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| + | God may or may not exist. |
| − | {{dablink|This article is about the term "God" in the context of [[monotheism]] and [[henotheism]]. See [[deity]] or [[god (male deity)]] for details on [[polytheism|polytheistic]] usages. For other uses, see [[God (disambiguation)]].}}
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| + | 1 ''No human can accurately give a [[definition]] for God.'' |
| − | '''God''' is the principal or sole [[deity]] in [[religion]]s and other belief systems that [[monolatrism|worship one deity]].<ref name=Swinburne>[[Richard Swinburne|Swinburne, R.G.]] "God" in [[Ted Honderich|Honderich, Ted]]. (ed)''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1995.</ref> The singular, [[proper noun|capitalized]] ''God'' of [[monotheism|monotheistic]] religions is commonly contrasted with the ''gods'' of [[polytheism|polytheistic]] religions. | + | |
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| − | God is most often conceived of as the [[creator deity|creator]] and overseer of the universe. [[Theology|Theologians]] have ascribed a variety of attributes to the many different [[conceptions of God]]. The most common among these include [[omniscience]], [[omnipotence]], [[omnipresence]], [[omnibenevolence]] (perfect [[good and evil|goodness]]), [[divine simplicity]], [[jealousy]], and eternal and necessary existence. God has also been conceived as being [[incorporeal]], a [[personal God|personal]] being, the source of all [[moral obligation]], and the "greatest conceivable existent".<ref name=Swinburne/> These attributes were all supported to varying degrees by the early [[Judaism|Jewish]], [[Christianity|Christian]] and [[Islam|Muslim]] theologian philosophers, including [[Augustine of Hippo]],<ref name=Edwards>[[Paul Edwards (philosopher)|Edwards, Paul]]. "God and the philosophers" in [[Ted Honderich|Honderich, Ted]]. (ed)''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1995.</ref> [[Al-Ghazali]],<ref name=Platinga>[[Alvin Plantinga|Platinga, Alvin]]. "God, Arguments for the Existence of," ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Routledge, 2000.</ref> and [[Maimonides]].<ref name=Edwards/> Many notable [[medieval philosophy|medieval philosophers]] developed [[argument]]s for the [[existence of God]],<ref name="Plantinga" /> attempting to wrestle with the apparent [[contradiction]]s implied by many of these attributes.
| + | 2 There is nothing that could prove to a human that [[anything]] exists (except their own [[conciousness]]) |
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| − | == Etymology and usage ==
| + | 3 ''Therefore there is nothing that could prove to a human that God exisits'' |
| − | {{main | God (word)}}
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| − | The earliest written form of the Germanic word ''god'' comes from the 6th century [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Codex Argenteus]]. The English word itself is derived from the [[Proto-Germanic]] * ''Ç¥uÄ‘an''. Most linguists agree that the reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] form {{PIE|* ǵhu-tó-m}} was based on the root {{PIE|* ǵhau(É™)-}}, which meant either "to call" or "to invoke".
