Moon hoax at the Cheltenham festival of science by Andy Lloyd, 7-Jan-09

[113] Siamo mai andati sulla luna? by Paolo Attivissimo, 9-Aug-09 (Italian)

[114] KsanLab Educational Screensavers by Sergey Denisyuk, 21-Dec-05

[115] Guidestar by Patrick Jacques, 4-Jul-09, pp. 4â€“7 (Dutch)

[116] Were people on the Moon? by Pavel Gabzdyl, 12-Feb-07 (Czech)

[Karn-117] 117.0 ^117.1 Debunking crackpot science by Philip Karn, 26-Sep-09

[Braeunig-118] 118.0 ^118.1 Did we land on the Moon? by Robert Braeunig, 30-Sep-08

[119] Ronaldo MourÃ£o / Astronomia & astronÃ¡utica (Portuguese)

[120] AstrÃ´nomo desmente mitos de que homem nÃ£o teria ido Ã Lua by MarÃlia Juste, Rede Globo, 15-Jul-09 (Portuguese)

[121] Myths and fallacies, Cosmos.1.bg (Bulgarian)

[122] Biography by Thanassis Vembos, 22-Apr-09 (Greek)

[123] We never went to the Moon? by Thanassis Vembos, 22-Apr-09 (Greek)

[124] Mondlandung oder MondlandungslÃ¼ge by Uwe Rexin, 4-Feb-06 (German)

[125] Special report, Thai Astronomical Society, 24-Jul-09 (Thai)

[126] Academic Committee of TAS, Thai Astronomical Society, 1-Jun-09

[127] AstroRunet stars 2005: Astrorunet man of the year, Sternberg Astronomical Institute (Russian)

[128] Czy czÅ‚owiek byÅ‚ na KsiÄ™Å¼ycu?, 27-Oct-06 (Polish)

[129] Yuri Krasilnikov, Apollo lunar surface journal, NASA, 18-May-09

[130] Yuri Krasilnikov, Paradox, April 2004 (Russian)

[131] Information about the authors, Russian book cover (Russian)

[132] About me by Vyacheslav Yatskin, 7-Aug-01 (Russian)

[Yatskin-133] 133.0 ^133.1 Were Americans on the Moon? by Vyacheslav Yatskin and Yuri Krasilnikov (Russian)

[134] The Maximum programme. Scandals. Intrigues. Investigations, NTV (Russian)

[135] MythBusters, Discovery Channel

[136] MythBusters, TV3 (Russian)

[137] Moon hoax theory, Wikipedia, 21-Aug-09

[138] Conspiracy theory as naive deconstructive history by Floyd Rudmin, NewDemocracyWorld.org, 27-Sep-03

[139] Moon probe could kill conspiracy theory by Leonard David, Space.com, 4-Mar-05

[140] Moon conspiracy theorists by V. Pustynski, 8-Sep-09 (Russian)

[141] Truth needs no laws to support itâ€”Lunar Landings vs Holocau$t, The Official Website of Representative David Duke, PhD, 20-Jul-09

[142] Biographies of aerospace officials and policy makers, Oâ€“S, NASA History Division, 30-Jun-08

[143] German infantry and "Hiwi", WWII in colour, October 2008

[reality-144] 144.0 ^144.1 ^144.2 Apollo reality by Sam Colby, 2-Mar-09

[145] About the so-called theses of "Stary", 14-Mar-07 (Russian)

[146] FAQ, 24-Nov-09 (Russian)

[147] Biography by Wendy L. Kaysing, 27-Sep-07

[148] Bibliographyâ€”Bill Kaysing, 23-Jan-09

[Nardwuar-149] 149.0 ^149.1 ^149.2 ^149.3 Nardwuar vs. Bill Kaysing by Nardwuar the Human Serviette, 16-Feb-96

[Ray-150] 150.0 ^150.1 Failure modes of the F-1 rocket engine system by Paul S. Ray, Journal of System Safety, Vol. 40, No. 4, Julyâ€“August 2004

[newsweek-151] 151.0 ^151.1 American beat: Moon stalker, Newsweek, 16-Sep-02

[152] Moon landing hoax central by Bart Sibrel, 8-Sep-09

[funny-153] 153.0 ^153.1 A funny thing happened on the way to the Moon, Bart Sibrel, 2001

[gonewild-154] 154.0 ^154.1 Astronauts gone wild, Google Video

[pressconf-155] 155.0 ^155.1 Apollo 11 press conference, Google Video

[156] Apollo 11: Monkey business: False photography unedited by Bart Sibrel, 19-Jun-09

[157] Apollo One accident report, Expanded edition by Bart Sibrel, 10-Jul-09

[158] Bibliographyâ€”Bart Sibrel's top fifteen, 6-Feb-08

[159] Wagging the Moondoggie, Part 3 by David McGowan, 25-Nov-09

[moonhoax-160] 160.0 ^160.1 ^160.2 Moon Hoax by Jarrah White and Aron Ranen, 22-Aug-09

[161] Ex-astronaut escapes assault charge, BBC, 21-Sep-02

[162] Apollo 11 Astronaut decks filmmaker, CBS, 11-Sep-02

[163] An audio interview with Bart Sibrel, Binnall of America, 23-Nov-06

[164] Stanislav Pokrovsky, "Intermediate bottom line", 10-Sep-07 (Russian)

[Pokrovsky-165] 165.0 ^165.1 Pokrovsky, Professional.ru (Russian)

[166] A view of the first stage separation of Apollo 11, The Internet archive

[167] S.G.Pokrovsky, "The Americans could not land on the Moon", Actual problems of the modern science, ISSN 1680-2721, issue 5, 2007, pp. 152â€“166 (Russian)

[168] Stanislav Pokrovsky, "A more exact estimation of the Saturn-V speed", Manonmoon.ru (Russian)

[Moon-169] 169.0 ^169.1 Moon", Supernovum.ru (Russian)

[estimation-170] 170.0 ^170.1 Stanislav Pokrovsky, "A more exact reconstruction", 27-Apr-08 (Russian)

[171] Stages to Saturn, Chapter 4 by Roger E. Bilstein, NASA, 22-Mar-02

[172] Proceedings of the conference at the Russian New University, Nano-technologies section, 25-Apr-08 (Russian)

[173] Stanislav Pokrovsky, "Why the flight to the Moon did not take place", Manonmoon.ru (Russian)

[174] Alexander Budnik, Institute for physics and power engineering (Russian)

[175] Vladimir Surdin, Sternberg Astronomical Institute

[176] Stanislav Pokrovsky, "Questions", 7-Jan-08 (Russian)

[177] Stanislav Pokrovsky, "A short message", 8-Jul-07 (Russian)

[178] Pokrovsky, "There is a difference between these two methodologies", Supernovum.ru, 23-Oct-07 (Russian)

[179] Wikipedia had an article devoted to the hoax "accusers". Two days after adding the above text about Pokrovsky's findings there on 23 July 2009, the entire article was proposed for deletion and deleted in a week. At the same time, Pokrovsky's business site was hacked and was empty most of August and September 2009.

[180] Alexander Popov, "A man on the Moon? What evidence?", contents (Russian)

[Popov0-181] 181.0 ^181.1 ^181.2 Alexander Popov, "Ruin and curses awaited the loser", 2-Oct-09 (Russian)

[Popov-182] 182.0 ^182.1 ^182.2 ^182.3 ^182.4 ^182.5 ^182.6 ^182.7 Alexander Popov, "Americans on the Moon", Veche, 2009, ISBN 9785953333153 (Russian)

[183] Alex Gromov, "Struggle of systems", a review of Popov's book, Labirint review, 16-Mar-09 (Russian)

[Popov9-184] 184.0 ^184.1 Alexander Popov, "Half a step to victory", 16-Dec-09 (Russian)

[185] "AntiApollo". The Moon affair of the USA by Jury Mukhin (Russian)

[186] Krassimir Ivandjiiski, Strogo sekretno

[187] Issue 160, Strogo sekretno, September 2008 (Bulgarian)

[188] Zifeng Li et al, "The essence of special relativity and its influence on science, philosophy and society", Proceedings of the Natural Philosophy Alliance, 13th Annual Conference, 3â€“7 April 2006, University of Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 126â€“130

[189] The U.S. Apollo Moon landing was a hoax by Li Zifeng, Science and Technology, issue 5 (137), May 2009, pp. 272â€“273 (Chinese)

[190] Takahiko Soejima, "1962â€“1972: Apollo 11 has never been to the Moon", Tokuma Shoten, 2004, ISBN 9784198618747 (Japanese)

[191] Viaje a la Luna Â¿fue un fraude? by Federico MartÃn Maglio, 15-Aug-09 (Spanish)

[192] AS11-40-5866, Apollo 11 Image Library, NASA, 21-Nov-09

[193] Apollo Moon Hoax? Dr. David Groves Analysis, Youtube, 26-Apr-07

[194] Examples of anomalies and inconsistencies in the Apollo photography, Aulis Publishers, 20-Jan-08

[cosmic-195] 195.0 ^195.1 The Apollo Hoax by David Cosnette, 26-Jul-09

[196] Non siamo mai andati sulla Luna!? by Macro Stefanelli, 27-Apr-09 (Italian)

[197] Man never landed on the Moon, Dr. Shrikant N. Devdikar, 10-Feb-08

[198] Dr. William L. Brian II, Zoominfo.com

[199] Investigating possible conspiracies and cover-ups by Wade Frazier, 27-Mar-09

[200] Research Data on the Moon, Beyond the illusion, 29-Dec-08

[201] Biographical article by Alexander Reshnyak, 2007 (Russian)

[202] A short synopsis of the inversion trace speed determination method + neojet by Alexander Reshnyak, 29-Mar-08 (Russian)

[203] Show da Lua by AndrÃ© Mauro, 30-Jan-08 (Portuguese)

[204] Celebrating Anne Tonelson, Youtube, 23-Apr-08

[205] Free information source by Arkady Velyurov, 6-Sep-09 (Russian)

[didwego-206] 206.0 ^206.1 ^206.2 Did we go? by Aron Ranen, 18-Dec-06

[207] Facts and mysteries about UFOs on bTV, Monitor, 26-Mar-07 (Bulgarian)

[208] A Bulgarian film solves the Moon mystery, Standard, 15-Apr-07 (Bulgarian)

[209] Who speaks for Charles Hawkins?, Clavius.org, 28-Jan-04

[afb-210] 210.0 ^210.1 ^210.2 Apollo feedback to Sam Colby, 14-Aug-09

[211] How America faked the Moon landings by Charles T. Hawkins, GTI Publishers, 2004, ISBN 9780974940540

[cia-212] 212.0 ^212.1 Centre for an informed America by David McGowan, 8-Dec-09

[213] Reader: Moon Song, Dave Hook, 27-Aug-09

[214] Bibliographyâ€”dramatis personae, Clavius.org, 23-Jan-09

[215] David Percy, Aulis Publishers, 30-Jun-08

[216] An "Invisable army" fights the media lies about 9/11 by Christopher Bollyn, 24-Mar-05

[217] Apollo Moon landings and NASA by Eric Hufschmid, 25-Oct-09

[218] Gerhard Wisnewski, Muslim-Markt, 5-Oct-04 (German)

[akte-219] 219.0 ^219.1 ^219.2 ^219.3 Die Akte Apollo, Westdeutscher Rundfunk, 2002

[220] Why have men never landed on the Moon?, Amazon, 22-Nov-09 (German)

[221] LÃ¼gen im Weltraum by Gerhard Wisnewski, DrÃ¶mer/Knaur, 2005, ISBN 9783426777558 (German)

[step-222] 222.0 ^222.1 ^222.2 ^222.3 ^222.4 ^222.5 One Small Step? by Gerhard Wisnewski, Clairview Books, 2008, ISBN 9781905570126

[223] Studio records?, Magic secrets, 26-Aug-09 (German)

[224] Gernot L. Geise, 21-Aug-09 (German)

[225] Henrik Melvang, Unmask Production, 3-Nov-03 (Danish)

[226] About the suspension of a TV star by Zora LatinoviÄ‡, NIN, 13-Jun-02 (Serbo-Croatian)

[227] Jack White's Apollo Studies, Aulis Publishers, 12-Aug-09

[228] Orwell today by Jackie Jura

[229] Was it only a paper Moon? by James M. Collier, Thule Foundation, 5-Apr-09

[230] Paper Moon by James Collier, 15-Jul-08

[231] Finally the world will know by Jarrah White, 2-Oct-09

[232] Jean-Luc Godard asked me to film him as a painter in his studio by Alain Fleischer, LibÃ©ration, 28-Jan-09 (French)

[233] Explorers on the Moon? by JÃ©rÃ´me Guillas, Le Journal du Dimanche, 31-Oct-09 (French)

[234] Magazine profile, WM, 9-Jan-08 (Czech)

[235] AmeriÄania na Mesiaci? FalzifikÃ¡cia ako z Hollywoodu!, WM, 2-Sep-04 (Czech)

[236] Joe Rogan, me (and Penn), and the Moon hoax: Take III, 27-Feb-07

[237] NASA moons dumbed down USA by John Lee, 21-Sep-04

[238] UFOetry recieves "Music Video of the Year Award", Indymedia, 23-Nov-05

[239] Articles: Moon landing by Kazimierz OÅ¼Ã³g (Polish)

[240] Faked Moon landings? by Kevin Overstreet, 25-Feb-99

[241] Website of LÃ¡szlÃ³ Aranyi, 3-Jan-10 (Hungarian)

[242] Discussion tribune by Leonid Batsura, Kaliningradskaya Pravda, issue 144, 23-Dec-04 (Russian)

[243] Did not land on the Moon!, House reading, issue 5 (177), March 2000 (Russian)

[244] Telescope to challenge Moon doubters, The Sydney Morning Herald, 25-Nov-02

[245] Mondlandung, die LÃ¼ge Ã¼ber einen Mondflug (MondlÃ¼ge) by Mario Kienappel, 22-May-07 (German)

[246] Big bluff or reality? by Marwa Rizk, Moheet.com, 16-Jul-09 (Arabic)

[247] About the authors, Aulis Publishers, 4-Sep-08

[248] Die Beweise fÃ¼r die MondlÃ¼ge by Michael Palomino, 14-Jan-10

[249] Houstonâ€”we have a problem, January 2003 (Finnish)

[250] The lunar conspiracy? Did man really go to the Moon? by Peter Brown, 15-Nov-08

[251] Site officiel du livre 'LumiÃ¨res sur la Lune', Editions Carnot, 14-Sep-03 (French)

[Rene-252] 252.0 ^252.1 ^252.2 ^252.3 ^252.4 ^252.5 ^252.6 ^252.7 ^252.8 Ralph RenÃ©, "NASA Mooned America"

[253] Numerous Anomalies and Scams Abound by Sam Colby, 4-Aug-09

[254] Whoopi Goldberg entertains Moon landing conspiracy theories, Real Clear Politics, 20-Jul-09

[255] Moon landing conspiracy theories and Whoopi Goldberg by Mark Whittington, Associated Content, 20-Jul-09

[256] Moon landing hoax top 10 reasons, Moon hoax documentary films by Bart Sibrel

[257] Robert Gilruth tribute, NASA, 23-Jun-03

[258] The illustrated encyclopedia of space technology, by Gatland, K. W., Salamander Books, London, 1989, 303 p., ISBN 9780861014491

[259] Borman, Austronautix.com, 31-Jul-08

[Popov1-260] 260.0 ^260.1 ^260.2 Alexander Popov, "How could they keep this secret?", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)

[261] Frank Borman, MSN Encarta Encyclopaedia, 30-Mar-08

[262] The New Moondoggle by Clyde Lewis, Ground Zero Media, 7-Oct-07

[263] Apollo Fake by Sam Colby, 3-Mar-09

[264] I participated in the project to fake the Moon landings, APFN, 27-Nov-02

[265] Lookout Mountain Laboratory, 15-Aug-07

[266] Interview with Carl Sagan, WGBH Educational Foundation, 1996

[267] Special note, David Morrison, NASA, 10-Mar-09

[Sibrel-268] 268.0 ^268.1 ^268.2 Frequently asked questions answered by Bart Sibrel, 7-Jul-08

[269] The seven secrets of how to think like a rocket scientist by Jim Longuski, Springer, 2006, ISBN 9780387308760, p. 102

[mustdie-270] 270.0 ^270.1 Polemics with the "sceptic", 20-Mar-07 (Russian)

[271] The Manhattan Project, USHistory.org

[272] "Apollo facts" by Sam Colby, 15-Apr-09

[273] "Economics of a Wheat Deal", National Review, ISSN 0028-0038, 27-Oct-72, p. 1168

[274] Triumphs and crises of the Moon programmes by Boris Chertok, 21-Oct-09 (Russian)

[Popov2-275] 275.0 ^275.1 Alexander Popov, "A surprising find", 15-Jul-09 (Russian)

[Popov4-276] 276.0 ^276.1 Alexander Popov, "Apollo 13â€”an empty 'boilerplate'?", 24-Sep-09 (Russian)

[Popov5-277] 277.0 ^277.1 Alexander Popov, "Agreement of the USSR and the USA on the Moon becomes obvious", 24-Sep-09 (Russian)

[278] NK-33 and NK-43 rocket engines by Vic Stathopoulos, Aerospaceguide.net, 11-Oct-09

[279] Space lift propulsion, AeroJet

[280] Taurus II fact sheet, Orbital Sciences Corporation, 21-Oct-09

[281] NASA will use a Soviet engine in its rockets, Izvestia, 23-Jun-09 (Russian)

[282] Alexander Popov, "The Moon raceâ€”a contractual game?", 15-Jan-10 (Russian)

[283] Virgil Grissom, NASA, 4-Dec-08

[284] Edward White, NASA, 4-Dec-08

[285] Roger Chaffee, NASA, 4-Dec-08

[286] Edward Givens, NASA, 4-Dec-08

[287] Clifton Williams, NASA, 4-Dec-08

[288] Michael Adams, NASA, 24-Apr-01

[289] Robert Lawrence, Hill Air Force Base

[290] Russel Rogers, Astronautix.com, 31-Jul-08

[291] Thomas Baron's testimony, Clavius.org, 21-Mar-06

[292] Baron Report (1965â€“1966), NASA, 3-Feb-03

[293] X-15A, Astronautix.com, 31-Jul-08

[294] Apollo-1 (204), NASA, 18-Jan-07

[295] "Journey to Tranquility: The history of man's assault on the Moon" by Hugo Young, Bryan Silcock, and Peter Dunn, Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1969, ISBN 9780224617840, p. 185

[296] Evaluation of a gravity-simulation technique for studies of man's self-locomotion in lunar environment, NASA Technical note D-2176, March 1964, p. 14

[297] Walking to Olympus: an EVA chronology, NASA, p. 12

[298] ALSEP Off-load, Apollo 16 lunar surface journal, NASA, 2-Aug-09

[299] Rocks and soils from the Moon, NASA, 3-Aug-09

[300] Andrey Vladimirovich Mokhov, "Moon under microscope", Science Publishing House, 2007, ISBN 9785020342804 (Russian)

[301] A. V. Mokhov et al, "Find of unusual complex oxides and Î·-bronze in lunar regolith", Doklady Earth Sciences, Volume 421, Number 2, August, 2008, ISSN 1028-334X

[302] Belyaev, Yu. I.; Koveshnikova, T. A., "On the mercury content in highland (Luna 20) and mare (Luna 16) regolith.", Regolith from the highland region of the Moon, pp. 468, 469

[303] Lunar soil from Mare Fecunditatis, Collection of articles, Science Publishing House, 1974, pp. 280, 290, 292, 311, 312, 336, 337, 403, 427, 429, 433, 435, 437, 438, 440, 444, 469, 478, 519, 522, 523 (Russian)

[304] Petrology of a portion of the Mare Fecunditatis regolith, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 13, 1-Jan-72, pp. 257â€“271.

[305] Moon soils store Earth's early breath, Nature, 2-Aug-05

[306] Moon soils store Earth's early breath by Mark Peplow, Nature News, 3-Aug-05

[307] JSC-1: A new lunar soil sumulant, Proceedings of Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Space IV, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 857â€“866, 1994

[soil-308] 308.0 ^308.1 Alexander Popov, "American lunar soilâ€”a rich soil for doubts", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)

[309] Astromaterials acquisition and curation at JSC, Lunar news, NASA, December 2003

[310] Apollo 11 experiment still going strong after 35 years, NASA, 20-Jul-04

[311] Lunar Retroreflectors by Assoc. Prof. Tom Murphy, UCSD, 22-Jul-08

[312] Surveyor (1966â€“1968), NASA, 5-Oct-06

[313] The truth about the Apollo programme, Chapter 7: Now when the goal was reached by Yaroslav Golovanov, EXMO Press, 2000, ISBN 9785815301061 (Russian)

[314] Alexander Popov, A man on the Moon? What evidence?, Chapter 17: Surveyors landed on the Moon, 27-Dec-06 (Russian)

[A15-315] 315.0 ^315.1 The hammer and the feather, Apollo 15 lunar surface journal, NASA, 25-Sep-08

[316] The Parkes Observatory's support of the Apollo 11 mission by John Sarkissian of Parkes Observatory, October 2000

[317] Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, 1969, table 2 (Russian)

[318] Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, 1970, table 4 (Russian)

[319] "We saw how Americans landed on the Moon" by Acad. Yevgeniy Molotov, Space news, December 2005 (Russian)

[320] "Did Americans fly to the Moon?" by Valery Mishakov, Secret advisor, 2006, issue 3 (Russian)

[321] Alexander Popov, "How 'ours' tracked the Apollos", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)

[322] Waving U.S. flag, two short excerpts from the film A funny thing happened on the way to the Moon by Bart Sibrel, 30:16â€“30:21 and 30:31â€“30:38

[323] Flown CMP map LAM-2, Apollo 11 image library, NASA, 21-Nov-09

[324] The planets, series producer David McNab, BBC/A&E, 1999, part 1, subpart 4: Moon (357 MB)

[325] Simulated worlds by Alexander Trevi, 11-Sep-07

[Popov8-326] 326.0 ^326.1 Alexander Popov, A man on the Moon? What evidence?, Chapter 8: Landing, 8-Jan-07 (Russian)

[327] NASA's LRO spacecraft gets its first look at Apollo landing sites, NASA, 17-Jul-09

[328] LRO looks at Apollo 11 landing site by Teague Soderman, NASA Lunar Science Institute, 2-Oct-09

[329] LROC image browserâ€”M104362199R, NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre / Arizona State University, 8-Aug-09 (a 253 MB "raw" TIFF file is also offered for download there)

[330] Will we learn the truth about the Americans from the Americans and their defenders? by Alexander Popov, 15-Jul-09 (Russian)

[331] NASA'a pulling out all stops in an attempt to convince lemmings it landed on the Moon in 1969 by Curt Maynard, 17-Jul-09

[332] Apollo 10: To sort out the unknowns, Movie archive, NASA, 19-Dec-01 (also available as a Flash video at Vimeo)

[333] NASA problems. A film about Apollo 10, 13-Nov-09 (Russian)

[334] For all mankind (1989), Database of movie dialogues

[335] Apollo 10 Lunar Module (LM) Onboard voice transcription, NASA, June 1969

[336] For all mankind (1989), Apollo Associates, Part 1, 18-Jun-07

[337] Alexander Popov, "Did the Apollos fly around the Moon?", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)

[338] Table 2-39. Apollo 11 Characteristics, SP-4012 NASA historical data book: Vol. III, Programs and projects 1969â€“1978

[339] Soviet military radio-electronic intelligence vesselâ€”a re-equipped trawler

[340] "Ghost chase on tax payers' funds", Secret materials, vol. 13, Mega-polygraph, Kiev, June 2005 (Russian)

[341] Buzz Aldrin on the Moon, Great Images in NASA, NASA, 20-Aug-09

[342] Apollo 11 / Famous shot of Aldrin "walking on the Moon"â€”signs of fakery by David Dees

[343] Apollo 11: On the Moon, Special edition (text by The New York Times), Look, August 1969, page 63

[life-344] 344.0 ^344.1 ^344.2 To the Moon and back, Special edition, Life, August 1969, page 90

[345] Manned spacecrafts "Soyuz", "Soyuz T", "Soyuz TM" by E. V. Gudilin, 1-Jun-04 (Russian)

[346] Entry, splashdown, and recovery, NASA, 23-Sep-05 (see the "distance to target" line)

[347] Alexander Popov, "The super-accurate Apollo splashdownâ€”one more link of the lunar bluff", 8-Oct-09 (Russian)

[348] To the Moon and back, Special edition, Life, August 1969, page 91

[349] 'Houston, Tranquility Base here' by Walter Wisniewski (United Press International), The Bryan Times, 26-Jul-69

[350] S69-40753, Apollo Imagery, NASA, 3-Apr-09

[351] Alexander Popov, A man on the Moon? What evidence?, Chapter 18: The difficult burden of glory, 27-Dec-06 (Russian)

[352] Apollo 12 mission report, NASA (12 MB), p. 14â€“50

[353] TV troubles, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 14-May-09

[354] TV troubles, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 14-May-09

[355] TV troubles, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 14-May-09

[356] Explosive Evidence, NASA, 20-Aug-09

[357] Alexander Popov, "The special case of Apollo 13", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)

[358] Soviets recovered an Apollo capsule!, Astronautix.com, 31-Jul-08

[359] Arkady Velyurov, "A return match: NASA versus the Main bureau of finds", 13-Nov-08 (Russian)

[360] Oral history transcript, Edgar Mitchell, interviewed by Sherre Scarborough, NASA, 3-Sep-97, p. 12-19

[361] "For all mankind" by Harry Hurt III, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1988, ISBN 9780871131706, p. 225

[362] Apollo 15 hammer and feather drop (78 MB)

[363] A technical description of Honeysuckle Creek tracking station during the Apollo era by Hamish Lindsay, 15-Apr-09

[364] Alexander Popov, "That Moon gravitation", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)

[365] Moon landing hoaxâ€”hammer & feather, Youtube, 21-Jun-07

[366] AS15-88-11963, Apollo 15 map and image library, NASA, 12-Nov-09

[367] Wagging the Moondoggie, Part 4 by David McGowan, 25-Nov-09

[368] AS16-117-18841, Apollo 16 image library, NASA, 26-Nov-09

[369] Geology Station 8, Apollo 16 lunar surface journal, NASA, 2-Aug-09

[370] Moon landing hoaxâ€”Wires seen in videos, Google Video

[371] Apollo 16 flight journal, Chapter 23, NASA, 3-May-08

[372] Apollo 16: Nothing so hidden... (1972), Movie Archive, NASA, 19-Dec-01 (also available as a Flash video at the Internet archive)

[373] Apollo 16 lunar orbit rendezvous (FTV-0000821), FootageVault.com (the docking sequence in the film Apollo 16: Nothing so hidden, speeded up and lasting longer)

[374] Apollo 11: For all mankind, Movie archive, NASA, 19-Dec-01 (also available as a Flash video at Vimeo)

[375] A view of the Apollo spacecraft from the Soyuz spacecraft, 20 KB (the dark circle is the rear view of the Apollo; the white spots are the control thruster exhaust lit by the Sun)

