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| − | {{distinguish|ephebophilia|podophilia}}
| + | '''Pedophilia''' or '''paedophilia''' is a sexual perversion that causes one to be sexually attracted to pre-puberty children. "People" with this disorder often engage in child sexual abuse. |
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| − | The term '''pedophilia''' or '''paedophilia''' has a range of definitions as found in common usage, psychology, and law enforcement. As a medical diagnosis, it is defined as a psychological disorder in which an adult experiences a sexual preference for [[prepubescent]] children<ref name=WHOPaedophilia /><ref name="okami">Okami, P. & Goldberg, A. (1992) "Personality correlates of pedophilia: Are they reliable indicators?," ''Journal of Sex Research'', 29, 297-328.</ref><ref>Freund, K. (1981). Assessment of pedophilia. In M. Cook & K. Howells (Eds.), Adult sexual interest in children (pp. 139–179). London: Academic.</ref><ref name=Blanchard2007/> and may engage in [[child sexual abuse]], also known as "pedophilic behavior".<ref name=americanheritage2> {{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pedophilia |title="pedophilia" (n.d.) |work=The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary |date=May 06, 2008|quote=The act or fantasy on the part of an adult of engaging in sexual activity with a child or children.}}</ref><ref name= Finkelhor>{{cite book|title=A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse: Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse |first=David |last=Finkelhor |coauthors=Sharon Araji |year=1986 |publisher=Sage Publications |pages=p90 |isbn=0803927495}}</ref><ref name=burgess>{{cite book |title=Sexual Assault of Children and Adolescents|first=Ann Wolbert |last=Burgess |coauthors=Ann Wolbert |year=1978 |publisher=Lexington Books |pages=p9-10,24,40 |isbn=0669018929|quote=the sexual misuse and abuse of children constitutes pedophilia}}</ref><ref name=faganJAMA/><ref name=britannica>{{cite web|title=pedophilia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058932 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> According to the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]], pedophilia is a form of [[paraphilia]] in which a person either has acted on intense sexual urges towards children, or has sexual urges towards and fantasies about children that cause distress or interpersonal difficulty.<ref>[http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZUZRUZGLC&sub_cat=355 medem.com]</ref>
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| − | In common usage, the term '''pedophile''' or '''paedophile''' refers to an adult who is sexually attracted to children, whether or not the adult acts upon that attraction by sexually abusing a child.<ref name=americanheritage> {{cite web|url= http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pedophile |title="pedophile" (n.d.) |work=The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition |date=May 06, 2008}}</ref><ref name=americanheritage2/> In [[Police|law enforcement]], the term "pedophile" is generally used to describe those accused or convicted of child sexual abuse under [[Minor (law)|sociolegal definitions of child]] (including both prepubescent [[children]] and adolescents younger than the local [[age of consent]]);<ref name=ames/> as can be seen for example in the name of the United Kingdom police agency, the [[Paedophile Unit]]. Some researchers have described this usage as improper and suggested it can confound two separate types of offenders, [[child molester]]s and [[Rape|rapists]], thereby obscuring results of ongoing research.<ref name="okami">Okami, P. & Goldberg, A. (1992) "Personality correlates of pedophilia: Are they reliable indicators?," ''Journal of Sex Research'', 29, 297-328.</ref><ref name=ames>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2205170 |title= Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia |volume=1990 Aug;19(4):333-42. |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |last=Ames |first=MA |coauthors=Houston DA}}</ref>
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| − | The causes of pedophilia have not been determined, though there are a variety of theories ranging from biological to psychological, and research is ongoing.<ref name=psychtoday2008>{{cite web|url=http://psychologytoday.com/conditions/pedophilia.html |title="Pedophilia" |publisher= Sussex Publishers, LLC |work=Psychology Today |date=07 Sept 2006}}</ref> Most pedophiles are men.<ref name=britannica/> In psychology and law enforcement, there have been a variety of typologies suggested to categorize pedophiles according to behavior and motivations.<ref name=lanning3e/> There is no known treatment or cure for pedophilia, however there are therapies that can reduce the incidence of pedophilic behaviors that result in child sexual abuse.<ref name=fullerJAMA/><ref name=faganJAMA/>
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| − | ==History of the term==
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| − | The word comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''paidophilia'' (παιδοφιλία): ''pais'' (παις, "child") and ''philia'' (φιλία, "love, friendship"). ''Paidophilia'' was coined by Greek poets either as a substitute for "paiderastia" ([[pederasty]]),<ref>Liddell, H.G., and Scott, Robert (1959). ''Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon''. ISBN 0-19-910206-6.</ref> or vice versa.<ref>Anonymous (probably Geigel, Alois. 1869) ''Das Paradoxon der Venus Urania'' ("The paradox of man-manly love"), p. 6. {{OCLC|68582227}} {{OCLC|77768935}} Reprinted as a complete facsimile in Hohmann, Joachim S. (1977). ''Der unterdrückte Sexus'' ("Historical oppression of sexuality"). ISBN 3879587124 {{de icon}}. The anonymous 1869 author had harshly rejected the theories of early LGBT activist [[Karl Heinrich Ulrichs]] whose "filthy pederasty" he contrasted with chaste, "sublime paedophilia" basing both definitions on the classical meaning ''boy'' for ''παις'' instead of the non-classical meaning ''child'', and ''εÏαστια'' ("erastia") as pure "sexual desire", contrasted with more sublime ''φιλία''.</ref>
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| − | The classic [[Latin]]ized spelling is with ''ae'' or ''æ'', to avoid confusion with ''pedophilia'', which etymologically means attraction to the ground (Ï€Îδον). The term should also not be confused with ''[[podophilia]]'' either, which is attraction to feet (ποÏÏ‚ > octopus / ποδός / πηδόν > pedal).