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| − | <ref>The ulterior etymology is disputed. Apart from the unlikely hypothesis of adoption from a foreign tongue, the OTeut. "ghuba" implies as its preTeut-type either "*ghodho-m" or "*ghodto-m". The former does not appear to admit of explanation; but the latter would represent the neut. pple. of a root "gheu-". There are two Aryan roots of the required form ("*g,heu-" with palatal aspirate) one with meaning 'to invoke' (Skr. "hu") the other 'to pour, to offer sacrifice' (Skr "hu", Gr. χεηi;ν, OE "geotàn" Yete v). [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED Compact Edition, G, p. 267]]</ref>
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| − | The capitalized form ''God'' was first used in [[Wulfila]]'s Gothic translation of the [[New Testament]], to represent the Greek ''[[Theos]]''. In the [[English language]], the capitalization continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic "God" and "gods" in [[polytheism]].<ref>[[Webster's New World Dictionary]]; "god n. ME < OE, akin to Ger gott, Goth guth, prob. < IE base * Ähau-, to call out to, invoke > Sans havaté, (he) calls upon; 1. any of various beings conceived of as supernatural, immortal, and having special powers over the lives and affairs of people and the course of nature; deity, esp. a male deity: typically considered objects of worship; 2. an image that is worshiped; idol 3. a person or thing deified or excessively honored and admired; 4. [G-] in monotheistic religions, the creator and ruler of the universe, regarded as eternal, infinite, all-powerful, and all-knowing; [[Supreme Being]]; the Almighty </ref><ref> Dictionary.com Dictionary.com; "God /gÉ’d/ noun: 1. the one Supreme Being, the creator and ruler of the universe. 2. the Supreme Being considered with reference to a particular attribute. 3. (lowercase) one of several deities, esp. a male deity, presiding over some portion of worldly affairs. 4. (often lowercase) a supreme being according to some particular conception: the god of mercy. 5. Christian Science. the Supreme Being, understood as Life, Truth, Love, Mind, Soul, Spirit, Principle. 6. (lowercase) an image of a deity; an idol. 7. (lowercase) any deified person or object. 8. (often lowercase) Gods, Theater. 8a. the upper balcony in a theater. 8b. the spectators in this part of the balcony.</ref> In spite of significant differences between religions such as [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], the [[Bahá'à Faith]], and [[Judaism]], the term "God" remains an English translation common to all. The name may signify any related or similar monotheistic deities, such as the early monotheism of [[Akhenaten]] and [[Zoroastrianism]].
| + | 4 There is also nothing that could disprove God exists |
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| − | == Names of God ==
| + | 5 ''God could be an invisible pink unicorn for all you know'' |
| − | {{main | Names of God}}
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| − | [[Conceptions of God]] can vary widely, but the word [[God (word)|God]] in English—and its counterparts in other languages, such as Latinate ''[[Deus]]'', Greek [[Θεός]], Slavic ''Bog'', Sanskrit ''[[Ishvara]]'', or Arabic ''[[Allah]]''—are normally used for any and all conceptions. The same holds for Hebrew ''[[El (god)|El]]'', but [[names of God in Judaism|in Judaism]], God is also given a proper name, [[Yahweh]], harking back to the religion's [[henotheistic]] origins.<ref name=Barton2006>{{cite book
| + | 6 Stop asking questions and start giving answers |
| − | | author = Barton, G.A.
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| − | | year = 2006
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| − | | title = A Sketch of Semitic Origins: Social and Religious
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| − | | publisher = Kessinger Publishing
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| − | | isbn = 142861575X
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| − | }}</ref> God may also be given a proper name in monotheistic currents of Hinduism which emphasize the [[personal God|personal nature of God]], with early references to his name as [[Krishna]]-[[Vasudeva]] in [[Bhagavata]] or later [[Vishnu]] and [[Hari]],<ref name = "Hastings541">{{Harvnb|Hastings|2003|p=540|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Kaz58z--NtUC&pg=PA540&vq=Krishna&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1&sig=lo3NqA31k8hJZw7qNc9QDEAYyYA}}</ref> or recently [[Shakti]]. In the [[Bible]], when the word "Lord" is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the personal [[Hebrew]] name of god, Yahweh.
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| − | It is difficult to draw a line between proper names and [[epitheta]] of God, such as the [[names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament]], the [[names of God in the Qur'an]], and the various lists of [[Sahasranama|thousand names of God]] and [[List of titles and names of Krishna]] in Vaishnavism.