[376] Apollo landing time, Artemis Society International, 5-Jun-99

[377] Various other Apollo image anomalies by David Wozney, 9-Apr-07

[378] Return to orbit, Apollo 17 video library, NASA, 3-Aug-09

[379] Wagging the Moondoggie, Part 5 by David McGowan, 25-Nov-09

[380] Skylab-2 mission: commander Conrad in shower, NASA

[381] Apollo 8, day 4: Lunar orbits 4, 5 and 6, Apollo flight journal, NASA, 3-Jan-09 (the 2nd photo, at 075:47:37)

[382] AS8-14-2392, Apollo imagery, NASA, 3-Feb-09

[383] AS08-14-2392, JSC digital image collection, NASA, 1-Nov-06

[postland-384] 384.0 ^384.1 Post-landing activities, Apollo 11 lunar surface journal, NASA, 5-Jun-09

[385] Post-landing activities, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 11-Jun-09

[386] Post-landing activities, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 11-Jun-09

[387] The first lunar landing, part 6, NASA, 24-Apr-01

[388] "Liftoff" by Michael Collins, Grove Press, 1989, ISBN 9780802131881, p. 100

[389] Lone star, The Alan Bean Gallery

[390] S70-31774, Apollo 13 image library, NASA, 19-Sep-09

[391] The colour pallete of cosmos by Alexey Leonov, Technology for the Youth, 1981, issue 4, pp. 27â€“29 (Russian)

[392] Moon by Paul D. Spudis, PhD, World book at NASA, 30-Nov-07

[393] Stars and the Solstice Sun, Astronomy Picture of the Day, NASA, 21-Jun-07

[394] The Moon, NASA, 20-Jan-00

[395] TV troubles, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 14-May-09

[396] Moon landing hoax Apollo 12, Youtube, 27-Aug-08

[397] A visit to the Snowman, Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 4-May-09

[398] A profile and plan view of the Apollo 12 approach trajectory, Apollo 12 image library, NASA

[399] Fred Wallace Haise, Jr., Biographical data, NASA, 4-Dec-08

[400] Moon 'photos'? by Graham William Birdsall, 5-Jan-97

[401] "Return to Earth" by Edwin E. Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Random House Publishers, 1973, ISBN 9780394488325, p. 189

[402] Landing at Fra Mauro, Apollo 14 video library, NASA, 6-Sep-06

[403] AS14-66-9258, Apollo 14 image library, NASA, 8-Jul-09

[404] Alexander Popov, "First on the Moon", 21-Jul-09 (Russian)

[405] Day 1: Translunar Injection (TLI), Apollo 17 Flight Journal, 11-Apr-07

[406] AS12-50-7326, Apollo 12 image library, NASA, 4-Aug-09

[407] Earthâ€”Apollo 12, Catalogue of spaceborne imaging, NASA, 21-Sep-04

[408] Day 1: Transposition, docking and extraction, Apollo 12 flight journal, NASA, 24-Sep-05

[409] AS17-148-22726, Apollo 17 image library, NASA, 3-Aug-09

[410] Landing at Taurus-Littrow, Apollo 17 lunar surface journal, NASA, 30-Jun-09

[411] Deep core, Apollo 17 lunar surface journal, NASA, 12-Oct-08

[412] ALSEP deployment, Apollo 17 lunar surface journal, NASA, 12-Oct-08

[413] Moon landing hoax Apollo: Lunar rover had an engine mufflerâ€”ran on fuel in the fake Moon bay, Metacafe, 24-Oct-09

[kosmos-414] 414.0 ^414.1 Expenses and results by Sergei Alexandrov and Valentina Ponomaryova, All about cosmos: selected articles (Russian)

[415] The 'Soyuz' have a lunar origin by Boris Chertok, 27-Sep-09 (Russian)

[416] Alexander Popov, A man on the Moon? What evidence?, Chapter 15: Flight analysis results, 22-Dec-06 (Russian)

[417] Some problems of the reusable aerospace launch system development by Victor A. Surdin, From the history of aviation and cosmonautics, issue 61, 25-Feb-06 (Russian)

[418] RD-180, Deagel.com, 30-Aug-09

[419] Alexander Popov, "The rocket: tests failedâ€”let's fly to the Moon", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)

[420] Unfitness of the F-1 engine for a new conquest of the Moon by Dmitry Kropotov, 6-Oct-09 (Russian)

[421] William Jefferson Clinton, Doctor of Laws, The University of Hong Kong, 2008

[422] My life by Bill Clinton, Knopf Publishers, 2004, ISBN 9780375414572, p. 156

[423] President Obama's JFK moment by Buzz Aldrin, The Huffington Post, 3-Feb-10

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Difference between revisions of "Moon Hoax"

Revision as of 18:32, 19 February 2010

Contents

Rationale

Origins and history

Public opinion

Poll results

NASA's response

NASA defenders

Moon sceptics or "conspiracy theorists"?

Major Moon sceptics

Bill Kaysing

Bart Sibrel

Stanislav Pokrovsky

Alexander Popov

Yuri Mukhin

Other Moon sceptics

People and organisations claimed to be involved in hoaxing

Details

General

Flight-specific

Discrepancies in NASA documents

Technological legacy

Quotes by famous people

See also

Notes and references

External links

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

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Views

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Image:AS11-40-5903 cropped.jpg|thumb|249px|NASA image AS11-40-5903,<ref name="famous">[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#5903 AS11-40-5903], Apollo 11 Image Library, ''NASA'', 21-Nov-09</ref> cropped from the bottom and the sides but not from the top]]
+[[Image:AS11-40-5903 cropped.jpg|thumb|249px|alt=Spacesuited man stands on a ground|NASA image AS11-40-5903,<ref name="famous">[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#5903 AS11-40-5903], Apollo 11 Image Library, NASA, 21-Nov-09</ref> cropped from the bottom and the sides but not from the top]]
 '''Moon Hoax''' (or ''Apollo Hoax'') is a view that no man really landed on the [[Moon]] in 1969â€“1972 during the [[Apollo program]]me. Those who think so (called here Moon sceptics) say that [[NASA]] lied to the world by filming everything on Earth and fabricating evidence such as rock samples. Some Moon sceptics dispute also the authenticity of the ''Skylab'' orbital station.<ref name="skylab">Alexander Popov, ''A man on the Moon? What evidence?'', [http://moon.thelook.ru/book/21.htm Chapter 21: A brilliant epilogue ("Skylab")], 27 December 2006 (Russian)</ref>
-Questioning man's way to the Moon is almost an absolute taboo in scientific circles.<ref name="Folha">[http://folha.com.br/ci595652 CÃ©ticos ainda tentam derrubar "farsa" da jornada Ã  Lua] by Marina Lang, ''Folha online'', 16-Jul-09 (Portuguese)</ref> But in the Internet, the combat<ref name="wired">[http://wired.com/wired/archive/2.09/moon.land_pr.html The wrong stuff] by Rogier van Bakel, ''Wired'', September 1994</ref> between NASA defenders and Moon sceptics goes on, with public support for the latter growing.<ref name="Walter">[http://www.lrt.mw.tum.de/en/interessierte/fs_waren_wir_mond.phtml Did we go to the Moon?] by Prof. Dr. Ulrich Walter, 25-Sep-09</ref> An official admission of a hoax would likely have the most grave consequences for NASA, the USA, and all people and organisations involved in space exploration worldwide. This would also challenge the future manned Moon and Mars missions.<ref>[http://neonomad.kz/styleneonomad/mobile?ELEMENT_ID=5898 What awaits the denounced?] by Dmitry Verhoturov, ''Neonomad.kz'', 13-Aug-09 (Russian)</ref>
+Questioning man's way to the Moon is almost an absolute taboo in scientific circles.<ref name="Folha">[http://folha.com.br/ci595652 CÃ©ticos ainda tentam derrubar "farsa" da jornada Ã  Lua] by Marina Lang, ''Folha online'', 16-Jul-09 (Portuguese)</ref> But in the Internet, the debate<ref name="wired">[http://wired.com/wired/archive/2.09/moon.land_pr.html The wrong stuff] by Rogier van Bakel, ''Wired'', September 1994</ref> between NASA defenders and Moon sceptics goes on, with public support for the latter growing.<ref name="Walter">[http://www.lrt.mw.tum.de/en/interessierte/fs_waren_wir_mond.phtml Did we go to the Moon?] by Prof. Dr. Ulrich Walter, 25-Sep-09</ref> An official admission of a hoax would likely have the most grave consequences for NASA, the USA, and all people and organisations involved in space exploration worldwide. This would also challenge the future manned Moon and Mars missions.<ref>[http://neonomad.kz/styleneonomad/mobile?ELEMENT_ID=5898 What awaits the denounced?] by Dmitry Verhoturov, ''Neonomad.kz'', 13-Aug-09 (Russian)</ref>
 ==Rationale==
-On 12 April 1961, the USSR sent the first man into spaceâ€”Yuri Gagarin.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/12/newsid_2477000/2477715.stm 1961: Soviets win space race], ''BBC'', 12-Apr-61</ref> Six weeks later, U.S. President John Kennedy promised a manned Moon landing by 1969, to win the battle of systems and impress the world with technical superiority:<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/59595main_jfk.speech.pdf Special Message to the Congress on urgent national needs], President John F. Kennedy, Washington, DC, 25-May-61</ref>
+On 12 April 1961, the USSR sent the first man into spaceâ€”Yuri Gagarin.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/12/newsid_2477000/2477715.stm 1961: Soviets win space race], BBC, 12-Apr-61</ref> Six weeks later, U.S. President John Kennedy promised a manned Moon landing by 1969 to win the battle of systems and impress the world with technical superiority:<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/59595main_jfk.speech.pdf Special Message to the Congress on urgent national needs], President John F. Kennedy, Washington, DC, 25-May-61</ref>
 {{Cquote|''Finally, if we are to win the battle that is now going on around the world between freedom and tyranny, the dramatic achievements in space which occurred in recent weeks should have made clear to us all, as did the Sputnik in 1957, the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere, who are attempting to make a determination of which road they should take.''}}
-Moon sceptics say that NASA had to fake the Moon landings due to serious technical problems, insoluble for these eight years, which deadline however had to be met by all means. The USA could not afford to lose the Moon race.<ref>[http://russianspaceweb.com/chronology_moon_race.html Chronology of the Moon race], ''RussianSpaceWeb.com'', 16-Feb-09</ref> Bill Kaysing (see below) suggested that ''during the 1960s, they (NASA) said "if you can't make it, fake it"''.<ref>[http://bigmantra.com/man_on_moon Did man went on Moon?], ''BigMantra.com'', 25-Mar-08</ref> And in 2004, President George W. Bush gave not eight but sixteen years for a manned return to the Moon,<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/01/14/bush.space Bush unveils vision for Moon and beyond], ''CNN'', 15-Jan-04</ref> albeit the technologies for it should have already been developed forty years ago.<ref name="veche">[http://veche.ru/press/show/138 Interview with Alexander Ivanovich Popov] by Alex Gromov, ''Labirint review'', 10-Mar-09 (Russian)</ref>
+Moon sceptics say that NASA had to fake the Moon landings due to serious technical problems, insoluble for these eight years, which deadline however had to be met by all means. The USA could not afford to lose the Moon race.<ref>[http://russianspaceweb.com/chronology_moon_race.html Chronology of the Moon race], ''RussianSpaceWeb.com'', 16-Feb-09</ref> Bill Kaysing (see below) suggested that ''during the 1960s, they (NASA) said "if you can't make it, fake it"''.<ref>[http://bigmantra.com/man_on_moon Did man went on Moon?], ''BigMantra.com'', 25-Mar-08</ref> And in 2004, President George W. Bush gave not eight but sixteen years for a manned return to the Moon,<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/01/14/bush.space Bush unveils vision for Moon and beyond], CNN, 15-Jan-04</ref> albeit the technologies for it should have already been developed forty years ago.<ref name="veche">[http://veche.ru/press/show/138 Interview with Alexander Ivanovich Popov] by Alex Gromov, ''Labirint review'', 10-Mar-09 (Russian)</ref>
 ==Origins and history==
-The term "Moon Hoax" sprang up in 1835 from six consecutive ''New York Sun'' newspaper articles, written probably by its reporter Richard Locke, about alleged discoveries of life on the Moon by astronomer Sir John Herschel through "a telescope of vast dimensions and an entirely new principle".<ref>[http://museumofhoaxes.com/moonhoax.html The Great Moon Hoax] by Alex Boese, ''Museum of hoaxes'', 2002</ref> Since the late 1960s, this term has been used chiefly in regard to the Apollo Moon landings. Doubts about their authenticity appeared first in December 1968 when Apollo 8 was launched.<ref>''A man on the Moon'' by Andrew Chaikin, ''Penguin Books'', 1998, ISBN 9780140272017</ref> And the almost perfectly executed odyssey of Apollo 11 seemed unreal to some who believed it to be a hoax, contrived for mere publicity.<ref>[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/look/img_3235.html Apollo 11: On the Moon], Special edition (text by ''The New York Times''), ''Look'', August 1969, page 65</ref>
+The term "Moon Hoax" sprang up in 1835 from six consecutive ''New York Sun'' newspaper articles, written probably by its reporter Richard Locke, about alleged discoveries of life on the Moon by astronomer Sir John Herschel through "a telescope of vast dimensions and an entirely new principle".<ref>[http://museumofhoaxes.com/moonhoax.html The Great Moon Hoax] by Alex Boese, ''Museum of hoaxes'', 2002</ref> Since the late 1960s, this term has been used chiefly in regard to the Apollo Moon landings. Doubts about their authenticity appeared first in December 1968 when Apollo 8 was launched.<ref>''A man on the Moon'' by Andrew Chaikin, Penguin Books, 1998, ISBN 9780140272017</ref> And the almost perfectly executed odyssey of Apollo 11 seemed unreal to some who believed it to be a hoax, contrived for mere publicity.<ref>[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/look/img_3235.html Apollo 11: On the Moon], Special edition (text by ''The New York Times''), ''Look'', August 1969, page 65</ref>
 The first book on the subject (''Did man land on the Moon?'') was written by the mathematician James Cranny in 1970.<ref name="Cranny">[http://aus.bookmaps.org/d/i/did_9.html Did man land on the Moon?] by James J. Cranny, Johnson City, Texas, 1970</ref><ref name="Gordon">[http://rutube.ru/tracks/87223.html The Americans haven't been on the Moon] by Alexander Gordon, ''Rutube'', 22-Jun-07 (Russian)</ref><sup>(2:52â€“3:03)</sup> The suggestive scenes in the films ''Diamonds are forever'' by Guy Hamilton (1971)<ref>[http://imdb.com/title/tt0066995 Diamonds are forever], Eon Productions, 1971</ref> and especially ''Capricorn One'' by Peter Hyams (1978, about a hoaxed flight to Mars in a spacecraft that looks the same as the Apollo craft)<ref>[http://imdb.com/title/tt0077294 Capricorn One], Associated General Films, 1978</ref> gave a powerful boost to the popularity of the hoax theory, coinciding with the increased distrust in official U.S. reports after the Watergate scandal.<ref name="wired"/><ref>[http://guardian.co.uk/minifakes/story/0,16335,1544879,00.html A great step or a great con?] by Anna Pickard, ''The Guardian''</ref><ref>[http://globalsecurity.org/org/news/2001/010808-moon2.htm Apollo Moon landing hoax??] by John Pike, ''GlobalSecurity.org'', 8-Jan-01</ref><ref name="Lewis">[http://web.archive.org/web/groundzeromedia.org/dis/gorsky/gorsky.html Good Luck, Mr. Gorsky!] by Clyde Lewis, ''Ground Zero Media'', 12-Oct-07</ref> And today, a sequel to "Capricorn One" is in the "deep development stage", said Navid McIlhargey, Senior Vice President of New Regency Productions in Los Angeles.<ref name="ft">[http://floridatoday.com/article/20090707/BREAKINGNEWS/90706039 Moon-landing debunkers won't fade away], ''Florida today'', 7-Jul-09</ref>
-In 2006, the Apollo era slow-scan TV and telemetry data tape reels were declared missing.<ref>[http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/apollo11/The_Apollo11_SSTV_Tapes_Search.pdf The search for the Apollo 11 SSTV tapes] by John M. Sarkissian, ''CSIRO Parkes'' Observatory, 21-May-06, p. 15</ref> The question of what happened to the tapes "stuck in the craw" of the Moon doubters.<ref>[http://popsci.com/military-aviation-amp-space/article/2008-09/brief-history-apollo-hoax?page=1 A brief history of the Apollo hoax] by Jason Daley, ''Popular Science'', 30-Sep-08</ref> And in 2009, NASA revealed that the tapes were erased.<ref>[http://collectspace.com/news/news-071709a.html "Lost tapes" lost for good, NASA releases restored footage of first moonwalk], ''CollectSpace.com'', 17-Jul-09</ref><ref>[http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/07/16/1997997.aspx Moonwalk video gets a makeover] by Alan Boyle, ''MSNBC'', 16-Jul-09</ref>
+In 2006, the Apollo era slow-scan TV and telemetry data tape reels were declared missing.<ref>[http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/apollo11/The_Apollo11_SSTV_Tapes_Search.pdf The search for the Apollo 11 SSTV tapes] by John M. Sarkissian, CSIRO Parkes Observatory, 21-May-06, p. 15</ref> The question of what happened to the tapes "stuck in the craw" of the Moon doubters.<ref>[http://popsci.com/military-aviation-amp-space/article/2008-09/brief-history-apollo-hoax?page=1 A brief history of the Apollo hoax] by Jason Daley, ''Popular Science'', 30-Sep-08</ref> And in 2009, NASA revealed that the tapes were erased.<ref>[http://collectspace.com/news/news-071709a.html "Lost tapes" lost for good, NASA releases restored footage of first moonwalk], ''CollectSpace.com'', 17-Jul-09</ref><ref>[http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/07/16/1997997.aspx Moonwalk video gets a makeover] by Alan Boyle, MSNBC, 16-Jul-09</ref>
 ==Public opinion==
-There are entire subcultures within the USA and substantial cultures around the world that strongly believe that the Moon landings were faked. This view is taught in Cuban schools and wherever else Cuban teachers are sent (Nicaragua, Angola, etc.).<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/abcnews.go.com/ABC2000/abc2000science/oberg2000.html Getting Apollo 11 right], ''ABC'', July 1999</ref><ref name="Oberg">[http://jamesoberg.com/042003lessonsfake_his.html Lessons of the 'fake Moon flight' myth] by James Oberg, ''Skeptical Inquirer'', March/April 2003, pp. 23, 30</ref><ref name="Colby">[http://apollotruth.bravehost.com Apollo Truth] by Sam Colby, 2-Mar-09</ref> It is also shared by the Taliban in Pakistan.<ref>[http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/tobyyoung/100024686 Obama's cancellation of Moon landings is a case of "No we can't", not "Yes we can"] by Toby Young, ''Daily Telegraph'', 2-Feb-10</ref>
+There are entire subcultures within the USA and substantial cultures around the world that strongly believe that the Moon landings were faked. This view is taught in Cuban schools and wherever else Cuban teachers are sent (Nicaragua, Angola, etc.).<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/abcnews.go.com/ABC2000/abc2000science/oberg2000.html Getting Apollo 11 right], ABC, July 1999</ref><ref name="Oberg">[http://jamesoberg.com/042003lessonsfake_his.html Lessons of the 'fake Moon flight' myth] by James Oberg, ''Skeptical Inquirer'', March/April 2003, pp. 23, 30</ref><ref name="Colby">[http://apollotruth.bravehost.com Apollo Truth] by Sam Colby, 2-Mar-09</ref> It is also shared by the Taliban in Pakistan.<ref>[http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/tobyyoung/100024686 Obama's cancellation of Moon landings is a case of "No we can't", not "Yes we can"] by Toby Young, ''Daily Telegraph'', 2-Feb-10</ref>
 ===Poll results===
-On 14 June 1970, ''Knight Newspapers'' conducted a poll of 1721 people in six U.S. cities and found that more than 30% were "suspicious of NASA's trips to the Moon" with the number rising to 54% in some Afro-American areas.<ref name="wired"/><ref name="Kaysing">[http://books.google.com?id=N1Gcfdj81T4C We never went to the Moon] by Bill Kaysing and Randy Reid, ''Health Research Books'', 1976, ISBN 9780787304874</ref><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=N1Gcfdj81T4C&pg=PA5 (pp. 3, 5)]</sup><ref name="age">[http://history.nasa.gov/Remembering_Space_Age_B.pdf Remembrance and cultural representation of the Space Age], ''NASA'', p. 378</ref> And on 4 November 2002, the Italian daily ''Corriere della sera'' reported that 68% of the non-white American population do not believe NASA.<ref name="moongate">[http://nexusedizioni.it?option=com_content&task=view&id=81 Monngate: A bomb ready to explode?] by Simone Colzani, ''Nexus edizioni'', 16-Feb-05 (Italian)</ref> The following table lists a score of public opinion survey results. The "sceptics" column shows the percentage of people who doubt or deny that men walked on the Moon.
+On 14 June 1970, ''Knight Newspapers'' conducted a poll of 1721 people in six U.S. cities and found that more than 30% were "suspicious of NASA's trips to the Moon" with the number rising to 54% in some Afro-American areas.<ref name="wired"/><ref name="Kaysing">[http://books.google.com?id=N1Gcfdj81T4C We never went to the Moon] by Bill Kaysing and Randy Reid, Health Research Books, 1976, ISBN 9780787304874</ref><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=N1Gcfdj81T4C&pg=PA5 (pp. 3, 5)]</sup><ref name="age">[http://history.nasa.gov/Remembering_Space_Age_B.pdf Remembrance and cultural representation of the Space Age], NASA, p. 378</ref> And on 4 November 2002, the Italian daily ''Corriere della sera'' reported that 68% of the non-white American population do not believe NASA.<ref name="moongate">[http://nexusedizioni.it?option=com_content&task=view&id=81 Monngate: A bomb ready to explode?] by Simone Colzani, ''Nexus edizioni'', 16-Feb-05 (Italian)</ref> The following table lists a score of public opinion survey results. The "sceptics" column shows the percentage of people who doubt or deny that men walked on the Moon.
 {|width="100%"
@@ Line 123: / Line 123: @@
 |English
 |â‰ˆ20000
-|41%<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/earth/moonvote.shtml?displayresults=1&configfile=space_moonvote.xml Did we really land on the Moon?], ''BBC'', 28-Apr-05</ref>
+|41%<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/earth/moonvote.shtml?displayresults=1&configfile=space_moonvote.xml Did we really land on the Moon?], BBC, 28-Apr-05</ref>
 |-
 |Alex Dantart<ref>[http://dantart.es Alex Dantart], 17-May-08 (Spanish)</ref>
@@ Line 172: / Line 172: @@
 ===NASA's response===
-NASA issued an information sheet to address some of the concerns already in June 1977.<ref name="fgm">[ftp://ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/media/2001/lunar_landing.pdf Did U.S. astronauts really land on the Moon?], ''NASA'', June 1977 (reissued 14-Feb-01)</ref> But in August 1997, their Director of Media Services (1998â€“2000)<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2000/00-187.txt Brian Welch, NASA Director of Media Services, dies], ''NASA'', 27-Nov-00</ref> Brian D. Welch (1958â€“2000) said in an interview with ''Sky TV News'':<ref name="dark">[http://aulis.com/nasa3.htm Dark Moon] by Mary Bennett and David Percy, ''Adventures Unlimited Press'', 2001, ISBN 9780932813909</ref><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=PRa5P6dtkq0C&pg=RA1-PA68 (p. 68)]</sup><ref name="what">[http://aulis.com/nasa.htm What happened on the Moon (2000)], ''Aulis Publishers'', 28-Nov-07</ref><sup>(48:13â€“48:46)</sup>
+NASA issued an information sheet to address some of the concerns already in June 1977.<ref name="fgm">[ftp://ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/media/2001/lunar_landing.pdf Did U.S. astronauts really land on the Moon?], NASA, June 1977 (reissued 14-Feb-01)</ref> But in August 1997, their Director of Media Services (1998â€“2000)<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2000/00-187.txt Brian Welch, NASA Director of Media Services, dies], NASA, 27-Nov-00</ref> Brian D. Welch (1958â€“2000) said in an interview with ''Sky TV News'':<ref name="dark">[http://aulis.com/nasa3.htm Dark Moon] by Mary Bennett and David Percy, Adventures Unlimited Press, 2001, ISBN 9780932813909</ref><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=PRa5P6dtkq0C&pg=RA1-PA68 (p. 68)]</sup><ref name="what">[http://aulis.com/nasa.htm What happened on the Moon (2000)], Aulis Publishers, 28-Nov-07</ref><sup>(48:13â€“48:46)</sup>
 {{Cquote|''This is thirty year old stuff... I don't understand why we should spend the time to go after, do the research, to look up, to prove to people that we went to the Moon; in fact of matters we did go to the Moon.''}}
-When ''Fox TV'' aired Bruce Nash's<ref name="Nash">[http://nashentertainment.com/about/brucenash.html Bruce Nash, CEO/President], ''Nash Entertainment'', 4-Jan-10</ref> film ''"Conspiracy theory: Did we land on the Moon?"'' in 2001,<ref name="fox">[http://imdb.com/title/tt0277642 Conspiracy theory: Did we land on the Moon?], Nash Entertainment, 2001</ref> NASA added hoax theory rebuttal materials on their web and FTP sites.<ref name="fgm"/><ref name="gmh">[http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast23Feb_2.htm The great Moon hoax] by Dr. Tony Philips, ''NASA'', 23-Feb-01</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080121085410/liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2001/news-moonlanding.asp The Moon landing hoax] by Gil Knier & Becky Bray, ''NASA'', 30-Mar-01</ref><ref name="struck">[http://www.newsweek.com/id/207149 Moonstruck] by Kurt Soller, ''Newsweek'', 17-Jul-09</ref> They also wrote suggestions for science teachers<ref>[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010103856_2001164519.pdf Did we really land on the Moon? Suggestions for science teachers] by Paul D. Lowman Jr., ''NASA'', 4-Mar-01</ref> on how to refute the hoax claims using the Lunar Sample Disk Kits.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/visitor/loan Exhibits for loan from the Goddard Visitor Centre. Lunar and meteorite samples for loans], ''NASA'', 10-Mar-09.</ref>
+When ''Fox TV'' aired Bruce Nash's<ref name="Nash">[http://nashentertainment.com/about/brucenash.html Bruce Nash, CEO/President], ''Nash Entertainment'', 4-Jan-10</ref> film ''"Conspiracy theory: Did we land on the Moon?"'' in 2001,<ref name="fox">[http://imdb.com/title/tt0277642 Conspiracy theory: Did we land on the Moon?], Nash Entertainment, 2001</ref> NASA added hoax theory rebuttal materials on their web and FTP sites.<ref name="fgm"/><ref name="gmh">[http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast23Feb_2.htm The great Moon hoax] by Dr. Tony Philips, NASA, 23-Feb-01</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080121085410/liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2001/news-moonlanding.asp The Moon landing hoax] by Gil Knier & Becky Bray, NASA, 30-Mar-01</ref><ref name="struck">[http://www.newsweek.com/id/207149 Moonstruck] by Kurt Soller, ''Newsweek'', 17-Jul-09</ref> They also wrote suggestions for science teachers<ref>[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010103856_2001164519.pdf Did we really land on the Moon? Suggestions for science teachers] by Paul D. Lowman Jr., NASA, 4-Mar-01</ref> on how to refute the hoax claims using the Lunar Sample Disk Kits.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/visitor/loan Exhibits for loan from the Goddard Visitor Centre. Lunar and meteorite samples for loans], NASA, 10-Mar-09.</ref>
-In 2002, NASA hired their veteran, former rocket scientist, MSNBC News space consultant and analyst, journalist (and as it turned out later, China's Moon programme sceptic)<ref>[http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/12/04/495870.aspx Moon photo mystery solved] by Alan Boyle, ''MSNBC'', 4-Dec-07</ref> '''James Edward Oberg''' (born 1944).<ref>[http://jamesoberg.com/profile.html Profile], ''JamesOberg.com'', 26-Aug-09</ref><ref>[http://absoluteastronomy.com/topics/James_Oberg James Oberg], ''Absolute Astronomy''</ref> For a fee of $15,000, his job was to write a book intended to challenge those who claim the Apollo Moon landings were a hoax.<ref name="desert"/> But NASA soon cancelled the project, declining to give the reasons for this. It is understood that the decision resulted from the bad publicity that followed the announcement of the project. NASA spokesman Bob Jacobs said criticism that NASA was displaying poor judgement and a lack of confidence in commissioning the book caused the agency to abort it. Others commented that making the Oberg's book an official NASA publication would actually give a certain credibility to the hoax theory.<ref name="theage">[http://theage.com.au/articles/2002/12/24/1040511043172.html One giant leap of imagination], ''The Age'', 24-Dec-02</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2424927.stm NASA pulls Moon hoax book], ''BBC'', 8-Nov-02</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2441469.stm One giant hoax for mankind] by Dr. David Whitehouse, ''BBC'', 11-Nov-02</ref><ref>[http://guardian.co.uk/science/2002/nov/09/spaceexploration.comment One giant leap for conspiricists] by Mark Lawson, ''The Guardian'', 9-Nov-02</ref> For example, then NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe said:<ref name="theage"/><ref name="ap">[http://space.com/news/oberg_hoaxes_021221.html Hoaxers vs. rocket scientists: Even NASA unsure how to counter claims of faked Moon missions] by Marcia Dunn, ''Associated Press'', 21-Dec-02</ref>
+In 2002, NASA hired their veteran, former rocket scientist, MSNBC News space consultant and analyst, journalist (and as it turned out later, China's Moon programme sceptic)<ref>[http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/12/04/495870.aspx Moon photo mystery solved] by Alan Boyle, MSNBC, 4-Dec-07</ref> '''James Edward Oberg''' (born 1944).<ref>[http://jamesoberg.com/profile.html Profile], ''JamesOberg.com'', 26-Aug-09</ref><ref>[http://absoluteastronomy.com/topics/James_Oberg James Oberg], ''Absolute Astronomy''</ref> For a fee of $15,000, his job was to write a book intended to challenge those who claim the Apollo Moon landings were a hoax.<ref name="desert"/> But NASA soon cancelled the project, declining to give the reasons for this. It is understood that the decision resulted from the bad publicity that followed the announcement of the project. NASA spokesman Bob Jacobs said criticism that NASA was displaying poor judgement and a lack of confidence in commissioning the book caused the agency to abort it. Others commented that making the Oberg's book an official NASA publication would actually give a certain credibility to the hoax theory.<ref name="theage">[http://theage.com.au/articles/2002/12/24/1040511043172.html One giant leap of imagination], ''The Age'', 24-Dec-02</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2424927.stm NASA pulls Moon hoax book], BBC, 8-Nov-02</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2441469.stm One giant hoax for mankind] by Dr. David Whitehouse, BBC, 11-Nov-02</ref><ref>[http://guardian.co.uk/science/2002/nov/09/spaceexploration.comment One giant leap for conspiricists] by Mark Lawson, ''The Guardian'', 9-Nov-02</ref> For example, then NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe said:<ref name="theage"/><ref name="ap">[http://space.com/news/oberg_hoaxes_021221.html Hoaxers vs. rocket scientists: Even NASA unsure how to counter claims of faked Moon missions] by Marcia Dunn, ''Associated Press'', 21-Dec-02</ref>
 {{Cquote|''The issue of trying to do a targeted response to this is just lending credibility to something that is, on its face, asinine.''}}
-After NASA's decision to cancel the book, Oberg said that ignoring the problem just makes this harder and that he still intends to write it as an unofficial publication (working title: "A pall over Apollo"), depending on successfully arranging new funding sources. But as of 2009, no such book is known to have been published by him yet,<ref name="Oberg"/><ref name="ap"/><ref>[http://amazon.com/James-E.-Oberg/e/B001HP0MLO James E. Oberg, Bibliography], ''Amazon''</ref> albeit the influential Israeli daily ''Haaretz'' ("The Land") wrote that he did get the $15,000 from NASA.<ref>[http://haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=1100699 40 years after landing on the Moon, many are convinced it was staged at movie studios] by Lior Friedman, ''Haaretz'', 17-Jul-09 (Hebrew)</ref> Moon sceptic Yuri Mukhin (see below) claims that Oberg had passed the text of the unreleased book for use by the voluntary NASA helpers.<ref name="Mukhin">[http://ozon.ru/context/detail/id/4607307 A Moon affair], ''Algorithm'' Publishing, 2009, ISBN 9785926506201 (Russian)</ref><sup>(p. 251)</sup> Oberg had indeed announced that he will issue the book in an informal manner.<ref>[http://hayadan.org.il/wp/moon-co%D7%9Emspiracy-solved-091102 NASA against the conspiracy theory: it landed on the Moon] by Avi Blizovsky, ''Hayadan.org'', 9-Nov-02 (Hebrew)</ref>
+After NASA's decision to cancel the book, Oberg said that ignoring the problem just makes this harder and that he still intends to write it as an unofficial publication (working title: "A pall over Apollo"), depending on successfully arranging new funding sources. But as of 2009, no such book is known to have been published by him yet,<ref name="Oberg"/><ref name="ap"/><ref>[http://amazon.com/James-E.-Oberg/e/B001HP0MLO James E. Oberg, Bibliography], ''Amazon''</ref> albeit the influential Israeli daily ''Haaretz'' ("The Land") wrote that he did get the $15,000 from NASA.<ref>[http://haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=1100699 40 years after landing on the Moon, many are convinced it was staged at movie studios] by Lior Friedman, ''Haaretz'', 17-Jul-09 (Hebrew)</ref> Moon sceptic Yuri Mukhin (see below) claims that Oberg had passed the text of the unreleased book for use by the voluntary NASA helpers.<ref name="Mukhin">[http://ozon.ru/context/detail/id/4607307 A Moon affair], Algorithm Publishing, 2009, ISBN 9785926506201 (Russian)</ref><sup>(p. 251)</sup> Oberg had indeed announced that he will issue the book in an informal manner.<ref>[http://hayadan.org.il/wp/moon-co%D7%9Emspiracy-solved-091102 NASA against the conspiracy theory: it landed on the Moon] by Avi Blizovsky, ''Hayadan.org'', 9-Nov-02 (Hebrew)</ref>
 ===NASA defenders===
@@ Line 189: / Line 189: @@
 Here are some of the most notable NASA defendersâ€”webmasters, authors of books, articles, TV shows, etc.:
-*Sir '''Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore''', Commander of the British Empire, Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, English amateur astronomer and writer.<ref>[http://freebase.com/view/patrick_moore Patrick Moore], ''Freebase.com''</ref><ref name="twelve">[http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=-8975320001826403666 Twelve men on the Moon], "The sky at night", ''BBC'', 1-Apr-02</ref>
+*Sir '''Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore''', Commander of the British Empire, Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, English amateur astronomer and writer.<ref>[http://freebase.com/view/patrick_moore Patrick Moore], ''Freebase.com''</ref><ref name="twelve">[http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=-8975320001826403666 Twelve men on the Moon], "The sky at night", BBC, 1-Apr-02</ref>
-*Prof. Dr. '''Harald Lesch''', German astrophysicist.<ref>[http://www.usm.uni-muenchen.de/people/lesch/lesch.html Prof. Dr. Harald Lesch], ''Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics'', University of Munich (27-Jul-09)</ref><ref>[http://gangleri.de/cgi-bin/project.pl?was=moon;teil=lesch Die Landung auf dem Mond] by JÃ¶rg Keller (German)</ref>