| + | 7 Seven has been a very naughty boy and shan't be allowed to take part in this list |
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| − | == Conceptions of God ==
| + | 8 ''Why?'' |
| − | {{main|Conceptions of God}}
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| − | [[Image:Creation of the Sun and Moon face detail.jpg|thumb|200px|Detail of [[Sistine Chapel]] fresco ''Creation of the Sun and Moon'' by [[Michelangelo]] (completed 1512). ]]
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| − | Conceptions of God vary widely. Theologians and philosophers have studied countless conceptions of God since the dawn of civilization. The [[Abrahamic conceptions of God]] include the [[trinity|trinitarian]] view of [[Christians]], the [[Kabbalistic definition of God|Kabbalistic definition]] of [[Jewish]] mysticism, and the [[Islamic concept of God]]. The [[dharmic religions]] differ in their view of the divine: views of [[God in Hinduism]] vary by region, sect, and caste, ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic; the view of [[God in Buddhism]] is almost non-theist. In modern times, some more abstract concepts have been developed, such as [[process theology]] and [[open theism]]. Conceptions of God held by individual believers vary so widely that there is no clear consensus on the nature of God.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/bulletin/articles/does_god_matter.html | title=DOES GOD MATTER? A Social-Science Critique | work=by Paul Froese and Christopher Bader | accessdate=2007-05-28}}</ref> The contemporaneous French philosopher [[Michel Henry]] has however proposed a [[Phenomenological definition of God|phenomenological approach and definition of God]] as [[phenomenology|phenomenological]] essence of [[Phenomenological life|Life]].{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
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| − | == Existence of God ==
| + | 9 Why not? |
| − | {{main|Existence of God}}
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| − | Many arguments for and against the existence of God have been proposed and rejected by philosophers, theologians, and other thinkers. In [[Philosophy|philosophical]] terminology, such arguments concern schools of thought on the [[epistemology]] of the [[ontology]] of God.
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| − | There are many philosophical issues concerning the existence of God. Some definitions of God are sometimes nonspecific, while other definitions can be self-contradictory. Arguments for the existence of God typically include metaphysical, empirical, inductive, and subjective types, while others revolve around holes in evolutionary theory and order and complexety in the world. Arguments against the existence of God typically include empirical, deductive, and inductive types. Conclusions reached include: "God exists and this can be proven"; "God exists, but this cannot be proven or disproven" ([[theism]] in both cases); "God does not exist" ([[Weak and strong atheism|strong atheism]]); "God almost certainly does not exist"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-dawkins/why-there-almost-certainl_b_32164.html|title=Why There Almost Certainly Is No God|Publisher=Richard Dawkins, The Huffington Post}}</ref> (''de facto'' [[atheism]]); and "no one knows whether God exists" ([[agnosticism]]). There are numerous variations on these positions.
| + | 10 ''We will never know the truth until we are free'' |
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| − | A recent argument for the existence of God is ''[[intelligent design]]'', which asserts that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as [[natural selection]]."<ref name=DIposition>{{cite web|url=http://www.discovery.org/csc/topQuestions.php#questionsAboutIntelligentDesign|title=Top Questions-1.What is the theory of intelligent design?|publisher=[[Discovery Institute]]|accessdate=2007-05-13}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ideacenter.org/stuff/contentmgr/files/393410a2d36e9b96329c2faff7e2a4df/miscdocs/intelligentdesigntheoryinanutshell.pdf|title=Primer: Intelligent Design Theory in a Nutshell|publisher=[http://www.ideacenter.org Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center]|date=2004|accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/|title=Intelligent Design|publisher=Intelligent Design network|date=2007|accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> It is a modern form of the traditional [[teleological argument|argument from design]], modified to avoid specifying the nature or identity of the designer. Its primary proponents, all of whom are associated with the [[Discovery Institute]],<ref><cite>"Q. Has the Discovery Institute been a leader in the intelligent design movement? A. Yes, the Discovery Institute's [[Center for Science and Culture]]. Q. And are almost all of the individuals who are involved with the [[intelligent design movement]] associated with the Discovery Institute? A. All of the leaders are, yes."</cite> [[Barbara Forrest]], 2005, testifying in the [[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District]] trial. [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/dover/day6pm.html Kitzmiller Dove Testimony, Barbara Forrest].