+*Prof. Dr. '''Harald Lesch''', German astrophysicist.<ref>[http://www.usm.uni-muenchen.de/people/lesch/lesch.html Prof. Dr. Harald Lesch], Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Munich (27-Jul-09)</ref><ref>[http://gangleri.de/cgi-bin/project.pl?was=moon;teil=lesch Die Landung auf dem Mond] by JÃ¶rg Keller (German)</ref>
 *Dr. '''Igor Rurikovich Suslov''', Russian doctor of physical-mathematical sciences of the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering in Obninsk.<ref>[http://vif2ne.ru/vstrecha/forum/arhprint/9501 Meeting: Article], 24-Feb-08 (Russian)</ref>
 *Dr. '''Michael Linden-VÃ¸rnle''', Danish astrophysicist.<ref>[http://videnskab.dk/content/dk/temaer/tema_konspirationsteorier/prygl_til_konspirationsteorier_om_manelanding Flogging the conspiracy theories about lunar landing] by Thomas Hoffman, 20-Jul-09 (Danish)</ref>
-*Dr. '''Pasquariello Domenico''', director of the Italian Research Centre on Anomalous Phenomena (''CEIFAN'').<ref>[http://ceifan.org/moon_hoax.htm Siamo realmente andati sulla Luna?], ''Ceifan.org'', 14-Dec-09 (Italian)</ref>
+*Dr. '''Pasquariello Domenico''', director of the Italian Research Centre on Anomalous Phenomena (CEIFAN).<ref>[http://ceifan.org/moon_hoax.htm Siamo realmente andati sulla Luna?], ''Ceifan.org'', 14-Dec-09 (Italian)</ref>
-*Dr. '''Philip Cary Plait''', American astronomer, author of the book ''Bad astronomy" and webmaster of the website of the same name.<ref name="struck"/><ref name="Plait">"[http://web.archive.org/web/badastronomy.co%6d/book/ Bad astronomy]", Dr. Philip Plait, ''John Wiley & Sons'', 2002, ISBN 9780471409762</ref>
+*Dr. '''Philip Cary Plait''', American astronomer, author of the book ''Bad astronomy" and webmaster of the website of the same name.<ref name="struck"/><ref name="Plait">"[http://web.archive.org/web/badastronomy.co%6d/book/ Bad astronomy]", Dr. Philip Plait, John Wiley & Sons, 2002, ISBN 9780471409762</ref>
-*Dr. '''Vladislav-Veniamin Friedrichovich Pustynski''', native-Russian-speaking Estonian astrophysicist, lecturer, and teacher in Spanish of Jewish origin who defends NASA in various web forums under the alias of "7-40" (or similar) and others.<ref>[http://bolshoyforum.org/forum?topic=23066.3220#msg722724 Not only about the Moon affair], 27-Dec-08 (Russian)</ref><ref>[http://www.aai.ee/~vladislav/cv_engl.html Vladislav-Veniamin Pustynski's CV], 27-Nov-08</ref> Pustynski is a member of the International Astronomical Union.<ref>[http://iau.org/administration/membership/individual/13376 Vladislav-Veniamin PustÃµnski], ''International Astronomical Union'', 26-Aug-09</ref>
+*Dr. '''Vladislav-Veniamin Friedrichovich Pustynski''', native-Russian-speaking Estonian astrophysicist, lecturer, and teacher in Spanish of Jewish origin who defends NASA in various web forums under the alias of "7-40" (or similar) and others.<ref>[http://bolshoyforum.org/forum?topic=23066.3220#msg722724 Not only about the Moon affair], 27-Dec-08 (Russian)</ref><ref>[http://www.aai.ee/~vladislav/cv_engl.html Vladislav-Veniamin Pustynski's CV], 27-Nov-08</ref> Pustynski is a member of the International Astronomical Union.<ref>[http://iau.org/administration/membership/individual/13376 Vladislav-Veniamin PustÃµnski], International Astronomical Union, 26-Aug-09</ref>
 *'''Abduldaem Al-Kaheel''', Syrian mechanical engineer, researcher in the Scientific Miracles of the Qur'an and Sunnah, author of forty books, and webmaster of the ''Kaheel7'' website.<ref>[http://kaheel7.com/eng/index.php/component/content/article/41-general/60-about-us Biography] by Abduldaem Al-Kaheel, ''Kaheel7.com''</ref><ref>[http://kaheel7.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=888 Did we go to the Moon?] by Abduldaem Al-Kaheel, ''Kaheel7.com'' (Arabic)</ref>
 *'''Alberto Farid Char Bonilla''', Chilean psychologist and amateur astronomer, webmaster of the ''Austrinus'' website.<ref>[http://austrinus.com?option=com_content&id=347&Itemid=195 Â¿El hombre llegÃ³ a la Luna?] by Alberto Farid Char Bonilla, 25-Nov-08 (Spanish)</ref>
 *'''Alexander Yevgenyevich Markov''', Russian engineer who collected a special library about the Apollo programme and Wernher von Braun and published a series of articles about them.<ref>[http://apervushin.narod.ru/biblio/guest/markov/markov.htm Alexander Yevgenyevich Markov], 3-Aug-09 (Russian)</ref>
 *'''Ali Murat GÃ¼ven''', Turkish journalist and columnist of the ''Yeni safak'' ("New dawn") conservative daily.<ref>[http://yenisafak.com.tr/yazarlar?i=750&y=AliMuratGuven The most popular conspiracy theory: was the Moon landing real?] by Ali Murat GÃ¼ven, 18-Aug-06 (Turkish)</ref>
-*'''Chan Kihung''', Hong Kong Space Museum assistant curator.<ref>[http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/FAQ/moon/c_faq_moon_8.htm Moon FAQ], ''Hong Kong Space Museum'', 11-Jun-01 (Chinese)</ref>
+*'''Chan Kihung''', Hong Kong Space Museum assistant curator.<ref>[http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/FAQ/moon/c_faq_moon_8.htm Moon FAQ], Hong Kong Space Museum, 11-Jun-01 (Chinese)</ref>
 *'''David A. Hardy''', Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society and former President of the International Association of Astronomical Artists.<ref>[http://hardyart.demon.co.uk/pages-extra/moonhoax.html The Great Moon-landing hoax?] by David A. Hardy, 1-Sep-09</ref>
-*'''Dirk H. Lorenzen''', German astrophysicist, writer, and member of the executive board of the German Association of Science Journalists.<ref>[http://spacetelescope.org/projects/credibility/credibility_interviews.html Credibility of science communication], ''ESA'', 30-Oct-09</ref><ref>[http://wdr.de/tv/quarks/sendungsbeitraege/2009/0602/003_mond.jsp War der erste Mensch auf dem Mond ein Schauspieler?] by Katharina Adick, ''Westdeutscher Rundfunk'', 2-Jun-09 (German)</ref>
+*'''Dirk H. Lorenzen''', German astrophysicist, writer, and member of the executive board of the German Association of Science Journalists.<ref>[http://spacetelescope.org/projects/credibility/credibility_interviews.html Credibility of science communication], ESA, 30-Oct-09</ref><ref>[http://wdr.de/tv/quarks/sendungsbeitraege/2009/0602/003_mond.jsp War der erste Mensch auf dem Mond ein Schauspieler?] by Katharina Adick, ''Westdeutscher Rundfunk'', 2-Jun-09 (German)</ref>
 *'''Guillermo O. Descalzo''', Argentinean manager and rocket modeller, webmaster of the website of the same name.<ref>[http://gdescalzo.com.ar/la__llegada_a_la_luna.htm 1969, la llegada del Hombre a la luna Â¿verdad o farsa?] by Guillermo Descalzo, 29-Aug-09 (Spanish)</ref>
 *'''H.J.P. Arnold''', Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, the British Interplanetary Society, and the Remote Sensing and Photogrammetric Society.<ref name="twelve"/><ref>[http://www.sol-invictus.org.uk/autobiography.htm Autobiography] by H.J.P. Arnold, 11-Jul-03</ref>
@@ Line 209: / Line 209: @@
 *'''Keith Mayes''', British amateur astronomer, author of the book ''Science, the Universe and God'' (2004), and webmaster of the ''TheKeyboard.org.uk'' website.<ref>[http://www.thekeyboard.org.uk/Did%20we%20land%20on%20the%20Moon.htm Did we land on the Moon?] by Keith Mayes, 12-Dec-04</ref>
 *'''Marcus Haas''', German physicist and webmaster of the website of the same name.<ref>[http://marcus-haas.de/in-eigener-sache.html In eigener Sache] by Marcus Haas (German)</ref><ref>[http://pseudowissenschaft.marcus-haas.de/verschwoerungen/mondlandung.html Hat die Mondlandung stattgefunden?] by Marcus Haas (German)</ref>
-*'''Masashi Yokoyama, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Junya Terazono''', and '''Tatsuya Honjo''', Japanese NASA defenders of the Association for Sceptical Investigation of Supernatural (ASIOS).<ref>[http://asios.org/apollo.html Apollo conspiracy FAQ], ''ASIOS'', 20-Dec-09 (Japanese)</ref>
+*'''Masashi Yokoyama, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Junya Terazono''', and '''Tatsuya Honjo''', Japanese NASA defenders of the Association for Sceptical Investigation of Supernatural (ASIOS).<ref>[http://asios.org/apollo.html Apollo conspiracy FAQ], ASIOS, 20-Dec-09 (Japanese)</ref>
 *'''Matteo Negri''', secretary of the Italian amateur astronomers group ''Columbia'' and webmaster of the ''Siamo andati sulla Luna'' ("We went to the Moon") website.<ref>[http://siamoandatisullaluna.com Siamo andati sulla Luna] by Matteo Negri (Italian)</ref>
 *'''Matthias Lipinski''', German NASA defender and webmaster of the ''Apollo Projekt'' website.<ref>[http://apollo-projekt.de Mondlandung oder ein gigantischer Schwindel?] by Matthias Lipinski, 2-Oct-09 (German)</ref>
@@ Line 223: / Line 223: @@
 *'''Thanassis Vembos''', Greek researcher, journalist, writer, and webmaster of the website of the same name.<ref>[http://vembos.gr/biography.html Biography] by Thanassis Vembos, 22-Apr-09 (Greek)</ref><ref>[http://vembos.gr/moon%20hoax.htm We never went to the Moon?] by Thanassis Vembos, 22-Apr-09 (Greek)</ref>
 *'''Uwe Rexin''', German NASA defender and webmaster of the ''Mondlandung'' website.<ref>[http://mondlandung.pcdl.de Mondlandung oder MondlandungslÃ¼ge] by Uwe Rexin, 4-Feb-06 (German)</ref>
-*'''Visanu Euarchukiati''', Thai Astronomical Society deputy secretary.<ref>[http://thaiastro.nectec.or.th/news/2002/special/moonhoax.html Special report], ''Thai Astronomical Society'', 24-Jul-09 (Thai)</ref><ref>[http://61-91-205-171.static.asianet.co.th/astro/thaiastro.nectec.or.th/eng/tasstff.html Academic Committee of TAS], ''Thai Astronomical Society'', 1-Jun-09</ref>
+*'''Visanu Euarchukiati''', Thai Astronomical Society deputy secretary.<ref>[http://thaiastro.nectec.or.th/news/2002/special/moonhoax.html Special report], Thai Astronomical Society, 24-Jul-09 (Thai)</ref><ref>[http://61-91-205-171.static.asianet.co.th/astro/thaiastro.nectec.or.th/eng/tasstff.html Academic Committee of TAS], Thai Astronomical Society, 1-Jun-09</ref>
 *'''Vladimir Nikolaevich Pavlyuk''', Russian aviation equipment engineer who defends NASA in web forums under the alias of "Stary" (old man).<ref>[http://sai.msu.su/top100/cgi/vote.cgi?look=1&id_vote=47 AstroRunet stars 2005: Astrorunet man of the year], Sternberg Astronomical Institute (Russian)</ref>
-*'''Yuri Donatovich Krasilnikov'''<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/YuriKrasilnikov.html Yuri Krasilnikov], Apollo lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 18-May-09</ref><ref>[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/paradox/p2.html Yuri Krasilnikov], ''Paradox'', April 2004 (Russian)</ref> (physicist and programmer)<ref>[http://www.pereplet.ru/gorm/fomenko/authors.htm Information about the authors], Russian book cover (Russian)</ref> and '''Vyacheslav Yatskin''' (programmer),<ref>[http://hot.ee/unexplained/me.htm About me] by Vyacheslav Yatskin, 7-Aug-01 (Russian)</ref> Russian NASA defenders, authors (or mostly translators from English, according to Yuri Mukhinâ€”see below)<ref name="Mukhin"/><sup>(p. 251)</sup> of the 327 KB long ''Skeptik.net/conspir/moonhoax.htm'' article.<ref name="Yatskin">[http://skeptik.net/conspir/moonhoax.htm Were Americans on the Moon?] by Vyacheslav Yatskin and Yuri Krasilnikov (Russian)</ref>
+*'''WÅ‚odzimierz''' (family to be added), Russian-Polish NASA defender in forums (aliases Wlodzio_Boss, Aligator, D.W.W., Ð”ÑÐ´ÑŽÑˆÐºÐ° Ð’Ð’, etc.), webmaster of the ''Programme Apollo'' website, and Polish translator of part of the article of Krasilnikov and Yatskin (see below).<ref>[http://program-apollo.yoyo.pl/text.html Czy czÅ‚owiek byÅ‚ na KsiÄ™Å¼ycu?], 27-Oct-06 (Polish)</ref>
-*The '''Maximum''' programme on the Russian NTV.<ref>[http://maximum.ntv.ru The Maximum programme. Scandals. Intrigues. Investigations], ''NTV'' (Russian)</ref>
+*'''Yuri Donatovich Krasilnikov'''<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/YuriKrasilnikov.html Yuri Krasilnikov], Apollo lunar surface journal, NASA, 18-May-09</ref><ref>[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/paradox/p2.html Yuri Krasilnikov], ''Paradox'', April 2004 (Russian)</ref> (physicist and programmer)<ref>[http://www.pereplet.ru/gorm/fomenko/authors.htm Information about the authors], Russian book cover (Russian)</ref> and '''Vyacheslav Yatskin''' (programmer),<ref>[http://hot.ee/unexplained/me.htm About me] by Vyacheslav Yatskin, 7-Aug-01 (Russian)</ref> Russian NASA defenders, authors (or mostly translators from English, according to Yuri Mukhinâ€”see below)<ref name="Mukhin"/><sup>(p. 251)</sup> of the 327 KB long ''Skeptik.net/conspir/moonhoax.htm'' article.<ref name="Yatskin">[http://skeptik.net/conspir/moonhoax.htm Were Americans on the Moon?] by Vyacheslav Yatskin and Yuri Krasilnikov (Russian)</ref>
-*The '''MythBusters''', Australian TV programme<ref>[http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/mythbusters.html MythBusters], ''Discovery Channel''</ref> (also translated on the Russian ''TV3'' channel).<ref>[http://tv3russia.ru/programs/programs_6/about MythBusters], ''TV3'' (Russian)</ref>
+*The '''Maximum''' programme on the Russian NTV.<ref>[http://maximum.ntv.ru The Maximum programme. Scandals. Intrigues. Investigations], NTV (Russian)</ref>
+*The '''MythBusters''', Australian TV programme<ref>[http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/mythbusters.html MythBusters], ''Discovery Channel''</ref> (also translated on the Russian ''TV3'' channel).<ref>[http://tv3russia.ru/programs/programs_6/about MythBusters], TV3 (Russian)</ref>
 *The '''Wikipedia''' editors who put a great deal of effort into defending NASA, categorising the Moon hoax view as "conspiracy theory", "pseudo-science", "pseudo-history", "denialism", etc.<ref>[http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Hoax_Theory Moon hoax theory], ''Wikipedia'', 21-Aug-09</ref>
@@ Line 241: / Line 242: @@
 In past eras, other pejorative labels like "heresy", "witchery", and "communism" also worked like this. The charge of "conspiracy theory" is not so severe, but in its way much worse. Heresy, witchcraft, and communism at least retain a sense of potency, designating ideas to be feared. "Conspiracy theory" implies that the ideas and their advocates are simple-minded or insane. Such labels implicitly define a community of orthodox believers and try to banish or shun people who challenge orthodox beliefs. Community members sympathetic to new thoughts may shy away from them and join in the shunning in fear of being tainted by the pejorative label.<ref>[http://newdemocracyworld.org/conspiracy.htm Conspiracy theory as naive deconstructive history] by Floyd Rudmin, ''NewDemocracyWorld.org'', 27-Sep-03</ref>
-Besides "conspiracy theorists", Moon sceptics are also called "fringe theorists",<ref>[http://msnbc.msn.com/id/7091082 Moon probe could kill conspiracy theory] by Leonard David, ''Space.com'', 4-Mar-05</ref> "refuters"<ref>[http://apollofacts.wikidot.com/hoax:people Moon conspiracy theorists] by V. Pustynski, 8-Sep-09 (Russian)</ref> (assuming that they hold the burden of proof, which they, e.g. Alexander Popov, denyâ€”see below), "deniers"<ref name="struck"/> (associating them with the Holocaust deniers),<ref>[http://www.davidduke.com/general/holocaut-denial-vs-lunar-landing-denial_11248.html Truth needs no laws to support itâ€”Lunar Landings vs Holocau$t], ''The Official Website of Representative David Duke, PhD'', 20-Jul-09</ref> "hoax believers", "crackpots", etc.<ref name="Karn"/> And Julian W. Scheer (1926â€“2001), NASA's Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs (1963â€“1971)<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/bioso-s.html#S Biographies of aerospace officials and policy makers, Oâ€“S], ''NASA'' History Division, 30-Jun-08</ref> stated:<ref name="fox"/><sup>(41:43â€“41:51)</sup>
+Besides "conspiracy theorists", Moon sceptics are also called "fringe theorists",<ref>[http://msnbc.msn.com/id/7091082 Moon probe could kill conspiracy theory] by Leonard David, ''Space.com'', 4-Mar-05</ref> "refuters"<ref>[http://apollofacts.wikidot.com/hoax:people Moon conspiracy theorists] by V. Pustynski, 8-Sep-09 (Russian)</ref> (assuming that they hold the burden of proof, which they, e.g. Alexander Popov, denyâ€”see below), "deniers"<ref name="struck"/> (associating them with the Holocaust deniers),<ref>[http://www.davidduke.com/general/holocaut-denial-vs-lunar-landing-denial_11248.html Truth needs no laws to support itâ€”Lunar Landings vs Holocau$t], The Official Website of Representative David Duke, PhD, 20-Jul-09</ref> "hoax believers", "crackpots", etc.<ref name="Karn"/> And Julian W. Scheer (1926â€“2001), NASA's Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs (1963â€“1971)<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/bioso-s.html#S Biographies of aerospace officials and policy makers, Oâ€“S], NASA History Division, 30-Jun-08</ref> stated:<ref name="fox"/><sup>(41:43â€“41:51)</sup>
 {{Cquote|''I would say that anybody who believes that we did not go to the Moon is an absolute nut.''}}
-Conversely, NASA defenders are called "NASA hiwis"<ref>[http://ww2incolor.com/german/dgsf.html German infantry and "Hiwi"], ''WWII in colour'', October 2008</ref> and "Pro-Apollo nutters" ("PANs") by Moon sceptics Yuri Mukhin<ref name="Mukhin"/><sup>(p. 251)</sup> and Sam Colby,<ref name="reality">[http://apolloreality.bravehost.com Apollo reality] by Sam Colby, 2-Mar-09</ref> respectively (see below).
+Conversely, NASA defenders are called "NASA hiwis"<ref>[http://ww2incolor.com/german/dgsf.html German infantry and "Hiwi"], WWII in colour, October 2008</ref> and "Pro-Apollo nutters" ("PANs") by Moon sceptics Yuri Mukhin<ref name="Mukhin"/><sup>(p. 251)</sup> and Sam Colby,<ref name="reality">[http://apolloreality.bravehost.com Apollo reality] by Sam Colby, 2-Mar-09</ref> respectively (see below).
 The following funny theses are popular in the Russian Internet community:
@@ Line 278: / Line 279: @@
 #''A funny thing happened on the way to the Moon'' (2001)<ref name="funny">[http://imdb.com/title/tt0446557 A funny thing happened on the way to the Moon], Bart Sibrel, 2001</ref>
-#''Astronauts Gone Wild'' (2004)<ref name="gonewild">[http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=-2265515730495966561 Astronauts gone wild], ''Google video''</ref>
+#''Astronauts Gone Wild'' (2004)<ref name="gonewild">[http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=-2265515730495966561 Astronauts gone wild], Google Video</ref>
-#''Apollo 11 press conference'' (2004)<ref name="pressconf">[http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=1535324572487804641 Apollo 11 press conference], ''Google video''</ref>
+#''Apollo 11 press conference'' (2004)<ref name="pressconf">[http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=1535324572487804641 Apollo 11 press conference], Google Video</ref>
 #''Apollo 11: Monkey business: False photography unedited'' (2004)<ref>[http://moonmovie.com/mbft.htm Apollo 11: Monkey business: False photography unedited] by Bart Sibrel, 19-Jun-09</ref>
 #''Apollo One accident report'' (2007)<ref>[http://moonmovie.com/apollo1.htm Apollo One accident report, Expanded edition] by Bart Sibrel, 10-Jul-09</ref>
@@ Line 285: / Line 286: @@
 Sibrel says that "a successful manned mission to the Moon offered a wonderful, pride-boosting distraction for the near revolt of the citizens of America over 50,000 deaths in the Vietnam War",<ref>[http://www.clavius.org/bibsibrel.html Bibliographyâ€”Bart Sibrel's top fifteen], 6-Feb-08</ref> with lunar activities stopping abruptly and planned missions cancelled around the same time that the USA ceased its involvement in Vietnam.<ref>[http://davesweb.cnchost.com/Apollo3.html Wagging the Moondoggie, Part 3] by David McGowan, 25-Nov-09</ref>
-In his film ''Astronauts gone wild'',<ref name="gonewild"/> Sibrel asked nine Apollo astronauts to swear on the Bible that they did go to the Moon, of which three did so.<ref name="moonhoax">[http://tarrdaniel.freeweb.hu/documents/Ufology/moonhoax.html Moon Hoax] by Jarrah White and Aron Ranen, 22-Aug-09</ref> Apollo 11 lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin refused to swear, and Sibrel called him "a coward and a liar and a thief".<ref name="ap"/><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2272321.stm Ex-astronaut escapes assault charge], ''BBC'', 21-Sep-02</ref> Aldrin then punched Sibrel's face.<ref name="struck"/> The police investigated the incident but filed no charges.<ref name="newsweek"/><ref>[http://cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/11/entertainment/main521663.shtml Apollo 11 Astronaut decks filmmaker], ''CBS'', 11-Sep-02</ref><ref>[http://binnallofamerica.com/boaa11.25.6.html An audio interview with Bart Sibrel], ''Binnall of America'', 23-Nov-06</ref>
+In his film ''Astronauts gone wild'',<ref name="gonewild"/> Sibrel asked nine Apollo astronauts to swear on the Bible that they did go to the Moon, of which three did so.<ref name="moonhoax">[http://tarrdaniel.freeweb.hu/documents/Ufology/moonhoax.html Moon Hoax] by Jarrah White and Aron Ranen, 22-Aug-09</ref> Apollo 11 lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin refused to swear, and Sibrel called him "a coward and a liar and a thief".<ref name="ap"/><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2272321.stm Ex-astronaut escapes assault charge], BBC, 21-Sep-02</ref> Aldrin then punched Sibrel's face.<ref name="struck"/> The police investigated the incident but filed no charges.<ref name="newsweek"/><ref>[http://cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/11/entertainment/main521663.shtml Apollo 11 Astronaut decks filmmaker], CBS, 11-Sep-02</ref><ref>[http://binnallofamerica.com/boaa11.25.6.html An audio interview with Bart Sibrel], ''Binnall of America'', 23-Nov-06</ref>
 ===Stanislav Pokrovsky===
 '''Stanislav Georgievich Pokrovsky''' (born 1959)<ref>Stanislav Pokrovsky, "[http://vif2ne.ru/nvz/forum/archive/210/210419.htm Intermediate bottom line]", 10-Sep-07 (Russian)</ref> is a Russian candidate of technical sciences and General Director of the scientific-manufacturing enterprise ''Project-D-MSK''.<ref name="Pokrovsky">[http://professionali.ru/~170677 Pokrovsky], ''Professional.ru'' (Russian)</ref>
-In 2007, he studied the filmed staging of the first stage (S-IC) of the Saturn V rocket after the launch of Apollo 11.<ref>[http://archive.org/details/HSF-mov-apollo11_launchclip03 A view of the first stage separation of Apollo 11], ''Internet archive''</ref> Analysing it frame by frame, he calculated the actual speed of the Saturn V rocket at S-IC staging time using four different, independent and mutually verifying methods. With all of them, the calculated speed turned out to be at maximum half (1.2 km/s) of the declared one at that point (2.4 km/s). He concluded that due to this, no more than 28 t could be brought on the way to the Moon, including the spacecraft, instead of the 46 t declared by NASA, and so a loop around the Moon was possible but not a manned landing on the Moon with return to the Earth.<ref>S.G.Pokrovsky, "[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/22/Saturn5.doc The Americans could not land on the Moon]", ''Actual problems of the modern science'', ISSN 1680-2721, [http://library.stavsu.ru?act=basket&q=a&i=197997 issue 5, 2007], pp. 152â€“166 (Russian)</ref><ref>Stanislav Pokrovsky, "[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/22/Saturn5-3.doc A more exact estimation of the Saturn-V speed]", ''Manonmoon.ru'' (Russian)</ref><ref name="Moon">[http://supernovum.ru/public?chapter=20 Moon]", ''Supernovum.ru'' (Russian)</ref><ref name="estimation">Stanislav Pokrovsky, "[http://vif2ne.ru/nvz/forum/archive/229/229340.htm A more exact reconstruction]", 27-Apr-08 (Russian)</ref>
+In 2007, he studied the filmed staging of the first stage (S-IC) of the Saturn V rocket after the launch of Apollo 11.<ref>[http://archive.org/details/HSF-mov-apollo11_launchclip03 A view of the first stage separation of Apollo 11], The Internet archive</ref> Analysing it frame by frame, he calculated the actual speed of the Saturn V rocket at S-IC staging time using four different, independent and mutually verifying methods. With all of them, the calculated speed turned out to be at maximum half (1.2 km/s) of the declared one at that point (2.4 km/s). He concluded that due to this, no more than 28 t could be brought on the way to the Moon, including the spacecraft, instead of the 46 t declared by NASA, and so a loop around the Moon was possible but not a manned landing on the Moon with return to the Earth.<ref>S.G.Pokrovsky, "[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/22/Saturn5.doc The Americans could not land on the Moon]", ''Actual problems of the modern science'', ISSN 1680-2721, [http://library.stavsu.ru?act=basket&q=a&i=197997 issue 5, 2007], pp. 152â€“166 (Russian)</ref><ref>Stanislav Pokrovsky, "[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/22/Saturn5-3.doc A more exact estimation of the Saturn-V speed]", ''Manonmoon.ru'' (Russian)</ref><ref name="Moon">[http://supernovum.ru/public?chapter=20 Moon]", ''Supernovum.ru'' (Russian)</ref><ref name="estimation">Stanislav Pokrovsky, "[http://vif2ne.ru/nvz/forum/archive/229/229340.htm A more exact reconstruction]", 27-Apr-08 (Russian)</ref>
-In 2008, Pokrovsky also claimed to have determined the reason why a higher speed was impossibleâ€”problems with the Inconel X-750 superalloy used for the tubes of the wall of the thrust chamber of the F-1 engine,<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch4.htm ''Stages to Saturn'', Chapter 4] by Roger E. Bilstein, ''NASA'', 22-Mar-02</ref> whose physics of high-temperature strength was not yet studied at that time. The strength of the material changes when affected by high temperature and plastic deformations. As a result, the F-1 engine thrust had to be lowered by at least 20%. With these assumptions, he calculated that the real speed would be the same as he had already estimated (see above). Pokrovsky proved that six or more F-1 engines (instead of five) could not be used due to the increased fuel mass required by each new engine, which in turn would require more engines, and so on.<ref name="Moon"/><ref name="estimation"/><ref>Proceedings of the conference at the Russian New University, ''Nano-technologies'' section, 25-Apr-08 (Russian)</ref><ref>Stanislav Pokrovsky, "[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/22/inkonel.doc Why the flight to the Moon did not take place]", ''Manonmoon.ru'' (Russian)</ref>
+In 2008, Pokrovsky also claimed to have determined the reason why a higher speed was impossibleâ€”problems with the Inconel X-750 superalloy used for the tubes of the wall of the thrust chamber of the F-1 engine,<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch4.htm ''Stages to Saturn'', Chapter 4] by Roger E. Bilstein, NASA, 22-Mar-02</ref> whose physics of high-temperature strength was not yet studied at that time. The strength of the material changes when affected by high temperature and plastic deformations. As a result, the F-1 engine thrust had to be lowered by at least 20%. With these assumptions, he calculated that the real speed would be the same as he had already estimated (see above). Pokrovsky proved that six or more F-1 engines (instead of five) could not be used due to the increased fuel mass required by each new engine, which in turn would require more engines, and so on.<ref name="Moon"/><ref name="estimation"/><ref>Proceedings of the conference at the Russian New University, ''Nano-technologies'' section, 25-Apr-08 (Russian)</ref><ref>Stanislav Pokrovsky, "[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/22/inkonel.doc Why the flight to the Moon did not take place]", ''Manonmoon.ru'' (Russian)</ref>
-Pokrovsky claims that his Saturn V speed estimation is the ''first direct proof of the impossibility of the Apollo Moon landing''.<ref name="Pokrovsky"/> He says that fifteen specialists with scientific degrees (e.g. Alexander Budnik)<ref>[http://science-kaluga.ru/authors?content=info&id=57 Alexander Budnik], ''Institute for physics and power engineering'' (Russian)</ref> who reviewed his paper, of which at least five aerodynamics experts and three narrow specialists in ultrasonic movement and aerosols, raised no objections in principle, and the specific wishes and notes they (e.g. Vladimir Surdin)<ref>[http://lnfm1.sai.msu.ru/~surdin Vladimir Surdin], ''Sternberg Astronomical Institute''</ref> did have could not change his results significantly even if followed.<ref>Stanislav Pokrovsky, "[http://vif2ne.ru/nvz/forum/archive/224/224431.htm Questions]", 7-Jan-08 (Russian)</ref><ref>Stanislav Pokrovsky, "[http://vif2ne.ru/nvz/forum/archive/205/205780.htm A short message]", 8-Jul-07 (Russian)</ref> Pokrovsky compares his own frame-by-frame analysis of the filmed Saturn V flight to the frame-by-frame analysis of the filmed Trinity nuclear test (1945) done by the Soviet academician Leonid Sedov who created his own blast wave theory to estimate the then top secret power of the explosion.<ref>Pokrovsky, "[http://supernovum.ru/forum/read.php?1,5829,11529 There is a difference between these two methodologies]", ''Supernovum.ru'', 23-Oct-07 (Russian)</ref>
+Pokrovsky claims that his Saturn V speed estimation is the ''first direct proof of the impossibility of the Apollo Moon landing''.<ref name="Pokrovsky"/> He says that fifteen specialists with scientific degrees (e.g. Alexander Budnik)<ref>[http://science-kaluga.ru/authors?content=info&id=57 Alexander Budnik], Institute for physics and power engineering (Russian)</ref> who reviewed his paper, of which at least five aerodynamics experts and three narrow specialists in ultrasonic movement and aerosols, raised no objections in principle, and the specific wishes and notes they (e.g. Vladimir Surdin)<ref>[http://lnfm1.sai.msu.ru/~surdin Vladimir Surdin], Sternberg Astronomical Institute</ref> did have could not change his results significantly even if followed.<ref>Stanislav Pokrovsky, "[http://vif2ne.ru/nvz/forum/archive/224/224431.htm Questions]", 7-Jan-08 (Russian)</ref><ref>Stanislav Pokrovsky, "[http://vif2ne.ru/nvz/forum/archive/205/205780.htm A short message]", 8-Jul-07 (Russian)</ref> Pokrovsky compares his own frame-by-frame analysis of the filmed Saturn V flight to the frame-by-frame analysis of the filmed Trinity nuclear test (1945) done by the Soviet academician Leonid Sedov who created his own blast wave theory to estimate the then top secret power of the explosion.<ref>Pokrovsky, "[http://supernovum.ru/forum/read.php?1,5829,11529 There is a difference between these two methodologies]", ''Supernovum.ru'', 23-Oct-07 (Russian)</ref>
 See also author's note below.<ref>Wikipedia had an article devoted to the hoax "accusers". Two days after adding the above text about Pokrovsky's findings there on 23 July 2009, the entire article was proposed for deletion and [http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Moon_landing_hoax_accusers deleted] in a week. At the same time, Pokrovsky's business site was [http://stopbadware.org/reports/5c21a9099578f8813569d40a8bd007eb hacked] and was empty most of August and September 2009.</ref> Pokrovsky's findings about the rocket speed were later confirmed by Alexander Reshnyak and Alexander Popov (see below).
@@ Line 301: / Line 302: @@
 '''Alexander Ivanovich Popov''' (born 1943) is a Russian senior research associate, doctor of physical-mathematical sciences and author of more than 100 scientific works and inventions in the fields of laser optics and spectroscopy.<ref>Alexander Popov, "[http://web.archive.org/web/moon.thelook.ru A man on the Moon? What evidence?]", contents (Russian)</ref>
-Helped by more than forty volunteers, most of which with scientific degrees,<ref name="Popov0">Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/book/0.htm Ruin and curses awaited the loser]", 2-Oct-09 (Russian)</ref> he wrote the book ''Americans on the Moon'' (2009).<ref name="Popov">Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru Americans on the Moon]", ''Veche'', 2009, ISBN 9785953333153 (Russian)</ref><ref>Alex Gromov, "[http://labirint-shop.ru/news/4661 Struggle of systems]", a review of Popov's book, ''Labirint review'', 16-Mar-09 (Russian)</ref> In it, Popov placed the burden of proof on NASA,<ref name="Popov0"/> and denied all Moon landing evidence, dividing it to five groups:
+Helped by more than forty volunteers, most of which with scientific degrees,<ref name="Popov0">Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/book/0.htm Ruin and curses awaited the loser]", 2-Oct-09 (Russian)</ref> he wrote the book ''Americans on the Moon'' (2009).<ref name="Popov">Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru Americans on the Moon]", Veche, 2009, ISBN 9785953333153 (Russian)</ref><ref>Alex Gromov, "[http://labirint-shop.ru/news/4661 Struggle of systems]", a review of Popov's book, ''Labirint review'', 16-Mar-09 (Russian)</ref> In it, Popov placed the burden of proof on NASA,<ref name="Popov0"/> and denied all Moon landing evidence, dividing it to five groups:
 #Visual (photo, film and video) material that can successfully be made on Earth, in cinema studios.
@@ Line 316: / Line 317: @@
 ===Other Moon sceptics===
 *Prof. Dr. '''Krassimir Ivanov Ivandjiiski''' (born 1947), Bulgarian doctor of economics, professor in geopolitics and international relations.<ref>[http://strogosekretno.com?p=editor Krassimir Ivandjiiski], ''Strogo sekretno''</ref> He is the editor of the monthly analytical newspaper ''Strogo sektetno'' ("Top secret"), which published a series of ten articles on the Moon Hoax, based on the ideas of Alexander Popov (see above) in 2007â€“2008.<ref>[http://strogosekretno.com?p=issue&id=160 Issue 160], ''Strogo sekretno'', September 2008 (Bulgarian)</ref>
-*Prof. Dr. '''Li Zifeng''', Chinese geologist, member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers and the Petroleum Society of Canada.<ref>Zifeng Li et al, "[http://wbabin.net/physics/smulsky1.pdf The essence of special relativity and its influence on science, philosophy and society]", ''Proceedings of the Natural Philosophy Alliance'', 13th Annual Conference, 3â€“7 April 2006, University of Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 126â€“130</ref><ref>[http://blog.sina.com/s/blog_56ffa8140100eaa7.html The U.S. Apollo Moon landing was a hoax] by Li Zifeng, ''Science and Technology'', issue 5 (137), May 2009, pp. 272â€“273 (Chinese)</ref>
+*Prof. Dr. '''Li Zifeng''', Chinese geologist, member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers and the Petroleum Society of Canada.<ref>Zifeng Li et al, "[http://wbabin.net/physics/smulsky1.pdf The essence of special relativity and its influence on science, philosophy and society]", Proceedings of the Natural Philosophy Alliance, 13th Annual Conference, 3â€“7 April 2006, University of Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 126â€“130</ref><ref>[http://blog.sina.com/s/blog_56ffa8140100eaa7.html The U.S. Apollo Moon landing was a hoax] by Li Zifeng, ''Science and Technology'', issue 5 (137), May 2009, pp. 272â€“273 (Chinese)</ref>
-*Prof. Dr. '''Takahiko Soejima''' (born 1953), Japanese political scientist and writer, member of the International Political Science Association, founder and president of the Soejima National Strategy Institute, and author of the book ''1962â€“1972: Apollo 11 has never been to the Moon'' (2004).<ref>Takahiko Soejima, "[http://www.library.miyama.fukuoka.jp/serls/tosmok.asp?tilcod=174405&mngkbn=01 1962â€“1972: Apollo 11 has never been to the Moon]", ''Tokuma Shoten'', 2004, ISBN 9784198618747 (Japanese)</ref>
+*Prof. Dr. '''Takahiko Soejima''' (born 1953), Japanese political scientist and writer, member of the International Political Science Association, founder and president of the Soejima National Strategy Institute, and author of the book ''1962â€“1972: Apollo 11 has never been to the Moon'' (2004).<ref>Takahiko Soejima, "[http://www.library.miyama.fukuoka.jp/serls/tosmok.asp?tilcod=174405&mngkbn=01 1962â€“1972: Apollo 11 has never been to the Moon]", Tokuma Shoten, 2004, ISBN 9784198618747 (Japanese)</ref>
 *Prof. '''Federico MartÃn Maglio''' (born 1959), Argentinean higher educator and webmaster of the ''FMM education'' website.<ref>[http://fmmeducacion.com.ar/Historia/Notas/Viajeluna/viajeluna01.htm Viaje a la Luna Â¿fue un fraude?] by Federico MartÃn Maglio, 15-Aug-09 (Spanish)</ref>
-*Dr. '''David Groves''', British physicist and holographic computer image analyst. Analysing NASA photo AS11-40-5866,<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#5866 AS11-40-5866], Apollo 11 Image Library, ''NASA'', 21-Nov-09</ref> knowing the focal length of the camera's lens, and having an actual boot, he and David Percy (see below) calculated (using ray-tracing) that an artificial light source is 30 Â± 6 cm to the right of the camera.<ref name="what"/><sup>(35:14â€“36:46)</sup><ref>[http://youtube.com?v=A6MvcIs4OcQ Apollo Moon Hoax? Dr. David Groves Analysis], ''Youtube'', 26-Apr-07</ref><ref>[http://aulis.com/nasa4.htm Examples of anomalies and inconsistencies in the Apollo photography], ''Aulis Publishers'', 20-Jan-08</ref><ref name="cosmic">[http://www.ufos-aliens.co.uk/cosmicapollo.html The Apollo Hoax], ''Cosmic Conspiracies'', 26-Jul-09</ref>
+*Dr. '''David Groves''', British physicist and holographic computer image analyst. Analysing NASA photo AS11-40-5866,<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#5866 AS11-40-5866], Apollo 11 Image Library, NASA, 21-Nov-09</ref> knowing the focal length of the camera's lens, and having an actual boot, he and David Percy (see below) calculated (using ray-tracing) that an artificial light source is 30 Â± 6 cm to the right of the camera.<ref name="what"/><sup>(35:14â€“36:46)</sup><ref>[http://youtube.com?v=A6MvcIs4OcQ Apollo Moon Hoax? Dr. David Groves Analysis], ''Youtube'', 26-Apr-07</ref><ref>[http://aulis.com/nasa4.htm Examples of anomalies and inconsistencies in the Apollo photography], Aulis Publishers, 20-Jan-08</ref><ref name="cosmic">[http://www.ufos-aliens.co.uk/cosmicapollo.html The Apollo Hoax] by David Cosnette, 26-Jul-09</ref>
 *Dr. '''Marco Stefanelli''', Italian PhD in Indovedic psychology, analyst-programmer, Web engineer, painter, Reiki Usui alternative medicine practitioner, researcher, audio engineer, sound designer, composer, multi-instrumetalist, and webmaster of the website of the same name.<ref>[http://marcostefanelli.com/luna Non siamo mai andati sulla Luna!?] by Macro Stefanelli, 27-Apr-09 (Italian)</ref>
 *Dr. '''Shrikant N. Devdikar''', Indian doctor and webmaster of the ''Shriworld'' website.<ref>[http://shriworld.com/HP/moon.htm Man never landed on the Moon], Dr. Shrikant N. Devdikar, 10-Feb-08</ref>
@@ Line 332: / Line 333: @@
 *'''Borislav Lazarov''', Bulgarian radio host, journalist and director of the documentary film ''To the Moon and back'' (2007).<ref>[http://www.monitor.bg/article?id=114901 Facts and mysteries about UFOs on bTV], ''Monitor'', 26-Mar-07 (Bulgarian)</ref><ref>[http://paper.standartnews.com/bg/article.php?article=185710 A Bulgarian film solves the Moon mystery], ''Standard'', 15-Apr-07 (Bulgarian)</ref>
 *'''Bruce Mitchell Nash''' (born 1947), American writer and reality TV producer.<ref name="Nash"/><ref name="fox"/>
-*'''Charles T. Hawkins''' (born 1962), American writer whose book ''How America faked the Moon landings'' (2004) presents the ideas of Sam Colby (see below).<ref>[http://www.clavius.org/bibhawkins.html Who speaks for Charles Hawkins?], ''Clavius.org'', 28-Jan-04</ref><ref name="afb">[http://apollofeedback.bravehost.com Apollo feedback] to Sam Colby, 14-Aug-09</ref><ref>[http://amazon.com/dp/0974940542 How America faked the Moon landings] by Charles T. Hawkins, ''GTI Publishers'', 2004, ISBN 9780974940540</ref>
+*'''Charles T. Hawkins''' (born 1962), American writer whose book ''How America faked the Moon landings'' (2004) presents the ideas of Sam Colby (see below).<ref>[http://www.clavius.org/bibhawkins.html Who speaks for Charles Hawkins?], ''Clavius.org'', 28-Jan-04</ref><ref name="afb">[http://apollofeedback.bravehost.com Apollo feedback] to Sam Colby, 14-Aug-09</ref><ref>[http://amazon.com/dp/0974940542 How America faked the Moon landings] by Charles T. Hawkins, GTI Publishers, 2004, ISBN 9780974940540</ref>
 *'''Clyde Lewis''' (Louis Clyde Holder, born 1964), American radio talk show host.<ref name="Lewis"/>
 *'''David Cosnette''', British webmaster of the ''Cosmic Conspiracies'' website.<ref name="cosmic"/>
 *'''David McGowan''' (born 1960), American writer and contractor-constructor, "host" of the ''Centre for an Informed America'' (CIA) website.<ref name="cia">[http://davesweb.cnchost.com Centre for an informed America] by David McGowan, 8-Dec-09</ref>
 *'''David R. Hook''' (1971â€“2006), Canadian comedian and musician, author of the music and lyrics of ''The Moon song''.<ref>[http://orwelltoday.com/readermoonsongdavehook.shtml Reader: Moon Song, Dave Hook], 27-Aug-09</ref>
-*'''David S. Percy''', British TV producer, audio-visual technology expert, member of the Royal Photographic Society, coauthor (with Mary Bennettâ€”see below) of the book ''Dark Moon'' (2001),<ref name="dark"/> and director of the documentary film ''What happened on the Moon?'' (2000).<ref name="what"/> He says that NASA photos have so obvious flaws that they prove that insiders tried to "blow the whistle" on the hoax by purposely adding errors they know will be seen.<ref>[http://www.clavius.org/bibcast.html Bibliographyâ€”dramatis personae], ''Clavius.org'', 23-Jan-09</ref><ref>[http://aulis.com/david-percy.htm David Percy], ''Aulis Publishers'', 30-Jun-08</ref>
+*'''David S. Percy''', British TV producer, audio-visual technology expert, member of the Royal Photographic Society, coauthor (with Mary Bennettâ€”see below) of the book ''Dark Moon'' (2001),<ref name="dark"/> and director of the documentary film ''What happened on the Moon?'' (2000).<ref name="what"/> He says that NASA photos have so obvious flaws that they prove that insiders tried to "blow the whistle" on the hoax by purposely adding errors they know will be seen.<ref>[http://www.clavius.org/bibcast.html Bibliographyâ€”dramatis personae], ''Clavius.org'', 23-Jan-09</ref><ref>[http://aulis.com/david-percy.htm David Percy], Aulis Publishers, 30-Jun-08</ref>
 *'''Eric Hufschmid''', American software engineer<ref>[http://thetruthseeker.co.uk/article.asp?ID=2897 An "Invisable army" fights the media lies about 9/11] by Christopher Bollyn, 24-Mar-05</ref> and webmaster of the website of the same name.<ref>[http://erichufschmid.net/Apollo_NASA.html Apollo Moon landings and NASA] by Eric Hufschmid, 25-Oct-09</ref>
-*'''Gerhard Wisnewski''' (born 1959),<ref>[http://muslim-markt.de/interview/2004/wisnewski.htm Gerhard Wisnewski], ''Muslim-Markt'', 5-Oct-04 (German)</ref> German publicist and author of the films ''Die Akte Apollo'' ("The case Apollo", 2002)<ref name="akte">[http://imdb.com/title/tt0435599 Die Akte Apollo], Westdeutscher Rundfunk, 2002</ref> and ''Die Mond(f)lÃ¼ge: Warum Menschen niemals auf dem Mond landeten?'' ("Why have men never landed on the Moon?", 2008),<ref>[http://amazon.de/dp/3942016036 Why have men never landed on the Moon?], ''Amazon.de'', 22-Nov-09 (German)</ref> and the books "Lies in space"<ref>[http://amazon.de/dp/342677755X LÃ¼gen im Weltraum] by Gerhard Wisnewski, ''DrÃ¶mer/Knaur'', 2005, ISBN 9783426777558 (German)</ref> (in German) and its English versionâ€”"One small step?".<ref name="step">[http://books.google.com?id=EwEEIzdTfW0C One Small Step?] by Gerhard Wisnewski, ''Clairview Books'', 2008, ISBN 9781905570126</ref>
+*'''Gerhard Wisnewski''' (born 1959),<ref>[http://muslim-markt.de/interview/2004/wisnewski.htm Gerhard Wisnewski], ''Muslim-Markt'', 5-Oct-04 (German)</ref> German publicist and author of the films ''Die Akte Apollo'' ("The case Apollo", 2002)<ref name="akte">[http://imdb.com/title/tt0435599 Die Akte Apollo], Westdeutscher Rundfunk, 2002</ref> and ''Die Mond(f)lÃ¼ge: Warum Menschen niemals auf dem Mond landeten?'' ("Why have men never landed on the Moon?", 2008),<ref>[http://amazon.de/dp/3942016036 Why have men never landed on the Moon?], ''Amazon'', 22-Nov-09 (German)</ref> and the books "Lies in space"<ref>[http://amazon.de/dp/342677755X LÃ¼gen im Weltraum] by Gerhard Wisnewski, DrÃ¶mer/Knaur, 2005, ISBN 9783426777558 (German)</ref> (in German) and its English versionâ€”"One small step?".<ref name="step">[http://books.google.com?id=EwEEIzdTfW0C One Small Step?] by Gerhard Wisnewski, Clairview Books, 2008, ISBN 9781905570126</ref>
 *'''Gernot L. Geise''', German writer, author of ''Der grÃ¶ÃŸte Betrug des Jahrhunderts? Die Apollo-MondflÃ¼ge'' ("The greatest scam of the century? The Apollo Moon flights")<ref>[http://hagdise.de/forum/nachr15.htm Studio records?], ''Magic secrets'', 26-Aug-09 (German)</ref> and 5 other books on the subject.<ref>[http://glgeise.de Gernot L. Geise], 21-Aug-09 (German)</ref>
 *'''Henrik Melvang''', Danish publicist, author of the video documentary film ''AfslÃ¸ring Apollo'' ("Uncovering Apollo")<ref>[http://bombsinsidewtc.dk/unmask/side2.htm Henrik Melvang], ''Unmask Production'', 3-Nov-03 (Danish)</ref>
-*'''Ivona Å½ivkoviÄ‡''', Serbian journalist and TV star.<ref name="Zivkovic"/><ref>[http://nin.co.rs/2002-06/13/23640.html About the suspension of a TV star] by Zora LatinoviÄ‡, ''NIN'', 13-Jun-02 (Serbo-Croatian)</ref>
+*'''Ivona Å½ivkoviÄ‡''', Serbian journalist and TV star.<ref name="Zivkovic"/><ref>[http://nin.co.rs/2002-06/13/23640.html About the suspension of a TV star] by Zora LatinoviÄ‡, NIN, 13-Jun-02 (Serbo-Croatian)</ref>
-*'''Jack White''', American photo historian, photo analyst, and expert on the assassination of U.S. President John Kennedy.<ref>[http://aulis.com/jackstudies_index1.html Jack White's Apollo Studies], ''Aulis Publishers'', 12-Aug-09</ref>
+*'''Jack White''', American photo historian, photo analyst, and expert on the assassination of U.S. President John Kennedy.<ref>[http://aulis.com/jackstudies_index1.html Jack White's Apollo Studies], Aulis Publishers, 12-Aug-09</ref>
 *'''Jackie Jura''', independent Canadian researcher and webmaster of the ''Orwell Today'' website.<ref>[http://orwelltoday.com Orwell today] by Jackie Jura</ref>
 *'''James J. Cranny''', American mathematician and author of the first book on the subjectâ€”''Did man land on the Moon?'' (1970).<ref name="Cranny"/><ref name="Gordon"/><sup>(2:52â€“3:03)</sup>
-*'''James M. Collier''' (died 1998), American journalist, writer, and producer of the video-film ''Was it only a paper Moon?'' in 1997, in which he examines some mechanical issues of the Apollo Lunar Module, questioning its usability.<ref>[http://thule.org/moon.html Was it only a paper Moon?] by James M. Collier, ''Thule Foundation'', 5-Apr-09</ref><ref>[http://buzzcreek.com/grade-a/MOON Paper Moon] by James Collier, 15-Jul-08</ref>
+*'''James M. Collier''' (died 1998), American journalist, writer, and producer of the video-film ''Was it only a paper Moon?'' in 1997, in which he examines some mechanical issues of the Apollo Lunar Module, questioning its usability.<ref>[http://thule.org/moon.html Was it only a paper Moon?] by James M. Collier, Thule Foundation, 5-Apr-09</ref><ref>[http://buzzcreek.com/grade-a/MOON Paper Moon] by James Collier, 15-Jul-08</ref>
 *'''Jarrah White''', native Australian, director of the film series ''MoonFaker''.<ref name="moonhoax"/><ref>[http://moonhoax.us Finally the world will know] by Jarrah White, 2-Oct-09</ref>
 *'''Jean-Luc Godard''' (born 1930), French-Swiss filmmaker.<ref>[http://liberation.fr/cinema/120185-morceaux-de-conversations-avec-jean-luc-godard Jean-Luc Godard asked me to film him as a painter in his studio] by Alain Fleischer, ''LibÃ©ration'', 28-Jan-09 (French)</ref><ref>[http://lejdd.fr/Societe/Sciences/Actualite/On-a-marche-sur-la-Lune-15856 Explorers on the Moon?] by JÃ©rÃ´me Guillas, ''Le Journal du Dimanche'', 31-Oct-09 (French)</ref>
-*'''JiÅ™Ã Wojnar''', Czech writer, journalist, and editor of the ''WM'' magazine who published a Czech translation of Sam Colby's work (see below) in 2004.<ref>[http://mwm.cz/wm_profil/PROFIL.htm Magazine profile], ''WM'', 9-Jan-08 (Czech)</ref><ref>[http://prop.sk/americania.htm AmeriÄania na Mesiaci? FalzifikÃ¡cia ako z Hollywoodu!], ''WM'', 2-Sep-04 (Czech)</ref>
+*'''JiÅ™Ã Wojnar''', Czech writer, journalist, and editor of the ''WM'' magazine who published a Czech translation of Sam Colby's work (see below) in 2004.<ref>[http://mwm.cz/wm_profil/PROFIL.htm Magazine profile], WM, 9-Jan-08 (Czech)</ref><ref>[http://prop.sk/americania.htm AmeriÄania na Mesiaci? FalzifikÃ¡cia ako z Hollywoodu!], WM, 2-Sep-04 (Czech)</ref>
 *'''Joe Rogan''' (born 1967), American comedian, actor, and summariser.<ref>[http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2007/02/26/joe-rogan-me-and-penn-and-the-moon-hoax-take-iii Joe Rogan, me (and Penn), and the Moon hoax: Take III], 27-Feb-07</ref>
 *'''John Lee''', American webmaster of the ''NASA moons USA'' website<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/geocities.com/nasa_moons_usa NASA moons dumbed down USA] by John Lee, 21-Sep-04</ref> whose film ''"We Never Went to the Moon"'' received the "Music Video of the Year" award in 2005.<ref>[http://newswire.indymedia.org/pt/2005/11/828490.shtml UFOetry recieves "Music Video of the Year Award"], ''Indymedia'', 23-Nov-05</ref>
+*'''Kazimierz OÅ¼Ã³g''', Polish webmaster of the ''Market analysis'' website.<ref>[http://analizyrynkowe.cal.pl/articles.php?cat_id=14 Articles: Moon landing] by Kazimierz OÅ¼Ã³g (Polish)</ref>
 *'''Kevin Overstreet''', American webmaster of the ''Bates Motel'' website.<ref>[http://batesmotel.8m.com Faked Moon landings?] by Kevin Overstreet, 25-Feb-99</ref>
 *'''LÃ¡szlÃ³ Aranyi''', Hungarian webmaster of the website of the same name and translator of the pages of Sam Colby (see below).<ref>[http://biztonsagostarhely.eu/aranylaci Website of LÃ¡szlÃ³ Aranyi], 3-Jan-10 (Hungarian)</ref>
@@ Line 358: / Line 360: @@
 *'''Mario Kienappel''', German webmaster of the ''Esoturio'' website.<ref>[http://esoturio.com/de/wahrheit/mondlandung.php Mondlandung, die LÃ¼ge Ã¼ber einen Mondflug (MondlÃ¼ge)] by Mario Kienappel, 22-May-07 (German)</ref>
 *'''Marwa Rizk''', Egyptian journalist and columnist of the ''Moheet'' on-line daily.<ref>[http://moheet.com/show_files.aspx?fid=280056 Big bluff or reality?] by Marwa Rizk, ''Moheet.com'', 16-Jul-09 (Arabic)</ref>
-*'''Mary D. M. Bennett''', British researcher and writer who coauthored David Percy's book ''Dark Moon''<ref name="dark"/> and attended his documentary film ''What happened on the Moon?''<ref name="what"/> (see above).<ref>[http://aulis.com/nasaauthors.htm About the authors], ''Aulis Publishers'', 4-Sep-08</ref>
+*'''Mary D. M. Bennett''', British researcher and writer who coauthored David Percy's book ''Dark Moon''<ref name="dark"/> and attended his documentary film ''What happened on the Moon?''<ref name="what"/> (see above).<ref>[http://aulis.com/nasaauthors.htm About the authors], Aulis Publishers, 4-Sep-08</ref>
 *'''Michael Palomino''', Swiss musician, writer, and webmaster of the ''Geschichte in Chronologie'' ("History in chronology") website.<ref>[http://geschichteinchronologie.ch/atmosphaerenfahrt-index.html#03 Die Beweise fÃ¼r die MondlÃ¼ge] by Michael Palomino, 14-Jan-10</ref>
 *'''Pasi Toivonen''' (born 1970), Finnish webmaster of the ''Cutting edge Finland'' website.<ref>[http://cuttingedgefinland.tripod.com/moonhoax.html Houstonâ€”we have a problem], January 2003 (Finnish)</ref>
 *'''Peter Bown''', English senior school physics teacher and part time photographer.<ref>[http://empusa.co.uk/lunar The lunar conspiracy? Did man really go to the Moon?] by Peter Brown, 15-Nov-08</ref>
-*'''Philippe Lheureux''', French author of the books ''Moon Landings: Did NASA lie?'' and ''LumiÃ¨res sur la Lune'' ("Lights on the Moon"), and webmaster of the website of the same name.<ref>[http://lheureux.free.fr Site officiel du livre 'LumiÃ¨res sur la Lune'], ''Editions Carnot'', 14-Sep-03 (French)</ref>
+*'''Philippe Lheureux''', French author of the books ''Moon Landings: Did NASA lie?'' and ''LumiÃ¨res sur la Lune'' ("Lights on the Moon"), and webmaster of the website of the same name.<ref>[http://lheureux.free.fr Site officiel du livre 'LumiÃ¨res sur la Lune'], Editions Carnot, 14-Sep-03 (French)</ref>
 *'''Ralph RenÃ©''' (1933â€“2008), American inventor, self-taught engineering enthusiast, and author of the book ''NASA mooned America'' (1994).<ref name="Rene">Ralph RenÃ©, "[http://coffinman.co.uk/Rene%20-%20NASA%20Mooned%20America%20(major%20expose%20of%20fake%20Apollo%20Moon%20landings)%20(1994).pdf NASA Mooned America]"</ref>
 *'''Randy Reid''', American coauthor of Bill Kaysing's book ''We never went to the Moon'' (see above).<ref name="Kaysing"/>
@@ Line 368: / Line 370: @@
 *'''Sam Colby''', Canadian webmaster of the ''NASA Scam'' website<ref>[http://nasascam.bravehost.com Numerous Anomalies and Scams Abound] by Sam Colby, 4-Aug-09</ref> which, among the other things, provides information and photos of the site and the equipment said to be used for the hoax.<ref name="reality"/>
 *'''SatsvarÅ«pa dÄsa GoswÄmÄ«''' (born 1939), Indian writer, poet and artist who founded the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, better known in the West as the ''Hare Krishna'' movement.<ref name="sdg"/>
-*'''Whoopi Goldberg''' (Caryn Elaine Johnson, born 1955), American actress, comedian, singer-songwriter, activist, and media personality.<ref>[http://realclearpolitics.com/video/2009/07/20/whoopi_goldberg_entertains_moon_landing_conspiracy_theories.html Whoopi Goldberg entertains Moon landing conspiracy theories], ''Real Clear Politics'' Video, 20-Jul-09</ref><ref>[http://associatedcontent.com/article/1963976/moon_landing_conspiracy_theories_and.html Moon landing conspiracy theories and Whoopi Goldberg] by Mark Whittington, ''Associated Content'', 20-Jul-09</ref>
+*'''Whoopi Goldberg''' (Caryn Elaine Johnson, born 1955), American actress, comedian, singer-songwriter, activist, and media personality.<ref>[http://realclearpolitics.com/video/2009/07/20/whoopi_goldberg_entertains_moon_landing_conspiracy_theories.html Whoopi Goldberg entertains Moon landing conspiracy theories], ''Real Clear Politics'', 20-Jul-09</ref><ref>[http://associatedcontent.com/article/1963976/moon_landing_conspiracy_theories_and.html Moon landing conspiracy theories and Whoopi Goldberg] by Mark Whittington, ''Associated Content'', 20-Jul-09</ref>
 ==People and organisations claimed to be involved in hoaxing==
 *Prof. Dr. '''Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun''' (1912â€“1977), claimed by Bart Sibrel,<ref>[http://moonmovie.com/moonmovie/default.asp Moon landing hoax top 10 reasons], Moon hoax documentary films by Bart Sibrel</ref> Ralph RenÃ©,<ref name="Rene"/><sup>(p. 16, 54)</sup> and Aron Ranen<ref name="didwego"/><sup>([http://youtube.com?v=bxEZXyQk4rs#t=6m14s part 5], 6:14â€“7:21)</sup> to be complicit in the hoax by collecting samples to be used as the basis for "Moon rocks" during his trip to Antarctica in 1967.
-*Dr. '''Robert Rowe Gilruth''' (1913â€“2000), then director of the NASA Manned Spacecraft Centre,<ref>[http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/gilruth Robert Gilruth tribute], ''NASA'', 23-Jun-03</ref> Lunar Module chief designer in Houston (see Wernher von Braun's "right hand" Ernst Stuhlinger in <ref name="akte"/> at 38:09), and Apollo programme lead.<ref>''The illustrated encyclopedia of space technology'', by Gatland, K. W., ''Salamander Books'', London, 1989, 303 p., ISBN 9780861014491</ref> Willy Brunner and Gerhard Wisnewski claim<ref name="step"/><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=EwEEIzdTfW0C&pg=PA127 (p. 127)]</sup> that Gilruth "was the real filmmaker of the Moon landing" ("war die engentliche Regisseur der Mondlandung").<ref name="akte"/><sup>(38:44)</sup>
+*Dr. '''Robert Rowe Gilruth''' (1913â€“2000), then director of the NASA Manned Spacecraft Centre,<ref>[http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/gilruth Robert Gilruth tribute], NASA, 23-Jun-03</ref> Lunar Module chief designer in Houston (see Wernher von Braun's "right hand" Ernst Stuhlinger in <ref name="akte"/> at 38:09), and Apollo programme lead.<ref>''The illustrated encyclopedia of space technology'', by Gatland, K. W., Salamander Books, London, 1989, 303 p., ISBN 9780861014491</ref> Willy Brunner and Gerhard Wisnewski claim<ref name="step"/><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=EwEEIzdTfW0C&pg=PA127 (p. 127)]</sup> that Gilruth "was the real filmmaker of the Moon landing" ("war die engentliche Regisseur der Mondlandung").<ref name="akte"/><sup>(38:44)</sup>
-*Colonel '''Frank Frederick Borman, II''' (born 1928), Gemini 7 and Apollo 8 flight commander. He visited the USSR just before the Apollo 11 flight<ref>[http://astronautix.com/astros/borman.htm Borman], ''Austronautix.com'', 31-Jul-08</ref> (as Alexander Popov says, to reconnoitre whether the Russians believed in the Apollo 8 orbiting the Moon and help decide if they can "swallow" a much larger Apollo 11 Moon landing hoax).<ref name="Popov1">Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/book/20.htm How could they keep this secret?]", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)</ref> He was also one of the Skylab programme managers.<ref name="skylab"/><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761583119/Frank_Borman.html Frank Borman], ''MSN Encarta'' Encyclopaedia, 30-Mar-08</ref>
+*Colonel '''Frank Frederick Borman, II''' (born 1928), Gemini 7 and Apollo 8 flight commander. He visited the USSR just before the Apollo 11 flight<ref>[http://astronautix.com/astros/borman.htm Borman], ''Austronautix.com'', 31-Jul-08</ref> (as Alexander Popov says, to reconnoitre whether the Russians believed in the Apollo 8 orbiting the Moon and help decide if they can "swallow" a much larger Apollo 11 Moon landing hoax).<ref name="Popov1">Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/book/20.htm How could they keep this secret?]", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)</ref> He was also one of the Skylab programme managers.<ref name="skylab"/><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761583119/Frank_Borman.html Frank Borman], MSN Encarta Encyclopaedia, 30-Mar-08</ref>
 *'''Donald Kent Slayton''' (1924â€“1993), NASA Chief Astronaut in 1968. Sam Colby<ref name="Colby"/> and Clyde Lewis<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071007085038/groundzeromedia.org/dis/moondoggle/moondoggle.htm The New Moondoggle] by Clyde Lewis, ''Ground Zero Media'', 7-Oct-07</ref> say that Slayton was one of the primary leaders of the hoax. He visited the film set of ''2001: A Space Odyssey'', in the UK, which he referred to as "NASA East".
 *'''Douglas Trumbull''', a visual effects designer on ''2001: A Space Odyssey'', is said to have lead the special effects team for the faking of the Apollo 11 and 12 missions.<ref name="Lewis"/>
 *'''Michael J. Tuttle''', claimed to have taken the job of producing fake photos in 1994. Before the spread of the Internet, only a small subset of the photos currently in existence were seen. Sam Colby claims that many of the photos were created in the mid 1990s,<ref>[http://apollofake.bravehost.com Apollo Fake] by Sam Colby, 3-Mar-09</ref> and that Tuttle had admitted that to him.<ref name="afb"/>
 *'''Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr.''' (1916â€“2009), CBS journalist who Bill Kaysing says "was the father figure that NASA chose to essentially hype the whole project".<ref name="Nardwuar"/>
-*'''William M. Thompson''' (1920â€“2002) who had written the following: ''"I was actually part of the team that created the faked Moon landings and I am ready to talk about them. I have physical evidence to prove that they were faked"'', to Sam Colby<ref name="afb"/> and the ''APFN''.<ref>[http://apfn.net/MESSAGEBOARD/11-29-02/discussion.cgi.17.shtml I participated in the project to fake the Moon landings], ''American Patriot Friends Network'', 27-Nov-02</ref>
+*'''William M. Thompson''' (1920â€“2002) who had written the following: ''"I was actually part of the team that created the faked Moon landings and I am ready to talk about them. I have physical evidence to prove that they were faked"'', to Sam Colby<ref name="afb"/> and the American Patriot Friends Network.<ref>[http://apfn.net/MESSAGEBOARD/11-29-02/discussion.cgi.17.shtml I participated in the project to fake the Moon landings], APFN, 27-Nov-02</ref>
 *The '''Lookout Mountain Laboratory''', claimed by David McGowan to have done the post-production on the Apollo footage after the official "deactivation" of the studio in 1969.<ref name="cia"/><ref>[http://vce.com/LookoutMt.html Lookout Mountain Laboratory], 15-Aug-07</ref>
@@ Line 392: / Line 394: @@
 |
 ;Burden of proof
-''"Precisely because of human fallibility, extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence."'' (Carl Sagan)<ref>[http://pbs.org/wgbh/nova/aliens/carlsagan.html Interview with Carl Sagan], ''WGBH Educational Foundation'', 1996</ref>
+''"Precisely because of human fallibility, extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence."'' (Carl Sagan)<ref>[http://pbs.org/wgbh/nova/aliens/carlsagan.html Interview with Carl Sagan], WGBH Educational Foundation, 1996</ref>
-The burden of proof is on those who make such claims without any credible evidence to support them (i.e. those who deny the Apollo Moon landings).<ref>[http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/ask-an-astrobiologist/question?id=5380 Special note], David Morrison, ''NASA'', 10-Mar-09</ref>
+The burden of proof is on those who make such claims without any credible evidence to support them (i.e. those who deny the Apollo Moon landings).<ref>[http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/ask-an-astrobiologist/question?id=5380 Special note], David Morrison, NASA, 10-Mar-09</ref>