</ref><ref> "The Discovery Institute is the ideological and strategic backbone behind the eruption of skirmishes over science in school districts and state capitals across the country." [http://www.msu.edu/course/te/407/FS05Sec3/te408/files/Politicized%20Scholars%20Put%20Evolution%20on%20the%20Defensive%20-%20New%20York%20Times.pdf Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive] Jodi Wilgoren. [[The New York Times]], August 21 2005.</ref><ref> [http://www.aclu.org/religion/schools/16371res20050916.html Who is behind the ID movement?] Frequently Asked Questions About "Intelligent Design", [[American Civil Liberties Union]].</ref><ref>[http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&program=DI%20Main%20Page%20-%20News&id=2745 The Evolution of George Gilder] Joseph P. Kahn. [[The Boston Globe]], July 27 2005.</ref><ref> [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/filesDB-download.php?command=download&id=602 "Who's Who of Intelligent Design Proponents," Science & Religion Guide] Science and Theology News. November 2005. (PDF file).</ref><ref> "The engine behind the ID movement is the Discovery Institute." [http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/116/5/1134 Defending science education against intelligent design: a call to action] [[Journal of Clinical Investigation]] 116:1134–1138 (2006). doi:10.1172/JCI28449. A publication of the American Society for Clinical Investigation.</ref><ref name="aaas_pr">[http://www.aaas.org/spp/dser/03_Areas/evolution/issues/peerreview.shtml Intelligent Design and Peer Review] [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]].</ref> believe the designer to be the [[Abrahamic]] God.<ref>"the writings of leading ID proponents reveal that the designer postulated by their argument is the God of Christianity." [[s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/2:Context#Page 26 of 139|Ruling]], [[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District]], December, 2005</ref>
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| − | == Theological approaches ==
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| − | {{Main article | Theology}}
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| − | Theologians and philosophers have ascribed a number of attributes to God, including [[omniscience]], [[omnipotence]], [[omnipresence]], perfect [[Good and evil|goodness]], divine [[simplicity]], and [[eternity|eternal]] and [[necessary]] existence. God has been described as [[Corporeal|incorporeal]], a personal being, the source of all [[moral obligation]], and the greatest conceivable being existent.<ref name=Swinburne/> These attributes were all claimed to varying degrees by the early [[Judaism|Jewish]], [[Christianity|Christian]] and [[Islam|Muslim]] scholars, including [[Augustine of Hippo|St Augustine]],<ref name=Edwards>[[Paul Edwards (philosopher)|Edwards, Paul]]. "God and the philosophers" in [[Ted Honderich|Honderich, Ted]]. (ed)''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1995.</ref> [[Al-Ghazali]],<ref name=Plantinga>[[Alvin Plantinga|Plantinga, Alvin]]. "God, Arguments for the Existence of," ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Routledge, 2000.</ref> and [[Maimonides]].<ref name=Edwards/>
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| − | Many [[Medieval philosophy|medieval philosophers]] developed arguments for the existence of God,<ref name=Plantinga/> while attempting to comprehend the precise implications of God's attributes. Reconciling some of those attributes generated important philosophical problems and debates. For example, God's omniscience implies that God knows how free agents will choose to act. If God does know this, their apparent [[free will]] might be illusory, or foreknowledge does not imply predestination; and if God does not know it, God is not omniscient.<ref name=Wierenga>Wierenga, Edward R. "Divine foreknowledge" in [[Robert Audi|Audi, Robert]]. ''The Cambridge Companion to Philosophy''. [[Cambridge University Press]], 2001.</ref>
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| − | The last centuries of philosophy have seen vigorous questions regarding the [[Existence of God#Arguments for the existence of God|arguments for God's existence]] raised by such philosophers as [[Immanual Kant|Immanuel Kant]], [[David Hume]] and [[Antony Flew]], although Kant held that the [[argument from morality]] was valid. The [[theist]] response has been either to contend, like [[Alvin Plantinga]], that faith is "[[reformed epistemology|properly basic]]"; or to take, like [[Richard Swinburne]], the [[evidentialist]] position.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Michael |last=Beaty |year=1991 |title=God Among the Philosophers |url=http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=53 |journal=The Christian Century |accessdate=2007-02-20}}</ref> Some [[Theism|theists]] agree that none of the arguments for God's existence are compelling, but argue that [[faith]] is not a product of [[reason]], but requires risk. There would be no risk, they say, if the arguments for God's existence were as solid as the laws of logic, a position summed up by [[Blaise Pascal|Pascal]] as: "The heart has reasons which reason knows not of."<ref>[[Blaise Pascal|Pascal, Blaise]]. ''[[Pensées]]'', 1669.</ref>
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| − | Most major religions hold God not as a metaphor, but a being that influences our day-to-day existences. Many believers allow for the existence of other, less powerful spiritual beings, and give them names such as [[angel]]s, [[saint]]s, [[djinn]]i, [[demon]]s, and [[deva (New Age)|devas]].
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| − | === Theism and Deism ===
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| − | [[Theism]] holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal, and is personal, interested, and answers prayer.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} It holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Catholic theology holds that God is [[divine simplicity|infinitely simple]] and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. [[Open Theism]], by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. "Theism" is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism{{Fact|date=June 2007}}.
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| − | [[Deism]] holds that God is wholly [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent]]: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it. In this view, God is not [[anthropomorphic]], and does not literally answer prayers or cause miracles to occur. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. [[Pandeism]] and [[Panendeism]], respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs discussed below.
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| − | == History of monotheism ==
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| − | {{main | Monotheism}}
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| − | [[Image:God2-Sistine Chapel.png|thumb|230px|16th century depiction of [[Genesis]] ([[Michelangelo]], Sistine Chapel): God creates [[Adam and Eve|Adam]]. The concept of God as a singular patriarchal "[[Father]] [of all creation]" is common in [[Western culture]] ([[abrahamic religion|Abrahamic]]) monotheism.]]
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| − | The concept of monotheism sees a gradual development out of notions of [[henotheism]] and [[monolatrism]]. In the [[Ancient Near East]], each [[URU|city]] had a local patron deity, such as [[Shamash]] at [[Larsa]] or [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]] at [[Ur]]. The first claims of global supremacy of a specific god date to the [[Late Bronze Age]], with [[Akhenaten]]'s ''[[Great Hymn to the Aten]]'' (connected to [[Judaism]] by [[Sigmund Freud]] in his ''[[Moses and Monotheism]]''), and, depending on dating issues, [[Zoroaster]]'s [[Gatha]]s to [[Ahura Mazda]]. Currents of [[monism]] or monotheism emerge in [[Vedic period|Vedic India]] in the same period, with e.g. the [[Nasadiya Sukta]]. Philosophical monotheism and the associated concept of absolute [[good and evil]] emerges in [[Classical Antiquity]], notably with [[Plato]] (c.f. [[Euthyphro dilemma]]), elaborated into the idea of [[Absolute (philosophy)|The One]] in [[Neoplatonism]].
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| − | According to The Oxford Companion To World Mythology (David Leeming, Oxford University Press, 2005, page 153), "The lack of cohesion among early Hebrews made monotheism - even monolatry, the exclusive worship of one god among many - an impossibility...And even then it can be argued that the firm establishment of monotheism in Judaism required the rabbinical or Talmudic process of the first century B.C.E. to the sixth century C.E.".
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| − | In [[Kalam|Islamic theology]], a person who spontaneously "discovers" monotheism is called a ''[[ḥanÄ«f]]'', the original ''ḥanÄ«f'' being [[Abraham]].
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| − | Austrian anthropologist [[Wilhelm Schmidt]] in the 1910s postulated an ''[[Urmonotheismus]]'', "original" or "primitive monotheism", a thesis now widely rejected in [[comparative religion]] but still occasionally defended in [[creationist]] circles.