 |''"When scientists fail to require independent duplication of such an outlandish claim after over 30 years have passed, science is degraded to the status of being just another religion."'' (Bart Sibrel)<ref name="Sibrel">[http://moonmovie.com/faq.htm Frequently asked questions answered] by Bart Sibrel, 7-Jul-08</ref>
@@ Line 401: / Line 403: @@
 |
 ;Keeping it secret
-Too many people were involved with the project to keep a secret like this. More than 400,000 people worked on the Apollo project for nearly ten years, and a dozen men who walked on the Moon returned to Earth to recount their experiences. It would have been significantly easier to actually land on the Moon than to generate such a massive conspiracy to fake such a landing.<ref>''The seven secrets of how to think like a rocket scientist'' by Jim Longuski, ''Springer'', 2006, ISBN 9780387308760, p. 102</ref>
+Too many people were involved with the project to keep a secret like this. More than 400,000 people worked on the Apollo project for nearly ten years, and a dozen men who walked on the Moon returned to Earth to recount their experiences. It would have been significantly easier to actually land on the Moon than to generate such a massive conspiracy to fake such a landing.<ref>''The seven secrets of how to think like a rocket scientist'' by Jim Longuski, Springer, 2006, ISBN 9780387308760, p. 102</ref>
 |NASA engineering-technical personnel was about 13,000.<ref name="mustdie">[http://gosh100.boom.ru/skeptikmustdie.htm Polemics with the "sceptic"], 20-Mar-07 (Russian)</ref> Much fewer people were in the know, and there are examples in history for secrets known by a lot of people but kept for many years (N-1 rocket, cruiser Belfast crashes, Enigma machine message decryption, cargo vessel Rona sinking, operations of British submarines in Swedish waters accusing the Soviets, etc).<ref name="Popov1"/> The Manhattan Project<ref>[http://ushistory.org/us/51f.asp The Manhattan Project], ''USHistory.org''</ref> employed hundreds of thousands of people and hardly a word was leaked out.<ref name="Rene"/><sup>(p. 19)</sup>
@@ Line 415: / Line 417: @@
 On 8 July 1972, the U.S. government announced the sale of about one quarter of the entire crop of wheat to the USSR at a fixed price of $1.63 per bushel. The market price at the time of the announcement was $1.50 but immediately soared to a new high of $2.44 a bushel.<ref>"Economics of a Wheat Deal", ''National Review'', ISSN 0028-0038, 27-Oct-72, p. 1168</ref> That's how the USA bought the silence of the USSR on the Moon programme.<ref name="Rene"/><sup>(p. 41)</sup>
-Since 1967, the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee has helped the USA while impeding the Soviet Moon programme by all means. The Proton rocket failure in September 1967 was a result of a diversion.<ref name="Mukhin"/><sup>(p. 172)</sup> The N-1 rocket failure in June 1969 was a result of in internal engine explosion caused by a foreign metallic object.<ref>[http://epizodsspace.narod.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-4/g12.html Triumphs and crises of the Moon programmes] by Boris Chertok, 21-Oct-09 (Russian)</ref> In 1970, the USSR and the USA secretly agreed to hide from the public some circumstances of the latter's Moon programme.<ref name="Popov2">Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/articles/st2.htm A surprising find]", 15-Jul-09 (Russian)</ref><ref name="Popov4">Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/articles/st4.htm Apollo 13â€”an empty 'boilerplate'?]", 24-Sep-09 (Russian)</ref><ref name="Popov5">Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/articles/st5.htm Agreement of the USSR and the USA on the Moon becomes obvious]", 24-Sep-09 (Russian)</ref> In 1974, the Politburo ordered the destruction of 3 ready-to-fly N-1 rockets. (The USA and Japan's NASDA bought and licensed their NK-33 engines a couple of decades later,<ref>[http://aerospaceguide.net/rocketengines/nk-33.html NK-33 and NK-43 rocket engines] by Vic Stathopoulos, ''Aerospaceguide.net'', 11-Oct-09</ref> and NASA will use them, marketed by GenCorp Aerojet as AJ26,<ref>[http://aerojet.com/capabilities/spacelift.php Space lift propulsion], ''AeroJet''</ref> in the Orbital Sciences ''Taurus II'' expendable launch system.)<ref>[http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/TaurusII_fact.pdf Taurus II fact sheet], ''Orbital Sciences Corporation'', 21-Oct-09</ref><ref>[http://izvestia.ru/news/news208123 NASA will use a Soviet engine in its rockets], ''Izvestia'', 23-Jun-09 (Russian)</ref> Since 1976, no Soviet space robot has flown to the Moonâ€”the Politburo stopped their flights to prevent an Apollo hoax disclosure. And the 1980s Politburo led the USSR to a break-up. As a result, the Russian leadership cancelled the Energia rocket in 1993. All these actions were in favour of the USA.<ref name="Popov9"/><ref>Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/articles/st10.htm The Moon raceâ€”a contractual game?]", 15-Jan-10 (Russian)</ref>
+Since 1967, the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee has helped the USA while impeding the Soviet Moon programme by all means. The Proton rocket failure in September 1967 was a result of a diversion.<ref name="Mukhin"/><sup>(p. 172)</sup> The N-1 rocket failure in June 1969 was a result of in internal engine explosion caused by a foreign metallic object.<ref>[http://epizodsspace.narod.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-4/g12.html Triumphs and crises of the Moon programmes] by Boris Chertok, 21-Oct-09 (Russian)</ref> In 1970, the USSR and the USA secretly agreed to hide from the public some circumstances of the latter's Moon programme.<ref name="Popov2">Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/articles/st2.htm A surprising find]", 15-Jul-09 (Russian)</ref><ref name="Popov4">Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/articles/st4.htm Apollo 13â€”an empty 'boilerplate'?]", 24-Sep-09 (Russian)</ref><ref name="Popov5">Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/articles/st5.htm Agreement of the USSR and the USA on the Moon becomes obvious]", 24-Sep-09 (Russian)</ref> In 1974, the Politburo ordered the destruction of 3 ready-to-fly N-1 rockets. (The USA and Japan's NASDA bought and licensed their NK-33 engines a couple of decades later,<ref>[http://aerospaceguide.net/rocketengines/nk-33.html NK-33 and NK-43 rocket engines] by Vic Stathopoulos, ''Aerospaceguide.net'', 11-Oct-09</ref> and NASA will use them, marketed by GenCorp Aerojet as AJ26,<ref>[http://aerojet.com/capabilities/spacelift.php Space lift propulsion], ''AeroJet''</ref> in the Orbital Sciences ''Taurus II'' expendable launch system.)<ref>[http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/TaurusII_fact.pdf Taurus II fact sheet], Orbital Sciences Corporation, 21-Oct-09</ref><ref>[http://izvestia.ru/news/news208123 NASA will use a Soviet engine in its rockets], ''Izvestia'', 23-Jun-09 (Russian)</ref> Since 1976, no Soviet space robot has flown to the Moonâ€”the Politburo stopped their flights to prevent an Apollo hoax disclosure. And the 1980s Politburo led the USSR to a break-up. As a result, the Russian leadership cancelled the Energia rocket in 1993. All these actions were in favour of the USA.<ref name="Popov9"/><ref>Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/articles/st10.htm The Moon raceâ€”a contractual game?]", 15-Jan-10 (Russian)</ref>
 |-
 |
 ;1967 deaths
-On the death of Virgil Grissom,<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/grissom-vi.html Virgil Grissom], ''NASA'', 4-Dec-08</ref> Edward White,<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/white-eh.html Edward White], ''NASA'', 4-Dec-08</ref> and Roger Chaffee<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/chaffee-rb.html Roger Chaffee], ''NASA'', 4-Dec-08</ref> (in the Apollo 1 fire), Edward Givens<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/givens-eg.html Edward Givens], ''NASA'', 4-Dec-08</ref> (on a car crash), Clifton Williams<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/williams-cc.html Clifton Williams], ''NASA'', 4-Dec-08</ref> (on a T-38 jet trainer), Michael Adams<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/x15/adams.html Michael Adams], ''NASA'', 24-Apr-01</ref> (on an X-15 high-altitude experimental aircraft), Robert Lawrence<ref>[http://www.hill.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5878 Robert Lawrence], ''Hill Air Force Base''</ref> (on an F-104B combat trainer), Russel Rogers<ref>[http://astronautix.com/astros/rogers.htm Russel Rogers], ''Astronautix.com'', 31-Jul-08</ref> (on an F-105 fighter), and Thomas Baron<ref>[http://www.clavius.org/baron-test.html Thomas Baron's testimony], ''Clavius.org'', 21-Mar-06</ref> with all his family (at a railroad crossing) in 1967,<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/barron.html Baron Report (1965â€“1966)], ''NASA'', 3-Feb-03</ref> the NASA defenders asked: Why remove the disagreeable along with the unique experimental aircraft or the first spacecraft prototype?<ref name="Yatskin"/>
+On the death of Virgil Grissom,<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/grissom-vi.html Virgil Grissom], NASA, 4-Dec-08</ref> Edward White,<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/white-eh.html Edward White], NASA, 4-Dec-08</ref> and Roger Chaffee<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/chaffee-rb.html Roger Chaffee], NASA, 4-Dec-08</ref> (in the Apollo 1 fire), Edward Givens<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/givens-eg.html Edward Givens], NASA, 4-Dec-08</ref> (on a car crash), Clifton Williams<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/williams-cc.html Clifton Williams], NASA, 4-Dec-08</ref> (on a T-38 jet trainer), Michael Adams<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/x15/adams.html Michael Adams], NASA, 24-Apr-01</ref> (on an X-15 high-altitude experimental aircraft), Robert Lawrence<ref>[http://www.hill.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5878 Robert Lawrence], Hill Air Force Base</ref> (on an F-104B combat trainer), Russel Rogers<ref>[http://astronautix.com/astros/rogers.htm Russel Rogers], ''Astronautix.com'', 31-Jul-08</ref> (on an F-105 fighter), and Thomas Baron<ref>[http://www.clavius.org/baron-test.html Thomas Baron's testimony], ''Clavius.org'', 21-Mar-06</ref> with all his family (at a railroad crossing) in 1967,<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/barron.html Baron Report (1965â€“1966)], NASA, 3-Feb-03</ref> the NASA defenders asked: Why remove the disagreeable along with the unique experimental aircraft or the first spacecraft prototype?<ref name="Yatskin"/>
-|3 of the X-15 were built, and its last flight was a year later (in 1968), out of 9 service years in total.<ref>[http://astronautix.com/craft/x15a.htm X-15A], ''Astronautix.com'', 31-Jul-08</ref> Apollo 1 was not the first prototype but had a serial number of 012.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204 Apollo-1 (204)], ''NASA'', 18-Jan-07</ref>. For many years before and after 1967 both the U.S. and Soviet space industry had from 0 to 3 death cases per year. Only in 1967, a year before the first manned Apollo flight, there were 11 death cases.<ref name="Popov"/><sup>(pp. 41â€“49)</sup>
+|3 of the X-15 were built, and its last flight was a year later (in 1968), out of 9 service years in total.<ref>[http://astronautix.com/craft/x15a.htm X-15A], ''Astronautix.com'', 31-Jul-08</ref> Apollo 1 was not the first prototype but had a serial number of 012.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204 Apollo-1 (204)], NASA, 18-Jan-07</ref>. For many years before and after 1967 both the U.S. and Soviet space industry had from 0 to 3 death cases per year. Only in 1967, a year before the first manned Apollo flight, there were 11 death cases.<ref name="Popov"/><sup>(pp. 41â€“49)</sup>
-The Apollo 1 crew was still alive for at least 15 minutes after the craft caught fire, because their autopsy found that they have managed to develop pulmatory oedema, which cannot happen if they had died earlier.<ref name="step"/><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=EwEEIzdTfW0C&pg=PA95 (p. 95)]</sup> Senior NASA astronaut and Apollo 1 commander Virgil Grissom was a sharp critic of the programme. "Quite a number of things are not in order with this spacecraft, he once said. "It's not as good as the ones we flew before." He publicly called the Apollo capsule "a bucket of bolts" and the spacecraft "a heap of old scrap". On 22 January 1967 (5 days before his death), he picked the largest lemon from his lemon garden in Texas, and intended to hang it on the Apollo spacecraftâ€”as a symbol of failure. (In December 1966, a report made by Joe Shea noted that "At least 20,000 failures of all kinds had been logged, more than 200 of them in the environmental control system.")<ref name="Rene"/><sup>(p. 115)</sup><ref>"Journey to Tranquility: The history of man's assault on the Moon" by Hugo Young, Bryan Silcock, and Peter Dunn, ''Jonathan Cape Ltd.'', 1969, ISBN 9780224617840, p. 185</ref> Grissom had received death threats earlier, which his family saw as coming from the space programme. "If there ever is a serious accident in the space programme, it's likely to be me", he said to his wife.<ref name="Rene"/><sup>(p. 39)</sup><ref name="step"/><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=EwEEIzdTfW0C&pg=PA87 (pp. 87â€“90)]</sup> NASA quality engineer Thomas Baron died with his family a week after his 500-page report analysing the Apollo 1 incident was deposed before the Congressational committee, and the report vanished.<ref name="step"/><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=EwEEIzdTfW0C&pg=PA94 (p. 94)]</sup>
+The Apollo 1 crew was still alive for at least 15 minutes after the craft caught fire, because their autopsy found that they have managed to develop pulmatory oedema, which cannot happen if they had died earlier.<ref name="step"/><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=EwEEIzdTfW0C&pg=PA95 (p. 95)]</sup> Senior NASA astronaut and Apollo 1 commander Virgil Grissom was a sharp critic of the programme. "Quite a number of things are not in order with this spacecraft, he once said. "It's not as good as the ones we flew before." He publicly called the Apollo capsule "a bucket of bolts" and the spacecraft "a heap of old scrap". On 22 January 1967 (5 days before his death), he picked the largest lemon from his lemon garden in Texas, and intended to hang it on the Apollo spacecraftâ€”as a symbol of failure. (In December 1966, a report made by Joe Shea noted that "At least 20,000 failures of all kinds had been logged, more than 200 of them in the environmental control system.")<ref name="Rene"/><sup>(p. 115)</sup><ref>"Journey to Tranquility: The history of man's assault on the Moon" by Hugo Young, Bryan Silcock, and Peter Dunn, Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1969, ISBN 9780224617840, p. 185</ref> Grissom had received death threats earlier, which his family saw as coming from the space programme. "If there ever is a serious accident in the space programme, it's likely to be me", he said to his wife.<ref name="Rene"/><sup>(p. 39)</sup><ref name="step"/><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=EwEEIzdTfW0C&pg=PA87 (pp. 87â€“90)]</sup> NASA quality engineer Thomas Baron died with his family a week after his 500-page report analysing the Apollo 1 incident was deposed before the Congressational committee, and the report vanished.<ref name="step"/><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=EwEEIzdTfW0C&pg=PA94 (p. 94)]</sup>
 |-
 |
 ;Jump height
-Lunar explorers should be able to jump vertical distances up to 12 or 14 ft (4 Â± 0.3 m) on the Moon, unencumbered with a spacesuit or other equipment, but will experience difficulty in maintaining their balance. However, falls from these heights under similar conditions are not likely to result in personal injury.<ref>[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19640007002_1964007002.pdf Evaluation of a gravity-simulation technique for studies of man's self-locomotion in lunar environment], ''NASA'' Technical note D-2176, March 1964, p. 14</ref> The EMU (Extravehicular Mobility Unit, or the Apollo spacesuit) tested on Apollo 9 and used on Apollo 11â€“14 weighs about 85 kg fully charged.<ref>[http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/EVACron.pdf Walking to Olympus: an EVA chronology], ''NASA'', p. 12</ref>
+Lunar explorers should be able to jump vertical distances up to 12 or 14 ft (4 Â± 0.3 m) on the Moon, unencumbered with a spacesuit or other equipment, but will experience difficulty in maintaining their balance. However, falls from these heights under similar conditions are not likely to result in personal injury.<ref>[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19640007002_1964007002.pdf Evaluation of a gravity-simulation technique for studies of man's self-locomotion in lunar environment], NASA Technical note D-2176, March 1964, p. 14</ref> The EMU (Extravehicular Mobility Unit, or the Apollo spacesuit) tested on Apollo 9 and used on Apollo 11â€“14 weighs about 85 kg fully charged.<ref>[http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/EVACron.pdf Walking to Olympus: an EVA chronology], NASA, p. 12</ref>
-|Assuming astronaut's body weight of 85 kg, his total weight including the space suit would be 170 kg, so he could achieve jump heights of 2 m. But the maximum jump height shown by an Apollo astronaut was 0.42 m,<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/a16.alsepoff.html#1202542 ALSEP Off-load], Apollo 16 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 2-Aug-09</ref> which is five times less.<ref name="aFon">[http://mo---on.narod.ru The Americans have never been on the Moon], 30-Sep-09 (Russian)</ref>
+|Assuming astronaut's body weight of 85 kg, his total weight including the space suit would be 170 kg, so he could achieve jump heights of 2 m. But the maximum jump height shown by an Apollo astronaut was 0.42 m,<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/a16.alsepoff.html#1202542 ALSEP Off-load], Apollo 16 lunar surface journal, NASA, 2-Aug-09</ref> which is five times less.<ref name="aFon">[http://mo---on.narod.ru The Americans have never been on the Moon], 30-Sep-09 (Russian)</ref>
 |-
 |
 ;Lunar samples
-Between 1969 and 1972, six Apollo missions brought back 382 kg of lunar rocks, core samples, pebbles, sand and dust from the lunar surface. Lunar samples are prepared for shipment to scientists and educators at NASA's Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility. Nearly 400 samples are distributed each year for research and teaching projects. All samples (split or intact) must be returned to the NASA Johnson Space Centre after being studied.<ref>[http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar Rocks and soils from the Moon], ''NASA'', 3-Aug-09</ref>
+Between 1969 and 1972, six Apollo missions brought back 382 kg of lunar rocks, core samples, pebbles, sand and dust from the lunar surface. Lunar samples are prepared for shipment to scientists and educators at NASA's Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility. Nearly 400 samples are distributed each year for research and teaching projects. All samples (split or intact) must be returned to the NASA Johnson Space Centre after being studied.<ref>[http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar Rocks and soils from the Moon], NASA, 3-Aug-09</ref>
 There are plenty of museums, including the Smithsonian and others, where members of the public can touch and examine rocks from the Moon.<ref name="gmh"/>
-|Unlike the Apollo lunar samples, their Soviet counterparts exhibit triboluminescence<ref>Andrey Vladimirovich Mokhov, "[http://naukaran.ru/plan2007_1/16.shtml Moon under microscope]", ''Science'' Publishing House, 2007, ISBN 9785020342804 (Russian)</ref> and non-oxidation,<ref>A. V. Mokhov et al, "[http://springerlink.com/content/600w5r6164077ul3 Find of unusual complex oxides and Î·-bronze in lunar regolith]", ''Doklady Earth Sciences'', Volume 421, Number 2, August, 2008, ISSN 1028-334X</ref> contain 6 to 9 times more Mercury (which should be uniformly distributed on the lunar surface),<ref>Belyaev, Yu. I.; Koveshnikova, T. A., "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979rhrm.conf..468B On the mercury content in highland (Luna 20) and mare (Luna 16) regolith.]", ''Regolith from the highland region of the Moon'', pp. 468, 469</ref> orders of magnitude more molybdenum, wolfram, cadmium and silver, and have 50 times lower thermoluminescence sensitivity. Also, A. Dollfus and E. Bouell of the Paris Observatory found that unlike the NASA samples, the polarisation of reflected light from the Soviet samples corresponds to that from the Moon surface.<ref name="Mukhin"/><sup>(pp. 141â€“152, 208â€“210, 216â€“224, 231â€“232)</sup><ref>''Lunar soil from Mare Fecunditatis'', Collection of articles, ''Science'' Publishing House, 1974, pp. 280, 290, 292, 311, 312, 336, 337, 403, 427, 429, 433, 435, 437, 438, 440, 444, 469, 478, 519, 522, 523 (Russian)</ref><ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972E&PSL..13..257J Petrology of a portion of the Mare Fecunditatis regolith], ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'', vol. 13, 1-Jan-72, pp. 257â€“271.</ref>
+|Unlike the Apollo lunar samples, their Soviet counterparts exhibit triboluminescence<ref>Andrey Vladimirovich Mokhov, "[http://naukaran.ru/plan2007_1/16.shtml Moon under microscope]", Science Publishing House, 2007, ISBN 9785020342804 (Russian)</ref> and non-oxidation,<ref>A. V. Mokhov et al, "[http://springerlink.com/content/600w5r6164077ul3 Find of unusual complex oxides and Î·-bronze in lunar regolith]", ''Doklady Earth Sciences'', Volume 421, Number 2, August, 2008, ISSN 1028-334X</ref> contain 6 to 9 times more Mercury (which should be uniformly distributed on the lunar surface),<ref>Belyaev, Yu. I.; Koveshnikova, T. A., "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979rhrm.conf..468B On the mercury content in highland (Luna 20) and mare (Luna 16) regolith.]", ''Regolith from the highland region of the Moon'', pp. 468, 469</ref> orders of magnitude more molybdenum, wolfram, cadmium and silver, and have 50 times lower thermoluminescence sensitivity. Also, A. Dollfus and E. Bouell of the Paris Observatory found that unlike the NASA samples, the polarisation of reflected light from the Soviet samples corresponds to that from the Moon surface.<ref name="Mukhin"/><sup>(pp. 141â€“152, 208â€“210, 216â€“224, 231â€“232)</sup><ref>''Lunar soil from Mare Fecunditatis'', Collection of articles, Science Publishing House, 1974, pp. 280, 290, 292, 311, 312, 336, 337, 403, 427, 429, 433, 435, 437, 438, 440, 444, 469, 478, 519, 522, 523 (Russian)</ref><ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972E&PSL..13..257J Petrology of a portion of the Mare Fecunditatis regolith], ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'', vol. 13, 1-Jan-72, pp. 257â€“271.</ref>
-Geochemist Minoru Ozima of the Tokyo University discovered that the nitrogen-14/nitrogen-15 isotope ratio in the Apollo lunar samples is very different from that in the solar wind whose blasts drilled these atoms into the lunar soil.<ref>[http://nature.com/news/2005/050803/full/news050801-8.html Moon soils store Earth's early breath], ''Nature'', 2-Aug-05</ref><ref>[http://bioedonline.org/news/news.cfm?art=1944 Moon soils store Earth's early breath] by Mark Peplow, ''Nature'' News, 3-Aug-05</ref> The explanation is simpleâ€”the Apollo's soil was made on Earth.<ref name="Mukhin"/><sup>(pp. 467â€“470)</sup>
+Geochemist Minoru Ozima of the Tokyo University discovered that the nitrogen-14/nitrogen-15 isotope ratio in the Apollo lunar samples is very different from that in the solar wind whose blasts drilled these atoms into the lunar soil.<ref>[http://nature.com/news/2005/050803/full/news050801-8.html Moon soils store Earth's early breath], ''Nature'', 2-Aug-05</ref><ref>[http://bioedonline.org/news/news.cfm?art=1944 Moon soils store Earth's early breath] by Mark Peplow, Nature News, 3-Aug-05</ref> The explanation is simpleâ€”the Apollo's soil was made on Earth.<ref name="Mukhin"/><sup>(pp. 467â€“470)</sup>
 In the 1990s, publications about lunar soil simulation started to appear.<ref>[http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXlibrary/DOCS/EIC050.HTML JSC-1: A new lunar soil sumulant], Proceedings of ''Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Space IV'', American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 857â€“866, 1994</ref> They could not have appeared earlier as this would raise questions about the Apollo programme.<ref name="soil">Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/book/16.htm American lunar soilâ€”a rich soil for doubts]", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)</ref>
@@ Line 442: / Line 444: @@
 |
 ;Curating the samples
-Carlton Allen, Astromaterials Curator Manager: ''"We in the Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office continue our core missions providing samples of extraterrestrial material to the international science and education communities and curating these unique samples for future generations."''<ref>[http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lnews/LNDec03/Allen2.html Astromaterials acquisition and curation at JSC], Lunar news, ''NASA'', December 2003</ref>
+Carlton Allen, Astromaterials Curator Manager: ''"We in the Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office continue our core missions providing samples of extraterrestrial material to the international science and education communities and curating these unique samples for future generations."''<ref>[http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lnews/LNDec03/Allen2.html Astromaterials acquisition and curation at JSC], Lunar news, NASA, December 2003</ref>
 |Poor contemporary scientists. With their instruments, they can register every single atom in a substance, but they were denied trust.
@@ Line 449: / Line 451: @@
 |
 ;Light reflectors
-On 21 July 1969, Armstrong and Aldrin left lunar laser ranging reflectors on the Moon surface. They reflect pulses of laser light fired from the Earth, helping measure its distance to the Moon with high accuracy. Apollo 14 and 15 also left each one such reflector.<ref>[http://jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=605 Apollo 11 experiment still going strong after 35 years], ''NASA'', 20-Jul-04</ref><ref>[http://physics.ucsd.edu/~tmurphy/apollo/lrrr.html Lunar Retroreflectors] by Assoc. Prof. Tom Murphy, ''UCSD'', 22-Jul-08</ref>
+On 21 July 1969, Armstrong and Aldrin left lunar laser ranging reflectors on the Moon surface. They reflect pulses of laser light fired from the Earth, helping measure its distance to the Moon with high accuracy. Apollo 14 and 15 also left each one such reflector.<ref>[http://jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=605 Apollo 11 experiment still going strong after 35 years], NASA, 20-Jul-04</ref><ref>[http://physics.ucsd.edu/~tmurphy/apollo/lrrr.html Lunar Retroreflectors] by Assoc. Prof. Tom Murphy, UCSD, 22-Jul-08</ref>
-|The Apollo 11, 14 and 15 reflectors were left on the Moon by secret Surveyor<ref>[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/surveyor.html Surveyor (1966â€“1968)], ''NASA'', 5-Oct-06</ref> 8, 9, and 10 unmanned probes that were not really cancelled as declared.<ref name="Sibrel"/><ref>[http://epizodsspace.narod.ru/bibl/golovanov/apollo/08.html The truth about the Apollo programme, Chapter 7: Now when the goal was reached] by Yaroslav Golovanov, ''EXMO Press'', 2000, ISBN 9785815301061 (Russian)</ref><ref>Alexander Popov, ''A man on the Moon? What evidence?'', [http://moon.thelook.ru/book/17.htm Chapter 17: Surveyors landed on the Moon], 27-Dec-06 (Russian)</ref>
+|The Apollo 11, 14 and 15 reflectors were left on the Moon by secret Surveyor<ref>[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/surveyor.html Surveyor (1966â€“1968)], NASA, 5-Oct-06</ref> 8, 9, and 10 unmanned probes that were not really cancelled as declared.<ref name="Sibrel"/><ref>[http://epizodsspace.narod.ru/bibl/golovanov/apollo/08.html The truth about the Apollo programme, Chapter 7: Now when the goal was reached] by Yaroslav Golovanov, EXMO Press, 2000, ISBN 9785815301061 (Russian)</ref><ref>Alexander Popov, ''A man on the Moon? What evidence?'', [http://moon.thelook.ru/book/17.htm Chapter 17: Surveyors landed on the Moon], 27-Dec-06 (Russian)</ref>
 |-
 |
 ;TV and radio signals received from the Moon
-% of mankind at the time watched Neil Armstrong's first steps on the Moon. Three tracking stations were receiving these signals from the Moon simultaneously. They were CSIRO's Parkes Radio Telescope, the Honeysuckle Creek tracking station outside Canberra, and NASA's Goldstone station in California. They received the voice communication with and between the astronauts,<ref name="A15">[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15.clsout3.html#1672206 The hammer and the feather], Apollo 15 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 25-Sep-08</ref> and spacecraft and biomedical telemetry radio signals from the Moon too.<ref>[http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11 The Parkes Observatory's support of the Apollo 11 mission] by John Sarkissian of ''Parkes Observatory'', October 2000</ref>
+% of mankind at the time watched Neil Armstrong's first steps on the Moon. Three tracking stations were receiving these signals from the Moon simultaneously. They were CSIRO's Parkes Radio Telescope, the Honeysuckle Creek tracking station outside Canberra, and NASA's Goldstone station in California. They received the voice communication with and between the astronauts,<ref name="A15">[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15.clsout3.html#1672206 The hammer and the feather], Apollo 15 lunar surface journal, NASA, 25-Sep-08</ref> and spacecraft and biomedical telemetry radio signals from the Moon too.<ref>[http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11 The Parkes Observatory's support of the Apollo 11 mission] by John Sarkissian of ''Parkes Observatory'', October 2000</ref>
 |The TV and radio signals were emitted from Earth to the Moon and re-translated to Earth by the radio equipment of special secret Surveyor or Orbiter unmanned crafts.<ref name="Popov"/><sup>(pp. 196, 197)</sup> (27 of 61 U.S. space rocket launches in 1968 were secret,<ref>[http://epizodsspace.narod.ru/bibl/ejeg/1969/69.html Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia], 1969, table 2 (Russian)</ref> and 20 of 47 in 1969).<ref>[http://epizodsspace.narod.ru/bibl/ejeg/1970/70.html Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia], 1970, table 4 (Russian)</ref>