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| − | === Monotheism and pantheism ===
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| − | [[Monotheism|Monotheists]] hold that there is only one god, and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in [[Hinduism]].<ref>See Swami Bhaskarananda, ''Essentials of Hinduism'' (Viveka Press 2002) ISBN 1-884852-04-1</ref> Adherents of different religions, however, generally disagree as to how to best [[worship]] God and what is [[divine providence|God's plan]] for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the [[chosen people]] or have exclusive access to [[absolute truth]], generally through [[revelation]] or encounter with the Divine, which adherents of other religions do not. Another view is [[religious pluralism]]. A pluralist typically believes that his religion is the right one, but does not deny the partial truth of other religions. An example of a pluralist view in Christianity is [[supersessionism]], i.e., the belief that one's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions. A third approach is [[inclusivism|relativistic inclusivism]], where everybody is seen as equally right; an example in Christianity is [[universalism]]: the doctrine that [[salvation]] is eventually available for everyone. A fourth approach is [[syncretic|syncretism]], mixing different elements from different religion. An example of syncretism is the [[New Age]] movement.
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| − | [[Pantheism]] holds that God is the universe and the universe is God. [[Panentheism]] holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe. The distinctions between the two are subtle, and some consider them unhelpful. It is also the view of the [[Liberal Catholic Church]], [[Theosophy]], Hinduism, some divisions of Buddhism, and [[Taoism]], along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations. [[Kabbalah]], Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God — which has wide acceptance in [[Hasidic Judaism]], particularly from their founder [[Israel ben Eliezer|The Baal Shem Tov]] — but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.
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| − | === Dystheism and nontheism ===
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| − | [[Dystheism]], related to [[theodicy]] is a form of theism which holds that God is either not wholly-good or is fully malevolent as a consequence of the [[problem of evil]]. One such example would be [[Satanism]] or the [[Devil]]. There is no known community of practicing dystheists.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
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| − | [[Nontheism]] holds that the universe can be explained without any reference to the supernatural, or to a supernatural being. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. Many schools of [[Buddhism]] may be considered non-theistic.
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| − | == Scientific positions regarding God ==
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| − | Because the [[Science|scientific community]] is dependent on the [[scientific method]] when arriving at conclusions about any discrete aspect of human knowledge, there is a lack of consensus as to the appropriate scientific treatment of religious questions, such as those of the [[existence]], [[nature]] and properties of God — mainly because of the lack of a common definition of God and, even if there were an agreed-on definition that could be taken as a [[scientific hypothesis]], the inability to objectively verify this definition using the scientific method. Invariably, lack of objective empiric verifiability of the existence of God has led to [[scientific skepticism]] which forms the basis of [[Atheism|atheistic philosophy]].
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| − | [[Stephen Jay Gould]] proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called "[[non-overlapping magisteria]]" (NOMA). In this view, questions of the [[supernatural]], such as those relating to the [[existence]] and [[nature]] of God, are non-[[empirical]] and are the proper domain of [[theology]]. The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world, and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value. In this view, the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world.<ref> {{cite book |title=The God Delusion |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Dawkins |year=2006 |publisher=Bantam Press |location=Great Britain |isbn=0-618-68000-4}}</ref> Another view, advanced by [[Richard Dawkins]], is that the existence of God is an empirical question, on the grounds that "a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference."<ref>{{cite web | last=Dawkins | first=Richard | authorlink=Richard Dawkins | title=Why There Almost Certainly Is No God | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-dawkins/why-there-almost-certainl_b_32164.html | accessdate=2007-01-10}}</ref> A third view is that of [[scientism]] or [[logical positivism]]: any question which cannot be defined cannot be answered by science and is therefore either nonsensical or is not worth asking, on the grounds that only empirically answerable questions make sense and are worth attention.
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| − | == Distribution of belief in God ==
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| − | {{main|List of religious populations}}
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| − | [[Image:Europe belief in god.png|thumb|250px|The percentage of people in European countries who said in 2005 that they "believe there is a God". Countries with [[Eastern Orthodox]] (ie:[[Greece]], [[Romania]], etc.) or [[Muslim]] (Turkey) majorities tend to poll highest.]]
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| − | As of 2000, approximately 53% of the world's population identifies with one of the three Abrahamic religions (33% Christian, 20% Islam, <1% Judaism), 6% with Buddhism, 13% with Hinduism, 6% with [[Chinese folk religion|traditional Chinese religion]], 7% with various other religions, and less than 15% as non-religious. Most of these religious beliefs involve a god or gods.<ref>National Geographic Family Reference Atlas of the World p. 49</ref>
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| − | == References ==
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| − | <div class="references-small">
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| − | * [[BBC]], <cite>Nigeria leads in religious belief</cite>
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| − | * [[Cliff Pickover|Pickover, Cliff]], <cite>The Paradox of God and the Science of Omniscience</cite>, Palgrave/St Martin's Press, 2001. ISBN 1-4039-6457-2
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| − | * [[Francis Collins|Collins, Francis]], <cite>The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief</cite>, Free Press, 2006. ISBN 0-7432-8639-1
| + | |
| − | * [[Harris interactive]], <cite>While Most Americans Believe in God, Only 36% Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or More Often</cite>
| + | |
| − | * [[Jack Miles|Miles, Jack]], <cite>God: A Biography</cite>, Knopf, 1995, ISBN 0-679-74368-5 [http://www.jackmiles.com/default.asp?ID=15 Book description].
| + | |
| − | * [[Karen Armstrong|Armstrong, Karen]], <cite>A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam</cite>, Ballantine Books, 1994. ISBN 0-434-02456-2
| + | |
| − | * [[National Geographic]] Family Reference Atlas of the World, National Geographic Society, 2002.
| + | |
| − | * [[Pew research center]], <cite>The 2004 Political Landscape Evenly Divided and Increasingly Polarized - Part 8: Religion in American Life</cite>
| + | |
| − | * Sharp, Michael, <cite>The Book of Light: The Nature of God, the Structure of Consciousness, and the Universe Within You</cite>. Avatar Publications, 2005. ISBN 0-9738555-2-5. [http://bookoflight.michaelsharp.org/?act=intro0973855525 free as eBook]
| + | |
| − | * [[Paul Tillich]], ''Systematic Theology'', Vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951). ISBN 0-226-80337-6
| + | |
| − | *{{cite book
| + | |
| − | |author= Hastings, James Rodney
| + | |
| − | |authorlink=James Hastings
| + | |
| − | |editor=
| + | |
| − | |others=John A Selbie
| + | |
| − | |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics
| + | |
| − | |edition=Volume 4 of 24 ( Behistun (continued) to Bunyan.)
| + | |
| − | |language=
| + | |
| − | |publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC
| + | |
| − | |location=Edinburgh
| + | |
| − | |year=2nd edition 1925-1940, reprint 1955, 2003
| + | |
| − | |origyear=1908-26
| + | |
| − | |pages=476
| + | |
| − | |quote=The encyclopedia will contain articles on all the religions of the world and on all the great systems of ethics. It will aim at containing articles on every religious belief or custom, and on every ethical movement, every philosophical idea, every moral practice.
| + | |
| − | |isbn=0-7661-3673-6
| + | |
| − | |oclc=
| + | |
| − | |doi=
| + | |
| − | |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Kaz58z--NtUC&pg=PA540&vq=Krishna&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1&sig=lo3NqA31k8hJZw7qNc9QDEAYyYA
| + | |
| − | |accessdate=03-05-2008
| + | |
| − | }}
| + | |
| − | </div>
| + | |
| − | {{-}}
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | == Notes ==
| + | |
| − | {{reflist|2}}
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | == External links ==
| + | |
| − | {{wikiquote}}
| + | |
| − | {{wikinews2|Nebraska Senator sues God|Court papers filed on behalf of God respond to lawsuit by Nebraska Senator}}
| + | |
| − | {{Spoken Wikipedia|God_Article_Spoken_2008.ogg|2008-01-06}}
| + | |
| − | * [http://www.allaboutgod.com God Christian perspective]
| + | |
| − | * [http://paternoster.biografi.org Concept of God in Christianity]
| + | |
| − | * [http://www.chabad.org/search/keyword.asp?kid=3001 God in Judaism]
| + | |
| − | * [http://www.fatherspeaks.net Mystical view of God]
| + | |
| − | * [http://www.islam-info.ch/en/Who_is_Allah.htm Concept of God in Islam]
| + | |
| − | * [http://www.aish.com/literacy/concepts/Understanding_God.asp Jewish Literacy]
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| − | * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06614a.htm Relation of God to the Universe]
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| − | * [http://www.shaivam.org/hipgodco.htm Hindu Concept of God]
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| − | | + | |
| − | {{Theism}}
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| − | {{Belief systems}}
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| − | {{Religion-related topics|hide}}
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT: }}
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| − | [[Category:Allah]]
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| − | [[Category:Bahá'à teachings]]
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| − | [[Category:Christianity]]
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| − | [[Category:Creator gods]]
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| − | [[Category:Deities]]
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| − | [[Category:God]]
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| − | [[Category:Judaism]]
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| − | [[Category:Singular God]]
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| − | [[Category:Spirituality]]