 |-
@@ Line 469: / Line 471: @@
 |
 ;Moon surface photos
-Michael Collins used this map to mark the estimated [Apollo 11] Lunar Module locations given to him by Houston.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#flownLAM2 Flown CMP map LAM-2], Apollo 11 image library, ''NASA'', 21-Nov-09</ref>
+Michael Collins used this map to mark the estimated [Apollo 11] Lunar Module locations given to him by Houston.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#flownLAM2 Flown CMP map LAM-2], Apollo 11 image library, NASA, 21-Nov-09</ref>
-|"Moon" surfaces like this have artificially been prepared on the Earth (Flagstaff, Arizona) in the 1960s, as Dr. Farook El Baz explained in the BBC film ''Moon''<ref>[http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/4802849 The planets], series producer David McNab, ''BBC/A&E'', 1999, part 1, [http://manonmoon.ru/addon/f7/moon.avi subpart 4: Moon] (357 MB)</ref> (see also <ref>[http://pruned.blogspot.com/2007/09/simulated-worlds.html Simulated worlds] by Alexander Trevi, 11-Sep-07</ref>). At 17:00 in that film, an experienced hand of a master superimposes a slight veil on a photo of this artificial surface to get a cosmic look.<ref name="Popov8">Alexander Popov, ''A man on the Moon? What evidence?'', [http://moon.thelook.ru/book/8.htm Chapter 8: Landing], 8-Jan-07 (Russian)</ref>
+|"Moon" surfaces like this have artificially been prepared on the Earth (Flagstaff, Arizona) in the 1960s, as Dr. Farook El Baz explained in the BBC film ''Moon''<ref>[http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/4802849 The planets], series producer David McNab, BBC/A&E, 1999, part 1, [http://manonmoon.ru/addon/f7/moon.avi subpart 4: Moon] (357 MB)</ref> (see also <ref>[http://pruned.blogspot.com/2007/09/simulated-worlds.html Simulated worlds] by Alexander Trevi, 11-Sep-07</ref>). At 17:00 in that film, an experienced hand of a master superimposes a slight veil on a photo of this artificial surface to get a cosmic look.<ref name="Popov8">Alexander Popov, ''A man on the Moon? What evidence?'', [http://moon.thelook.ru/book/8.htm Chapter 8: Landing], 8-Jan-07 (Russian)</ref>
 |-
 |
 ;LRO images
-A set of recent still images was published by NASA on July 17, 2009. Taken by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission, these images show lunar landers, including that of Apollo 11, standing on the surface, science experiments, and, in one case, astronaut footprints in a line between the Apollo 14 lander and a nearby science experiment.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/apollosites.html NASA's LRO spacecraft gets its first look at Apollo landing sites], ''NASA'', 17-Jul-09</ref> A month after LROC's first image of the Apollo 11 landing site was acquired, the LRO passed over again providing the [LRO Camera] (LROC) instrument a new view of the historic site.<ref>[http://lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov/articles/lro-looks-at-apollo-11-landing-site LRO looks at Apollo 11 landing site] by Teague Soderman, ''NASA Lunar Science Institute'', 2-Oct-09</ref><ref>[http://wms.lroc.asu.edu/lroc_browse/view/M104362199R LROC image browserâ€”M104362199R], NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre / Arizona State University, 8-Aug-09 (a 253 MB "raw" TIFF file is also offered for download there)</ref>
+A set of recent still images was published by NASA on July 17, 2009. Taken by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission, these images show lunar landers, including that of Apollo 11, standing on the surface, science experiments, and, in one case, astronaut footprints in a line between the Apollo 14 lander and a nearby science experiment.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/apollosites.html NASA's LRO spacecraft gets its first look at Apollo landing sites], NASA, 17-Jul-09</ref> A month after LROC's first image of the Apollo 11 landing site was acquired, the LRO passed over again providing the [LRO Camera] (LROC) instrument a new view of the historic site.<ref>[http://lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov/articles/lro-looks-at-apollo-11-landing-site LRO looks at Apollo 11 landing site] by Teague Soderman, NASA Lunar Science Institute, 2-Oct-09</ref><ref>[http://wms.lroc.asu.edu/lroc_browse/view/M104362199R LROC image browserâ€”M104362199R], NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre / Arizona State University, 8-Aug-09 (a 253 MB "raw" TIFF file is also offered for download there)</ref>
 |Photos showing those objects can be made on a printed lunar surface photos with rough models of the objects added, or using a computer.<ref>[http://manonmoon.ru/articles/st1.htm Will we learn the truth about the Americans from the Americans and their defenders?] by Alexander Popov, 15-Jul-09 (Russian)</ref>
@@ Line 488: / Line 490: @@
 |
 ;Strange rotating object
-Snoopy (the Apollo 10 Lunar Module) rose up from the Moon to join Charlie Brown (the Command Module).<ref>[http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/archives/videos/apollo10.html Apollo 10: To sort out the unknowns], Movie archive, ''NASA'', 19-Dec-01 (also [http://vimeo.com/5415277 available] as a Flash video at ''Vimeo'')</ref><sup>(20:59â€“21:01)</sup>
+Snoopy (the Apollo 10 Lunar Module) rose up from the Moon to join Charlie Brown (the Command Module).<ref>[http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/archives/videos/apollo10.html Apollo 10: To sort out the unknowns], Movie archive, NASA, 19-Dec-01 (also [http://vimeo.com/5415277 available] as a Flash video at ''Vimeo'')</ref><sup>(20:59â€“21:01)</sup>
 |What is the rotating object flying past the lunar module at 21:00?<ref>[http://vif2ne.ru/nvz/forum/archive/264/264023.htm NASA problems. A film about Apollo 10], 13-Nov-09 (Russian)</ref>
 |-
 |
 ;"Flight" over a Moon globe?
-[Stuart Roosa] It's 2001 type stuff. That old moors just growing magnificently fast, and it's just filling up that hatch window... and you're drifting into the shadow.<ref>[http://movie.subtitlr.com/subtitle/show/279937#line521 For all mankind (1989)], ''Database of movie dialogues''</ref>
+[Stuart Roosa] It's 2001 type stuff. That old moors just growing magnificently fast, and it's just filling up that hatch window... and you're drifting into the shadow.<ref>[http://movie.subtitlr.com/subtitle/show/279937#line521 For all mankind (1989)], Database of movie dialogues</ref>
 06 54 42 LMP ([Apollo 10] Lunar Module Pilot) [Eugene Cernan] ''"OK baby."''
@@ Line 505: / Line 507: @@
 06 55 02 CDR ''"OK. OK, it's burning down."''
-06 55 05 LMP ''"Burning? OK. Got 60 to go; 34 to go; 100 to go; 78 to go, 50 to go; 20 to go; stand by, Tom."''<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/mission_trans/AS10_LM.PDF Apollo 10 Lunar Module (LM) Onboard voice transcription], ''NASA'', June 1969</ref><sup>(p. 218)</sup><ref>[http://imdb.com/title/tt0097372 For all mankind (1989)], Apollo Associates, [http://youtube.com?v=DQfiwf58C9U#t=6m57s Part 1], 18-Jun-07</ref><sup>(6:57â€“7:29)</sup>
+06 55 05 LMP ''"Burning? OK. Got 60 to go; 34 to go; 100 to go; 78 to go, 50 to go; 20 to go; stand by, Tom."''<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/mission_trans/AS10_LM.PDF Apollo 10 Lunar Module (LM) Onboard voice transcription], NASA, June 1969</ref><sup>(p. 218)</sup><ref>[http://imdb.com/title/tt0097372 For all mankind (1989)], Apollo Associates, [http://youtube.com?v=DQfiwf58C9U#t=6m57s Part 1], 18-Jun-07</ref><sup>(6:57â€“7:29)</sup>
 |The ring-shaped structure gets dark in 11 seconds, but the terminator (the border between the light and darkness) on the Moon moves only 70 m for such a short time, whereas the distance to the horizon for an orbit height of about 110 km is about 600 km. 70 m vs. 600 km is a too great discrepancy. And why it suddenly gets lit up shortly after that? All this is explainable if we assume that NASA used their huge Moon globes<ref name="reality"/> for filming.<ref>Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/book/6.htm Did the Apollos fly around the Moon?]", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)</ref>
 |-
 |
 ;Prevention of destruction or of reconnaissance?
-On 16 July 1969, from 8:00 to 9:00 EST (Apollo 11 was launched at 8:32),<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4012/vol3/table2.39.htm Table 2-39. Apollo 11 Characteristics], ''SP-4012 NASA historical data book'': Vol. III, Programs and projects 1969â€“1978</ref> near the Cape Canaveral Space Centre, 7 Soviet trawlers with reconnaissance equipment on board<ref>[http://manonmoon.ru/articles/st4.files/image007.jpg Soviet military radio-electronic intelligence vesselâ€”a re-equipped trawler]</ref> were met by 15 U.S. surface ships, 7 submarines and an unspecified number of P-3 Orion-type maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft with electronic warfare equipment on board, of U.S. Second Fleet. 12 minutes before the Apollo 11 launch, all U.S. coastal, ship and aircraft radio jamming equipment was switched on full power and then switched off 4 minutes after Apollo 11 reached Earth orbit. The operation was justified by an alleged danger that the Soviet ships can try to radio-jam the Saturn V electronic equipment and thus destroy the flight. The danger was later recognised as non-existent, and the $320 million spent on the operation as wasted.<ref>"[http://cosmoworld.ru/spaceencyclopedia/publications?zhelez_32.html Ghost chase on tax payers' funds]", ''Secret materials'', vol. 13, ''Mega-polygraph'', Kiev, June 2005 (Russian)</ref>
+On 16 July 1969, from 8:00 to 9:00 EST (Apollo 11 was launched at 8:32),<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4012/vol3/table2.39.htm Table 2-39. Apollo 11 Characteristics], SP-4012 NASA historical data book: Vol. III, Programs and projects 1969â€“1978</ref> near the Cape Canaveral Space Centre, 7 Soviet trawlers with reconnaissance equipment on board<ref>[http://manonmoon.ru/articles/st4.files/image007.jpg Soviet military radio-electronic intelligence vesselâ€”a re-equipped trawler]</ref> were met by 15 U.S. surface ships, 7 submarines and an unspecified number of P-3 Orion-type maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft with electronic warfare equipment on board, of U.S. Second Fleet. 12 minutes before the Apollo 11 launch, all U.S. coastal, ship and aircraft radio jamming equipment was switched on full power and then switched off 4 minutes after Apollo 11 reached Earth orbit. The operation was justified by an alleged danger that the Soviet ships can try to radio-jam the Saturn V electronic equipment and thus destroy the flight. The danger was later recognised as non-existent, and the $320 million spent on the operation as wasted.<ref>"[http://cosmoworld.ru/spaceencyclopedia/publications?zhelez_32.html Ghost chase on tax payers' funds]", ''Secret materials'', vol. 13, Mega-polygraph, Kiev, June 2005 (Russian)</ref>
 |To destroy the rocket would be suicidal for the Soviets as it would equal to declaring a nuclear war. The real reason why the Soviet reconnaissance was suppressed was to not let it receive the Saturn V telemetry data, which would reveal the non-conformance of its real speed and altitude to the declared values and that the flight goes not proceed as declared.<ref name="Popov1"/>
 |-
@@ Line 520: / Line 522: @@
 |
 ;Famous shot of Aldrin "walking on the Moon"
-Astronaut Buzz Aldrin, [Apollo 11] lunar module pilot, walks on the surface of the Moon near the leg of the Lunar Module (LM) "Eagle" during the Apollo 11 extravehicular activity (EVA). Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, commander, took this photograph with a 70 mm lunar surface camera.<ref name="famous"/><ref>[http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2001-000013.html Buzz Aldrin on the Moon], Great Images in NASA, ''NASA'', 20-Aug-09</ref>
+Astronaut Buzz Aldrin, [Apollo 11] lunar module pilot, walks on the surface of the Moon near the leg of the Lunar Module (LM) "Eagle" during the Apollo 11 extravehicular activity (EVA). Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, commander, took this photograph with a 70 mm lunar surface camera.<ref name="famous"/><ref>[http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2001-000013.html Buzz Aldrin on the Moon], Great Images in NASA, NASA, 20-Aug-09</ref>
 |
 #The face shield (right) shows inconsistent ground lighting, left side spot lit.
@@ Line 530: / Line 532: @@
 ;Splashdown
 At 13:35 P.M., as the [Apollo 11] command module with its human passengers and its cargo of Moon rocks sped on a north-easterly course 80 [nautical] miles above the Gilbert Islands, it slammed into the atmosphere and streaked like a flaming meteor towards a soft landing in the water below. Fifteen minutes later the command ship's three parachutes lowered it gently, at 21 [nautical] miles an hour, into the Pacific 950 [nautical] miles south-west of Hawaii, 2.7 [nautical] miles (5 km) from its aiming point and 13.8 [nautical] miles (25.6 km) from the [aircraft] carrier Hornet, the recovery ship. Man's first expedition to another world was over. President Nixon watched the recovery from one of the Hornet's two bridges. He caught a glimpse of the spaceship's fiery re-entry into the atmosphere, but shared in the disappointment of the crew and millions of television viewers when the craft splashed down out of sight of the ship.<ref>[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/look/img_3233.html Apollo 11: On the Moon], Special edition (text by ''The New York Times''), ''Look'', August 1969, page 63</ref> [Apollo 11] capsule was first righted by flotation bags.<ref name="life">[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/life/img_3162.html To the Moon and back], Special edition, ''Life'', August 1969, page 90</ref><sup>(left photo)</sup>
-|If Nixon could see the spacecraft's entry into the atmosphere down its sloping trajectory, the sky must have been exceptionally clear, assuring direct visibleness of hundreds of kilometres. Then the craft descending on three huge parachutes at only 25 km should have been noticeable too: aircraft carrier's bridges are 40â€“50 m above sea level, corresponding to a horizon of 20â€“25 km, so the high flying parachutes would be visible. But only a helicopter and the capsule were filmed, without even its parachutes.<ref name="life"/><sup>(left photo)</sup> And if the splashdown accuracy was only 5 km, why was not the ship at the aiming point but stayed 25 km away? Finally, even today Soyuz spacecraft's landing accuracy (50â€“60 km)<ref>[http://buran.ru/htm/gud%2023.htm Manned spacecrafts "Soyuz", "Soyuz T", "Soyuz TM"] by E. V. Gudilin, 1-Jun-04 (Russian)</ref> is an order of magnitude worse than the average of 4 km Apollo could achieve back then,<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-40_Entry_Splashdown_and_Recovery.htm Entry, splashdown, and recovery], ''NASA'', 23-Sep-05 (see the "distance to target" line)</ref> which makes such high accuracy unreal.<ref>Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/articles/st7.htm The super-accurate Apollo splashdownâ€”one more link of the lunar bluff]", 8-Oct-09 (Russian)</ref> All issues vanish if we assume that the crew did not fly but the capsule with it was dropped in advance far enough (25 km) from the ship. Craft entry into the atmosphere can be imitated by a ballistic missile with a suitable head surface material to produce enough fire.<ref name="Popov"/><sup>(pp. 254â€“257)</sup>
+|If Nixon could see the spacecraft's entry into the atmosphere down its sloping trajectory, the sky must have been exceptionally clear, assuring direct visibleness of hundreds of kilometres. Then the craft descending on three huge parachutes at only 25 km should have been noticeable too: aircraft carrier's bridges are 40â€“50 m above sea level, corresponding to a horizon of 20â€“25 km, so the high flying parachutes would be visible. But only a helicopter and the capsule were filmed, without even its parachutes.<ref name="life"/><sup>(left photo)</sup> And if the splashdown accuracy was only 5 km, why was not the ship at the aiming point but stayed 25 km away? Finally, even today Soyuz spacecraft's landing accuracy (50â€“60 km)<ref>[http://buran.ru/htm/gud%2023.htm Manned spacecrafts "Soyuz", "Soyuz T", "Soyuz TM"] by E. V. Gudilin, 1-Jun-04 (Russian)</ref> is an order of magnitude worse than the average of 4 km Apollo could achieve back then,<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-40_Entry_Splashdown_and_Recovery.htm Entry, splashdown, and recovery], NASA, 23-Sep-05 (see the "distance to target" line)</ref> which makes such high accuracy unreal.<ref>Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/articles/st7.htm The super-accurate Apollo splashdownâ€”one more link of the lunar bluff]", 8-Oct-09 (Russian)</ref> All issues vanish if we assume that the crew did not fly but the capsule with it was dropped in advance far enough (25 km) from the ship. Craft entry into the atmosphere can be imitated by a ballistic missile with a suitable head surface material to produce enough fire.<ref name="Popov"/><sup>(pp. 254â€“257)</sup>
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 |
 ;18-day quarantine
 As [Apollo 11] astronauts in special isolation suits watched, frogman scrubbed the capsule down with disinfectant.<ref name="life"/><sup>(right photo)</sup> Apollo crew waved as they entered quarantine trainer aboard Hornet.<ref>[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/life/img_3163.html To the Moon and back], Special edition, ''Life'', August 1969, page 91</ref> The astronauts then settled down for an 18-day quarantine to make certain their contact with the Moon had not contaminated or infected them in any way.<ref>[http://news.google.ca/newspapers?id=PU4LAAAAIBAJ&pg=7174,1327597 'Houston, Tranquility Base here'] by Walter Wisniewski (''United Press International''), ''The Bryan Times'', 26-Jul-69</ref>
-|What bacteria can there be on the Moon, tilled already for several billions of years every 27 days now by space cold of âˆ’150Â°C, now by Sun heat of +150Â°C, and irradiated by streams of radiation from the Sun flares? Do Earth medics have such sterilisers? And why scrub the craft down with disinfectant if it had flown through the atmosphere in a cloud with a temperature of several thousands of degrees on its return? And, if lunar bacteria do exist and are so hardy, then what quatantine, and what disinfectant can help against them? But if there was a hoax, the quarantine was important for its success. The black [gas] masks on the astronauts' faces<ref>[http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/apollo/apollo11/html/s69-40753.html S69-40753], Apollo Imagery, ''NASA'', 3-Apr-09</ref> helped them avoid unwanted sights by the welcoming people (and questions from the press during the whole quarantine)<ref name="Nardwuar"/> while getting used to their most important role (Moon flight stories), having ensured 3 weeks later that the world public opinion had already believed the Moon landings. It did, so next Apollo crews had no quarantine.<ref>Alexander Popov, ''A man on the Moon? What evidence?'', [http://moon.thelook.ru/book/18.htm Chapter 18: The difficult burden of glory], 27-Dec-06 (Russian)</ref>
+|What bacteria can there be on the Moon, tilled already for several billions of years every 27 days now by space cold of âˆ’150Â°C, now by Sun heat of +150Â°C, and irradiated by streams of radiation from the Sun flares? Do Earth medics have such sterilisers? And why scrub the craft down with disinfectant if it had flown through the atmosphere in a cloud with a temperature of several thousands of degrees on its return? And, if lunar bacteria do exist and are so hardy, then what quatantine, and what disinfectant can help against them? But if there was a hoax, the quarantine was important for its success. The black [gas] masks on the astronauts' faces<ref>[http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/apollo/apollo11/html/s69-40753.html S69-40753], Apollo Imagery, NASA, 3-Apr-09</ref> helped them avoid unwanted sights by the welcoming people (and questions from the press during the whole quarantine)<ref name="Nardwuar"/> while getting used to their most important role (Moon flight stories), having ensured 3 weeks later that the world public opinion had already believed the Moon landings. It did, so next Apollo crews had no quarantine.<ref>Alexander Popov, ''A man on the Moon? What evidence?'', [http://moon.thelook.ru/book/18.htm Chapter 18: The difficult burden of glory], 27-Dec-06 (Russian)</ref>
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@@ Line 541: / Line 543: @@
 The [Apollo 12] colour television camera provided satisfactory television coverage for approximately 40 minutes at the beginning of the first extravehicular activity. Thereafter, the video display showed only white in an irregular pattern in the upper part of the picture and black in the remainder. The camera was turned off after repeated attempts by the crew to restore a satisfactory picture.
-In the process of moving the camera on the lunar surface, a portion of the target in the secondary-electron conductivity vidicon must have received a high solar input, either directly from the Sun or from some highly reflective surface. That portion of the target was destroyed, as was evidenced by the white appearance of the upper part of the picture.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/A12_MissionReport.pdf Apollo 12 mission report], ''NASA'' (12 MB), p. 14â€“50</ref>
+In the process of moving the camera on the lunar surface, a portion of the target in the secondary-electron conductivity vidicon must have received a high solar input, either directly from the Sun or from some highly reflective surface. That portion of the target was destroyed, as was evidenced by the white appearance of the upper part of the picture.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/A12_MissionReport.pdf Apollo 12 mission report], NASA (12 MB), p. 14â€“50</ref>
-|However the camera is not securely locked into position, and then for over a period of time the camera changes its view as you can see. And as you can hear, everyone thinks it's all very funny.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.tvtrbls.html#1155945 TV troubles], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 14-May-09</ref><sup>(0:45â€“1:37)</sup> But as the fixing on its stand is not tight enough, the camera is slowly drooping and this fact is demonstrated by the changing images captured over a period of time.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.tvtrbls.html#1161340 TV troubles], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 14-May-09</ref><sup>(2:14â€“2:18)</sup> (At that timeâ€”116:16:02â€”Alan Bean says that he hit the camera on the top with his hammer.)<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.tvtrbls.html#1161548 TV troubles], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 14-May-09</ref> It would not have been possible to see this differential imaging if the camera have really been destroyed by being pointed for a while directly into the Sunâ€”the official reason for its failure.<ref name="what"/><sup>(1:20:19â€“1:20:52)</sup>
+|However the camera is not securely locked into position, and then for over a period of time the camera changes its view as you can see. And as you can hear, everyone thinks it's all very funny.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.tvtrbls.html#1155945 TV troubles], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 14-May-09</ref><sup>(0:45â€“1:37)</sup> But as the fixing on its stand is not tight enough, the camera is slowly drooping and this fact is demonstrated by the changing images captured over a period of time.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.tvtrbls.html#1161340 TV troubles], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 14-May-09</ref><sup>(2:14â€“2:18)</sup> (At that timeâ€”116:16:02â€”Alan Bean says that he hit the camera on the top with his hammer.)<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.tvtrbls.html#1161548 TV troubles], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 14-May-09</ref> It would not have been possible to see this differential imaging if the camera have really been destroyed by being pointed for a while directly into the Sunâ€”the official reason for its failure.<ref name="what"/><sup>(1:20:19â€“1:20:52)</sup>
 |-
 |
 ;A studio photo?
-This view of the damaged Apollo 13 Service Module (SM) was photographed from the Lunar Module/Command Module following SM jettisoning.<ref>[http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001119.html Explosive Evidence], ''NASA'', 20-Aug-09</ref>
+This view of the damaged Apollo 13 Service Module (SM) was photographed from the Lunar Module/Command Module following SM jettisoning.<ref>[http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001119.html Explosive Evidence], NASA, 20-Aug-09</ref>
 |The rear side of a spotlight is clearly seen on the top right edge of the photo. When brightness and contrast are increased, a halo due to reflection of its light by dust is seen. So the photo was made in a studio.<ref>Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/book/14.htm The special case of Apollo 13]", 16-Mar-09 (Russian)</ref>
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@@ Line 556: / Line 558: @@
 |
 ;The solder ball "bug" in the LEM
-Edgar Mitchell (Apollo 14): ''"Our next major problem was the well-known one of the solder ball in the abort switch, which happened just two hours before we were scheduled to go down to the lunar surface, and we noticed as we were on our last circuit of the Moon before starting down, while checking out the lunar module and getting ready, that the abort light came on in the lunar module. And that was a surprise. It shouldn't do that."''<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/MitchellED/EDM_9-3-97.pdf Oral history transcript], Edgar Mitchell, interviewed by Sherre Scarborough, ''NASA'', 3-Sep-97, p. 12-19</ref>
+Edgar Mitchell (Apollo 14): ''"Our next major problem was the well-known one of the solder ball in the abort switch, which happened just two hours before we were scheduled to go down to the lunar surface, and we noticed as we were on our last circuit of the Moon before starting down, while checking out the lunar module and getting ready, that the abort light came on in the lunar module. And that was a surprise. It shouldn't do that."''<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/MitchellED/EDM_9-3-97.pdf Oral history transcript], Edgar Mitchell, interviewed by Sherre Scarborough, NASA, 3-Sep-97, p. 12-19</ref>
-|Harry Hurt explains what happened after the mission: "Only after their return to Earth did they learn that the bug illuminating the ''Abort'' light was a loose solder ball in the wiring." <ref>"For all mankind" by Harry Hurt III, ''Atlantic Monthly Press'', 1988, ISBN 9780871131706, p. 225</ref> How did NASA discover that drop of loose solder after the [Lunar Excursion Module] (LEM) was dropped back onto the Moon? I'm really beginning to believe that the CIA resurrected Merlin the Magician and gave him a job with NASA as the assistant to the Wizard of Oz.<ref name="Rene"/><sup>(p. 117)</sup>
+|Harry Hurt explains what happened after the mission: "Only after their return to Earth did they learn that the bug illuminating the ''Abort'' light was a loose solder ball in the wiring." <ref>"For all mankind" by Harry Hurt III, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1988, ISBN 9780871131706, p. 225</ref> How did NASA discover that drop of loose solder after the [Lunar Excursion Module] (LEM) was dropped back onto the Moon? I'm really beginning to believe that the CIA resurrected Merlin the Magician and gave him a job with NASA as the assistant to the Wizard of Oz.<ref name="Rene"/><sup>(p. 117)</sup>
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@@ Line 566: / Line 568: @@
 |
 ;Composite photo?
-A view of the Apollo 15 Command and Service Module from the Lunar Module.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/images15.html#11963 AS15-88-11963], Apollo 15 map and image library, ''NASA'', 12-Nov-09</ref>
+A view of the Apollo 15 Command and Service Module from the Lunar Module.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/images15.html#11963 AS15-88-11963], Apollo 15 map and image library, NASA, 12-Nov-09</ref>
 |If it were an actual three-dimensional scene, the spaceship would be 69 miles above the lunar surfaceâ€”which would, I would think, make it difficult for a portion of that lunar terrain to obscure part of the ship's S-band antennae assembly.<ref>[http://davesweb.cnchost.com/Apollo4.html Wagging the Moondoggie, Part 4] by David McGowan, 25-Nov-09</ref>
 |-
 |
 ;Shrink-wrapped photo on Moon surface?
-Charlie [Duke, Apollo 16] put a picture of the Duke familyâ€”Charlie, Dotty, and sons Charles and Tomâ€”on the surface and took several pictures of it. This image is the best of the series.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/images16.html#18841 AS16-117-18841], Apollo 16 image library, ''NASA'', 26-Nov-09</ref>
+Charlie [Duke, Apollo 16] put a picture of the Duke familyâ€”Charlie, Dotty, and sons Charles and Tomâ€”on the surface and took several pictures of it. This image is the best of the series.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/images16.html#18841 AS16-117-18841], Apollo 16 image library, NASA, 26-Nov-09</ref>
 |But why did Charles Duke have it shrink-wrapped in plastic? First of all it would puff up and lose its seal or burst in the vacuum when the lunar module's atmosphere was removed. Then there is the question of what would happen when Duke placed it on the Moon's surface at 100Â°C. Would he succeed in photographing it before it melted and became ugly and deformed?<ref name="step"/><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=EwEEIzdTfW0C&pg=PA159 (pp. 158, 159)]</sup>
 |-
 |
 ;Lifted by a wire?
-Charlie [Duke, Apollo 16] has dropped the hammer. He tries to bob down to get it but loses his balance and lands heavily on his hands and knees... Charlie wants John [Young] to push back on his head so he can rotate his torso up and over his knees. Instead, John goes to Charlie's left side and holds out his hand... Charlie takes John's hand and rises, albeit awkwardly.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/a16.sta8.html#1473136 Geology Station 8], Apollo 16 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 2-Aug-09</ref><sup>(0:54â€“1:20)</sup>
+Charlie [Duke, Apollo 16] has dropped the hammer. He tries to bob down to get it but loses his balance and lands heavily on his hands and knees... Charlie wants John [Young] to push back on his head so he can rotate his torso up and over his knees. Instead, John goes to Charlie's left side and holds out his hand... Charlie takes John's hand and rises, albeit awkwardly.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/a16.sta8.html#1473136 Geology Station 8], Apollo 16 lunar surface journal, NASA, 2-Aug-09</ref><sup>(0:54â€“1:20)</sup>
-|David Percy comments: ''"The astronaut is getting up with the wire taking the weight, relieving him of five sixths of the Earth's gravity. A magic trick? No, just the help of a wire man."''<ref name="what"/><ref>[http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=2681698310485866108#2m06s Moon landing hoaxâ€”Wires seen in videos], ''Google video''</ref><sup>(2:06â€“2:36)</sup>
+|David Percy comments: ''"The astronaut is getting up with the wire taking the weight, relieving him of five sixths of the Earth's gravity. A magic trick? No, just the help of a wire man."''<ref name="what"/><ref>[http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=2681698310485866108#2m06s Moon landing hoaxâ€”Wires seen in videos], Google Video</ref><sup>(2:06â€“2:36)</sup>
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 |
@@ Line 591: / Line 593: @@
 :41:25 Mattingly: ''"I believe we're there."''
-:41:27 Mattingly: ''"Casper's captured Orion!"''<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/ap16fj/23_Day8_Pt2.htm#177_40_37 Apollo 16 flight journal, Chapter 23], ''NASA'', 3-May-08</ref>
+:41:27 Mattingly: ''"Casper's captured Orion!"''<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/ap16fj/23_Day8_Pt2.htm#177_40_37 Apollo 16 flight journal, Chapter 23], NASA, 3-May-08</ref>
-The inspection is complete. Command module and lunar module manoeuvre to docking.<ref>[http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/archives/videos/apollo16.html Apollo 16: Nothing so hidden... (1972)], Movie Archive, ''NASA'', 19-Dec-01 (also [http://archive.org/details/NothingSoHiddenApollo16 available] as a Flash video at the Internet archive)</ref><sup>(24:34â€“24:44)</sup><ref>[http://footagevault.com/clip/FTV-0000821 Apollo 16 lunar orbit rendezvous (FTV-0000821)], ''FootageVault.com'' (the docking sequence in the film ''Apollo 16: Nothing so hidden'', speeded up and lasting longer)</ref><ref>[http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/archives/videos/apollo11.html Apollo 11: For all mankind], Movie archive, ''NASA'', 19-Dec-01 (also [http://vimeo.com/5612698 available] as a Flash video at ''Vimeo'')</ref><sup>(28:13â€“30:18)</sup>
+The inspection is complete. Command module and lunar module manoeuvre to docking.<ref>[http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/archives/videos/apollo16.html Apollo 16: Nothing so hidden... (1972)], Movie Archive, NASA, 19-Dec-01 (also [http://archive.org/details/NothingSoHiddenApollo16 available] as a Flash video at the Internet archive)</ref><sup>(24:34â€“24:44)</sup><ref>[http://footagevault.com/clip/FTV-0000821 Apollo 16 lunar orbit rendezvous (FTV-0000821)], ''FootageVault.com'' (the docking sequence in the film ''Apollo 16: Nothing so hidden'', speeded up and lasting longer)</ref><ref>[http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/archives/videos/apollo11.html Apollo 11: For all mankind], Movie archive, NASA, 19-Dec-01 (also [http://vimeo.com/5612698 available] as a Flash video at ''Vimeo'')</ref><sup>(28:13â€“30:18)</sup>
 |No control thruster activity is visible (contrast this with this photo of the Apollo taken from the Soyuz),<ref>[http://gosh100.boom.ru/pics/08.jpg A view of the Apollo spacecraft from the Soyuz spacecraft], 20 KB (the dark circle is the rear view of the Apollo; the white spots are the control thruster exhaust lit by the Sun)</ref> and the high-tonnage modules do jerky movements as if there is no inertia, leaving the impression of animation or a very small mass.<ref name="Popov"/><sup>(pp. 110, 150)</sup>
 |-
@@ Line 599: / Line 601: @@
 ;Earth angle over the horizon
 In each of the following Apollo 17 archive photos, the Earth (with an angular diameter of 1.9Â±0.1Â°) is at a different angle over the horizon: [http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/apollo/apollo17/html/as17-137-20910.html AS17-137-20910]â€”16Â°, [http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/apollo/apollo17/html/as17-134-20473.html AS17-134-20473]â€”32Â°, [http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/apollo/apollo17/html/as17-134-20384.html AS17-134-20384]â€”34Â°, [http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/images17.html#20957 AS17-137-20957]â€”16Â°, [http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/images17.html#20960 AS17-137-20960]â€”16Â°
-|Calculating from the coordinates of the Apollo 17 lunar landing site (20.16Â° North and 30.77Â° East),<ref>[http://asi.org/adb/04/01/01/02/apollo-landing-time.html Apollo landing time], ''Artemis Society International'', 5-Jun-99</ref> the Earth should be at constant 53.4Â° above the lunar horizon.<ref>[http://internet.ocii.com/~dpwozney/apollo4.htm Various other Apollo image anomalies] by David Wozney, 9-Apr-07</ref>
+|Calculating from the coordinates of the Apollo 17 lunar landing site (20.16Â° North and 30.77Â° East),<ref>[http://asi.org/adb/04/01/01/02/apollo-landing-time.html Apollo landing time], Artemis Society International, 5-Jun-99</ref> the Earth should be at constant 53.4Â° above the lunar horizon.<ref>[http://internet.ocii.com/~dpwozney/apollo4.htm Various other Apollo image anomalies] by David Wozney, 9-Apr-07</ref>
 |-
 |
 ;Return to orbit
-:01:27 [Apollo 17] lunar lift-off film. The television camera was mounted on the rover which Gene [Cernan] parked about 145 m east of (behind) the lunar module. The ascent stage ignites and climbs, spacecraft foil and dust flying in all directions. Ed Fendell in Houston anticipates exactly the timing of ignition, lift-off, and the rate of climb, and the camera tilts to follows the ascent.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/video17.html#launch Return to orbit], Apollo 17 video library, ''NASA'', 3-Aug-09</ref>
+:01:27 [Apollo 17] lunar lift-off film. The television camera was mounted on the rover which Gene [Cernan] parked about 145 m east of (behind) the lunar module. The ascent stage ignites and climbs, spacecraft foil and dust flying in all directions. Ed Fendell in Houston anticipates exactly the timing of ignition, lift-off, and the rate of climb, and the camera tilts to follows the ascent.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/video17.html#launch Return to orbit], Apollo 17 video library, NASA, 3-Aug-09</ref>
 |Awesome! And there apparently either wasn't any delay in the signal or NASA had the foresight to hire a remote camera operator who was able to see a few seconds into the future.<ref>[http://davesweb.cnchost.com/Apollo5.html Wagging the Moondoggie, Part 5] by David McGowan, 25-Nov-09</ref>
 |-
 |
 ;Skylab interior photo
-Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., Skylab-2 commander, smiles happily for the camera after a hot bath in the shower in the crew quarters of the Orbital Workshop of the Skylab space station.<ref>[http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/abstracts.php?p=3272 Skylab-2 mission: commander Conrad in shower], ''NASA''</ref>
+Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., Skylab-2 commander, smiles happily for the camera after a hot bath in the shower in the crew quarters of the Orbital Workshop of the Skylab space station.<ref>[http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/abstracts.php?p=3272 Skylab-2 mission: commander Conrad in shower], NASA</ref>
 |The towel at the upper right corner hangs as on Earth, so there was no weightlessness and the photo was taken on Earth, not Earth orbit.<ref name="skylab"/>
 |}
@@ Line 620: / Line 622: @@
 |
 ;Earthrise photos
-The first photo of Earthrise by a human as he watched the event unfold (AS08-13-2329) was taken on 24 December 1968.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/14day4_orbits456.htm Apollo 8, day 4: Lunar orbits 4, 5 and 6], Apollo flight journal, ''NASA'', 3-Jan-09 (the 2nd photo, at 075:47:37)</ref>
+The first photo of Earthrise by a human as he watched the event unfold (AS08-13-2329) was taken on 24 December 1968.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/14day4_orbits456.htm Apollo 8, day 4: Lunar orbits 4, 5 and 6], Apollo flight journal, NASA, 3-Jan-09 (the 2nd photo, at 075:47:37)</ref>
-|There is yet another photo (AS08-14-2392) of the same Earthrise at the same time and place but with a window frame<ref>[http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/apollo/apollo8/html/as8-14-2392.html AS8-14-2392], Apollo imagery, ''NASA'', 3-Feb-09</ref> and said to be taken two days earlier.<ref>[http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/caption_direct.jsp?photoId=AS08-14-2392 AS08-14-2392], JSC digital image collection, ''NASA'', 1-Nov-06</ref> A sceptic says that both photos are taken by a secret Lunar Orbiter unmanned craft and not from Apollo 8.<ref name="Popov"/><sup>(p. 190)</sup>
+|There is yet another photo (AS08-14-2392) of the same Earthrise at the same time and place but with a window frame<ref>[http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/apollo/apollo8/html/as8-14-2392.html AS8-14-2392], Apollo imagery, NASA, 3-Feb-09</ref> and said to be taken two days earlier.<ref>[http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/caption_direct.jsp?photoId=AS08-14-2392 AS08-14-2392], JSC digital image collection, NASA, 1-Nov-06</ref> A sceptic says that both photos are taken by a secret Lunar Orbiter unmanned craft and not from Apollo 8.<ref name="Popov"/><sup>(p. 190)</sup>
 |-
 |
@@ Line 627: / Line 629: @@
 :12:44 [Neil] Armstrong (Apollo 11): ''"I'd say the colour of the local surface is very comparable to that we observed from orbit at this Sun angleâ€”about 10Â° Sun angle, or that nature."''
-:22:30 Armstrong: ''"From the surface, we could not see any stars out the window; but out my overhead hatch (means the overhead rendezvous window), I'm looking at the Earth. It's big and bright and beautiful."''<ref name="postland">[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.postland.html Post-landing activities], Apollo 11 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 5-Jun-09</ref>
+:22:30 Armstrong: ''"From the surface, we could not see any stars out the window; but out my overhead hatch (means the overhead rendezvous window), I'm looking at the Earth. It's big and bright and beautiful."''<ref name="postland">[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.postland.html Post-landing activities], Apollo 11 lunar surface journal, NASA, 5-Jun-09</ref>
-|[Alan] Bean, from the [Apollo 12] 1969 Technical Debriefâ€”''"Star (and) Earth visibility was interesting. We could always see stars at the upper rendezvous window."''<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.postland.html#1105518 Post-landing activities], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 11-Jun-09</ref> The Sun is currently 5.5Â° above the eastern horizon.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.postland.html#1120659 Post-landing activities], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 11-Jun-09</ref> With the Sun 10Â° above the horizon, stars should have been visible out the Apollo 11 overhead window too.<ref name="aFon"/>
+|[Alan] Bean, from the [Apollo 12] 1969 Technical Debriefâ€”''"Star (and) Earth visibility was interesting. We could always see stars at the upper rendezvous window."''<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.postland.html#1105518 Post-landing activities], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 11-Jun-09</ref> The Sun is currently 5.5Â° above the eastern horizon.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.postland.html#1120659 Post-landing activities], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 11-Jun-09</ref> With the Sun 10Â° above the horizon, stars should have been visible out the Apollo 11 overhead window too.<ref name="aFon"/>
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@@ Line 634: / Line 636: @@
 [Neil] Armstrong (Apollo 11): ''"We were never able to see stars from the lunar surface or on the daylight side of the Moon by eye without looking through the optics."''
-[Michael] Collins (Command Module pilot): ''"I don't remember seeing any."''<ref name="pressconf"/><sup>(1:06:00â€“1:06:19)</sup> (Collins' remark is misattributed to [Edwin] Aldrin in the transcript.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/FirstLunarLanding/ch-7.html The first lunar landing], part 6, ''NASA'', 24-Apr-01</ref> In his book "Liftoff", Collins writes "My God, the stars are everywhere, even below me. They are somewhat brighter than on Earth")<ref name="Rene"/><sup>(p. 33)</sup><ref>"Liftoff" by Michael Collins, ''Grove Press'', 1989, ISBN 9780802131881, p. 100</ref>
+[Michael] Collins (Command Module pilot): ''"I don't remember seeing any."''<ref name="pressconf"/><sup>(1:06:00â€“1:06:19)</sup> (Collins' remark is misattributed to [Edwin] Aldrin in the transcript.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/FirstLunarLanding/ch-7.html The first lunar landing], part 6, NASA, 24-Apr-01</ref> In his book "Liftoff", Collins writes "My God, the stars are everywhere, even below me. They are somewhat brighter than on Earth")<ref name="Rene"/><sup>(p. 33)</sup><ref>"Liftoff" by Michael Collins, Grove Press, 1989, ISBN 9780802131881, p. 100</ref>
-Alan Bean (Apollo 12): ''"Oh so carefully, I removed my silver pin, took one last look at it, and gave it my strongest underarm toss out towards Surveyor. I can still remember how it flashed in the bright sunlight then disappeared in the distance. It was the only star I ever saw up in the black sky, the sunlight was just too bright on the Moon's surface to see any of the others."''<ref>[http://alanbeangallery.com/lonestar-story.html Lone star], ''The Alan Bean Gallery''</ref>
+Alan Bean (Apollo 12): ''"Oh so carefully, I removed my silver pin, took one last look at it, and gave it my strongest underarm toss out towards Surveyor. I can still remember how it flashed in the bright sunlight then disappeared in the distance. It was the only star I ever saw up in the black sky, the sunlight was just too bright on the Moon's surface to see any of the others."''<ref>[http://alanbeangallery.com/lonestar-story.html Lone star], The Alan Bean Gallery</ref>
-Stars are not readily seen in the daylight lunar sky by either the human eye or a camera because of the brightness of the sunlight surface.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a13/images13.html#S7031774 S70-31774], Apollo 13 image library, ''NASA'', 19-Sep-09</ref>
+Stars are not readily seen in the daylight lunar sky by either the human eye or a camera because of the brightness of the sunlight surface.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a13/images13.html#S7031774 S70-31774], Apollo 13 image library, NASA, 19-Sep-09</ref>
 |103:22:54 Duke: ''"...Gene Cernan says that, while standing in the shadow of the Apollo 17 [Lunar Module] (LM), he could see some stars while he was outside."''<ref name="postland"/> (Correction on the star visibility issue from the Moon is introduced later.) Astronauts' reminiscences contradict the descriptions of the star sky observed by Soviet cosmonauts (Leonov, Lebedev, Savinykh) on the dayside of the orbit; light from the Earth (Earth albedo 0.367, Moon albedo 0.12) did not hamper them see the stars.<ref name="aFon"/> For example, Leonov says that "the brightest of the stars can be recognised when they are farther than 30Â° away from the daylight luminary [the Sun]".<ref>[http://epizodsspace.testpilot.ru/bibl/tm/1981/4-tsvetn-pal-kos.html The colour pallete of cosmos] by Alexey Leonov, ''Technology for the Youth'', 1981, issue 4, pp. 27â€“29 (Russian)</ref>
-On the Moon, the sky is blackâ€”even during the dayâ€”and the stars are always visible.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/moon_worldbook.html Moon] by Paul D. Spudis, PhD, World book at ''NASA'', 30-Nov-07</ref><ref>[http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070621.html Stars and the Solstice Sun], Astronomy Picture of the Day, ''NASA'', 21-Jun-07</ref>
+On the Moon, the sky is blackâ€”even during the dayâ€”and the stars are always visible.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/moon_worldbook.html Moon] by Paul D. Spudis, PhD, World book at NASA, 30-Nov-07</ref><ref>[http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070621.html Stars and the Solstice Sun], Astronomy Picture of the Day, NASA, 21-Jun-07</ref>
-In fact, the Moon is about the poorest reflector in the solar system... The Moon relects only 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080126033536/liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/universe/moon.html The Moon], ''NASA'', 20-Jan-00</ref>
+In fact, the Moon is about the poorest reflector in the solar system... The Moon relects only 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080126033536/liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/universe/moon.html The Moon], NASA, 20-Jan-00</ref>
 |-
 |
@@ Line 649: / Line 651: @@
 :07:19 [Alan] Bean (Apollo 12): ''"OK. You go ahead. That's difficult, because it's so tender up here on these legs."''
-:07:26 [Charles] Conrad: ''"Well, I don't see the Earth anywhere in the sight."''<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.tvtrbls.html#1160542 TV troubles], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 14-May-09</ref>
+:07:26 [Charles] Conrad: ''"Well, I don't see the Earth anywhere in the sight."''<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.tvtrbls.html#1160542 TV troubles], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 14-May-09</ref>
 |Listening to the RealVideo clip (1:39â€“1:45), Alan Bean actually said ''"It's difficult tricking them"'', and Charles Conrad replied ''"Yea, I know."''<ref>[http://youtube.com?v=T1yYfOfMUVk Moon landing hoax Apollo 12], ''Youtube'', 27-Aug-08</ref>
 |-
 |
 ;Moon landing trajectory and dust visibility
-[Charles] Conrad (Apollo 12), from the 1969 Technical Debriefâ€”"''As soon as I got the vehicle stopped in horizontal velocity at 300 feet'' (figure 4â€“12 from the Apollo 12 Mission Report indicates that he stopped almost all of his forwards motion at about 220 ft), ''we picked up a tremendous amount of dustâ€”much more than I had expected. It looked a lot worse than it did in the movies I saw of Neil's landing. It seemed to me that we got the dust much higher than Neil indicated. It could be because we were in a hover, higher up, coming down...''".<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.landing.html#1103206 A visit to the Snowman], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 4-May-09</ref>
+[Charles] Conrad (Apollo 12), from the 1969 Technical Debriefâ€”"''As soon as I got the vehicle stopped in horizontal velocity at 300 feet'' (figure 4â€“12 from the Apollo 12 Mission Report indicates that he stopped almost all of his forwards motion at about 220 ft), ''we picked up a tremendous amount of dustâ€”much more than I had expected. It looked a lot worse than it did in the movies I saw of Neil's landing. It seemed to me that we got the dust much higher than Neil indicated. It could be because we were in a hover, higher up, coming down...''".<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12.landing.html#1103206 A visit to the Snowman], Apollo 12 lunar surface journal, NASA, 4-May-09</ref>
-|According to the Apollo 12 land path,<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/landpath.jpg A profile and plan view of the Apollo 12 approach trajectory], Apollo 12 image library, ''NASA''</ref> at 300 ft (90 m) the module was almost half a kilometre far from the landing place and was descending not vertically but down a very gently sloping trajectory, and dust was first seen at a 3 times less height of 30 m (100 ft).<ref name="Popov8"/>
+|According to the Apollo 12 land path,<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/landpath.jpg A profile and plan view of the Apollo 12 approach trajectory], Apollo 12 image library, NASA</ref> at 300 ft (90 m) the module was almost half a kilometre far from the landing place and was descending not vertically but down a very gently sloping trajectory, and dust was first seen at a 3 times less height of 30 m (100 ft).<ref name="Popov8"/>
 |-
 |
 ;Fred Haise on the Moon?
-[Fred W.] Haise and fellow [Apollo 13] crewmen, James A. Lovell (spacecraft commander) and John L. Swigert (command module pilot), working closely with Houston ground controllers, converted their lunar module "Aquarius" into an effective lifeboat. Their emergency activation and operation of lunar module systems conserved both electrical power and water in sufficient supply to assure their safety and survival while in space and for the return to Earth.<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/haise-fw.html Fred Wallace Haise, Jr.], Biographical data, ''NASA'', 4-Dec-08</ref>
+[Fred W.] Haise and fellow [Apollo 13] crewmen, James A. Lovell (spacecraft commander) and John L. Swigert (command module pilot), working closely with Houston ground controllers, converted their lunar module "Aquarius" into an effective lifeboat. Their emergency activation and operation of lunar module systems conserved both electrical power and water in sufficient supply to assure their safety and survival while in space and for the return to Earth.<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/haise-fw.html Fred Wallace Haise, Jr.], Biographical data, NASA, 4-Dec-08</ref>
-|Edwin Aldrin (Apollo 11): ''"The highlight of the evening was a film showing Fred Haise, my back-up on the flight to the Moon, stumbling around on the surface of the Moon until, in desperation, he retreated to the lunar lander which, the moment he stepped on the ladder, tumbled into pieces around him."''<ref name="Rene"/><sup>(p. 164)</sup><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/virtuallystrange.net/ufo/updates/1997/jan/m05-025.shtml Moon 'photos'?] by Graham William Birdsall, 5-Jan-97</ref><ref>"Return to Earth" by Edwin E. Aldrin and Wayne Warga, ''Random House Publishers'', 1973, ISBN 9780394488325, p. 189</ref>
+|Edwin Aldrin (Apollo 11): ''"The highlight of the evening was a film showing Fred Haise, my back-up on the flight to the Moon, stumbling around on the surface of the Moon until, in desperation, he retreated to the lunar lander which, the moment he stepped on the ladder, tumbled into pieces around him."''<ref name="Rene"/><sup>(p. 164)</sup><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/virtuallystrange.net/ufo/updates/1997/jan/m05-025.shtml Moon 'photos'?] by Graham William Birdsall, 5-Jan-97</ref><ref>"Return to Earth" by Edwin E. Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Random House Publishers, 1973, ISBN 9780394488325, p. 189</ref>
 |-
 |
 ;Dust blowing
-After the landing of the Apollo 14 lunar module, the engine has worked for several more seconds and the jets of dust flying from under the module are clearly seen.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/video14.html#Landing Landing at Fra Mauro], Apollo 14 video library, ''NASA'', 6-Sep-06</ref><sup>(4:46â€“4:56)</sup>
+After the landing of the Apollo 14 lunar module, the engine has worked for several more seconds and the jets of dust flying from under the module are clearly seen.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/video14.html#Landing Landing at Fra Mauro], Apollo 14 video library, NASA, 6-Sep-06</ref><sup>(4:46â€“4:56)</sup>
-|There are no signs of blowing the dust on the photo of the surface under the Apollo 14 lunar module.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/images14.html#9258 AS14-66-9258], Apollo 14 image library, ''NASA'', 8-Jul-09</ref><ref>Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/book/9.htm First on the Moon]", 21-Jul-09 (Russian)</ref>
+|There are no signs of blowing the dust on the photo of the surface under the Apollo 14 lunar module.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/images14.html#9258 AS14-66-9258], Apollo 14 image library, NASA, 8-Jul-09</ref><ref>Alexander Popov, "[http://manonmoon.ru/book/9.htm First on the Moon]", 21-Jul-09 (Russian)</ref>
 |-
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@@ Line 671: / Line 673: @@
 :42:29 [Apollo 17] Commander [Eugene Cernan]: ''"Separation, Houston."''<ref>[http://ehartwell.com/Apollo17/ap17fj/AS17Flight_03TLI.htm Day 1: Translunar Injection (TLI)], Apollo 17 Flight Journal, 11-Apr-07</ref>
-This photo shows the [Apollo 12] Spacecraft-LM Adapter (SLA) above centre.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/images12.html#7326 AS12-50-7326], Apollo 12 image library, ''NASA'', 4-Aug-09</ref><ref>[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/a12_h_50_7326.html Earthâ€”Apollo 12], Catalogue of spaceborne imaging, ''NASA'', 21-Sep-04</ref> (Altitude at [SLA] separation was about 3,800 nautical milesâ€”about 7,000 km.)<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/ap12fj/03tde.htm Day 1: Transposition, docking and extraction], Apollo 12 flight journal, ''NASA'', 24-Sep-05</ref>
+This photo shows the [Apollo 12] Spacecraft-LM Adapter (SLA) above centre.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/images12.html#7326 AS12-50-7326], Apollo 12 image library, NASA, 4-Aug-09</ref><ref>[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/a12_h_50_7326.html Earthâ€”Apollo 12], Catalogue of spaceborne imaging, NASA, 21-Sep-04</ref> (Altitude at [SLA] separation was about 3,800 nautical milesâ€”about 7,000 km.)<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/ap12fj/03tde.htm Day 1: Transposition, docking and extraction], Apollo 12 flight journal, NASA, 24-Sep-05</ref>
-|A Full Earth from the Apollo 17 Command Module at about 5 hours 6 minutes, shortly after separation of the docked CSM-LM from the S-IVB at 4 hours 45 minutes.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/images17.html#22726 AS17-148-22726], Apollo 17 image library, ''NASA'', 3-Aug-09</ref>
+|A Full Earth from the Apollo 17 Command Module at about 5 hours 6 minutes, shortly after separation of the docked CSM-LM from the S-IVB at 4 hours 45 minutes.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/images17.html#22726 AS17-148-22726], Apollo 17 image library, NASA, 3-Aug-09</ref>
 |-
 |
@@ Line 682: / Line 684: @@
 :02:03 Schmitt: (Reading a checklist) ''"Stop, push. Engine stop; Engine Arm; Proceed; Command Override, Off; Mode Control, Att(itude) Hold; PGNS, Auto."''
-:02:11 [Eugene] Cernan: ''"OK, Houston. The Challenger has landed!"''<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/a17.landing.html Landing at Taurus-Littrow], Apollo 17 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 30-Jun-09</ref>
+:02:11 [Eugene] Cernan: ''"OK, Houston. The Challenger has landed!"''<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/a17.landing.html Landing at Taurus-Littrow], Apollo 17 lunar surface journal, NASA, 30-Jun-09</ref>
 |Eugene Cernan: ''"We shut the engine down some 3 m above the surface."''<ref name="didwego"/><sup>([http://youtube.com?v=y1MVtrBytZs#t=6m02s part 6], 6:02â€“6:26)</sup>
 |-
@@ Line 691: / Line 693: @@
 :11:01 [Harrison] Schmitt: ''"I do that (pause) in training, though."'' (Pause).
-:11:13 Cernan: "''Ooh.'' (Grunting and breathing hard) ''Hey, Bob, just out of curiosity, what kind of heart rates has this drill been producing on me?"''<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/a17.deepcore.html#1201037 Deep core], Apollo 17 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 12-Oct-08</ref>
+:11:13 Cernan: "''Ooh.'' (Grunting and breathing hard) ''Hey, Bob, just out of curiosity, what kind of heart rates has this drill been producing on me?"''<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/a17.deepcore.html#1201037 Deep core], Apollo 17 lunar surface journal, NASA, 12-Oct-08</ref>
-|Listening to the RealVideo clip<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/a17.alsepdep.html#1195335 ALSEP deployment], Apollo 17 lunar surface journal, ''NASA'', 12-Oct-08</ref> (17:11â€“17:41), these words are missing from both the journal text and the MP3 audio clip:
+|Listening to the RealVideo clip<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/a17.alsepdep.html#1195335 ALSEP deployment], Apollo 17 lunar surface journal, NASA, 12-Oct-08</ref> (17:11â€“17:41), these words are missing from both the journal text and the MP3 audio clip:
 :10:57 Flight/EVA: ''"OK, we definitely did not want Flight to figure the rover's muffler at this point. He has it as a stick with mine as an optional, as an option, and ah we're, at this stage of the game, we're screwing around. We definitely do not want to figure this muffler. Since we're being called upon, I'm sure you all recognise not to do this anymore."''<ref>[http://metacafe.com/watch/3418554 Moon landing hoax Apollo: Lunar rover had an engine mufflerâ€”ran on fuel in the fake Moon bay], ''Metacafe'', 24-Oct-09</ref>
@@ Line 725: / Line 727: @@
 {{Cquote|''Just a month before, Apollo 11 astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong had left their colleague, Michael Collins, aboard spaceship Columbia and walked on the Moon, beating by five months President Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon before the decade was out. The old carpenter asked me if I really believed it happened. I said sure, I saw it on television. He disagreed; he said that he didn't believe it for a minute, that 'them television fellers' could make things look real that weren't. Back then, I thought he was a crank. During my eight years in Washington, I saw some things on TV that made me wonder if he wasn't ahead of his time.''}}
-<div class="patrollink">â€”Dr.<ref>[http://www3.hku.hk/hongrads/index.php/archive/graduate_detail/284 William Jefferson Clinton, Doctor of Laws], ''The University of Hong Kong'', 2008</ref> '''William Jefferson Clinton''', President of the United States of America (1993â€“2001)<ref>[http://randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl/9780375414572.html My life] by Bill Clinton, ''Knopf Publishers'', 2004, ISBN 9780375414572, p. 156</ref></div>
+<div class="patrollink">â€”Dr.<ref>[http://www3.hku.hk/hongrads/index.php/archive/graduate_detail/284 William Jefferson Clinton, Doctor of Laws], The University of Hong Kong, 2008</ref> '''William Jefferson Clinton''', President of the United States of America (1993â€“2001)<ref>[http://randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl/9780375414572.html My life] by Bill Clinton, Knopf Publishers, 2004, ISBN 9780375414572, p. 156</ref></div>
 {{Cquote|''The date of the so-called return to the Moon slipped from 2020 to heaven-knows when... I ask my friends and readers to get behind Obama's new policy. Join with me and help usher in a new age of space. A space programme that truly goes somewhere!''}}