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| − | [[af:God]]
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| − | [[ar:الله]]
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| − | [[an:Dios]]
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| − | [[arc:ÜÜ Ü—Ü]]
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| − | [[ast:Dios]]
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| − | [[ay:Tatitu]]
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| − | [[bn:ঈশà§à¦¬à¦°]]
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| − | [[zh-min-nan:SiÅng-tè]]
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| − | [[be-x-old:Бог]]
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| − | [[bar:Gott]]
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| − | [[bs:Bog]]
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| − | [[br:Doue]]
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| − | [[bg:Бог]]
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| − | [[ca:Déu]]
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| − | [[cv:Турă]]
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| − | [[cs:Bůh]]
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| − | [[cy:Duw]]
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| − | [[da:Gud]]
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| − | [[de:Gott]]
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| − | [[et:Jumal]]
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| − | [[el:Θεός]]
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| − | [[es:Dios]]
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| − | [[eo:Dio]]
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| − | [[eu:Jainko]]
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| − | [[fa:خدا]]
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| − | [[fr:Dieu]]
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| − | [[fy:God]]
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| − | [[fur:Diu]]
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| − | [[gd:Dia]]
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| − | [[gl:Deus]]
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| − | [[got:ðŒ²ðŒ¿ðŒ¸]]
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| − | [[hak:Song-ti]]
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| − | [[ko:하ëŠë‹˜]]
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| − | [[hi:ईशà¥à¤µà¤°]]
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| − | [[hr:Bog]]
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| − | [[id:Tuhan]]
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| − | [[ia:Deo]]
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| − | [[zu:UNkulunkulu]]
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| − | [[is:Guð]]
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| − | [[it:Dio]]
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| − | [[he:×לוהי×]]
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| − | [[jv:Hyang]]
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| − | [[sw:Mungu]]
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| − | [[ku:Xwedê]]
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| − | [[la:Deus]]
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| − | [[lt:Dievas]]
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| − | [[ln:Nzámbe]]
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| − | [[hu:Isten]]
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| − | [[mk:Бог]]
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| − | [[ms:Tuhan]]
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| − | [[na:Gott]]
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| − | [[nl:God]]
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| − | [[nds-nl:God]]
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| − | [[ja:神]]
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| − | [[no:Gud]]
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| − | [[nn:Gud]]
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| − | [[nrm:Dùu]]
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| − | [[uz:Xudo]]
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| − | [[ps:الله]]
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| − | [[pt:Deus]]
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| − | [[ro:Dumnezeu]]
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| − | [[ru:Бог]]
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| − | [[sq:Perëndia]]
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| − | [[scn:Diu]]
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| − | [[simple:God]]
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| − | [[sk:Boh]]
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| − | [[cu:Богъ]]
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| − | [[fi:Jumala]]
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| − | [[sv:Gud]]
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| − | [[tl:Diyos]]
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| − | [[vi:Thiên Chúa]]
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| − | [[tpi:Got]]
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| − | [[tr:Tanrı]]
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| − | [[uk:Бог]]
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| − | [[vec:Dio]]
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| − | [[vls:God]]
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| − | [[yi:×’×ט]]
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| − | [[bat-smg:Dievs]]
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| − | [[zh:上å¸]]
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7 Seven has been a very naughty boy and shan't be allowed to take part in this list