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| − | Today the [[American english|American]] (among others) [[pronunciation]] has changed into the more [[List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents|germanic]] [[English language|English]] form using the "ped" as in "pediatrician," not as in "pedestrian" despite the fact the original Greek spelling contained an ai, which is pronounced as in "eye".<ref>[http://www.greeklatinaudio.com/additional.htm greeklatinaudio.com additional information<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> English has not fully [[Articulatory phonetics|developed]] the sounds of the vowels in the original form due to the phonetics of the vastly different languages. The correct terminology of the modern word ''Paedophile'' uses the ae or æ, which is the Latinized form of the Greek original, this happened a lot in the [[Latin influence in English|adoption]] of more of the classical languages into modern English and other European languages as detailed below.
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| − | The term '''''paedophilia erotica''''' was coined in 1886 by the [[Vienna|Viennese]] psychiatrist [[Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing|Richard von Krafft-Ebing]] in his writing ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis]]''.<ref>Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1886). ''Psychopathia Sexualis''. English translation: ISBN 1-55970-425-X.</ref> He gave the following characteristics:
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| − | * The sexual interest is toward pre-pubescent youths only. This interest does not extend to the first signs of [[pubic hair]].
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| − | * The sexual interest is toward pre-pubescent youths only and does not include teenagers.
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| − | * The sexual interest remains over time.
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| − | Adults sexually attracted to pre-pubescent youths were placed into three categories by Krafft-Ebing:
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| − | *a.) pedophile
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| − | *b.) [[wikt:surrogate|surrogate]] (that is, the pre-pubescent youths are regarded as a substitute object for a preferred, non-available adult object)
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| − | *c.) [[sadism|sadistic]]
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| − | Other researchers used their own terms for the Krafft-Ebing categories:
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| − | *a.) ''preferential/structured/fixed'' (i. e. pedophile) type,
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| − | *b.) ''situational/opportunistic/regressed/[[incest]]'' (i. e. surrogate) type
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| − | *c.) sadistic (no change)
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| − | This three-type model as well as the fundamental mental and behavioural differences of the three types were [[empirical evidence|empirically evidenced]], among others, by Kinsey; Howells 1981;<ref name=howells1981>Howells, K. (1981). "Adult sexual interest in children: Considerations relevant to theories of aetiology," ''Adult sexual interest in children'', 55-94.</ref> Abel, Mittleman & Becker 1985;<ref name="abeletal1985">Abel, G. G., Mittleman, M. S., & Becker, J. V. (1985). "Sex offenders: Results of assessment and recommendations for treatment." In M. H. Ben-Aron, S. J. Hucker, & C. D. Webster (Eds.), ''Clinical criminology: The assessment and treatment of criminal behavior (pp. 207-220). Toronto, Canada: M & M Graphics''.</ref> Knight ''et al.'' 1985;<ref name="knightetal1985">Knight, R.; Rosenberg, R.; Schneider, B. (1985). "Classification of sex offenders: Perspectives, methods, and validation" In A. W. Burgess (Ed.) ''Rape and sexual assault: A research handbook'' (pp. 222-293). New York: Garland.</ref> McConaghy 1993;<ref name="mcconaghy1993">McConaghy, Nathaniel (1993). "Sexual Behaviour: Problems and Management", 312, New York: Plenum</ref> Ward ''et al.'' 1995;<ref name="wardetal1995">Ward, T., Hudson, S. M., Marshall, W. L., & Siegert, R. J. (1995). "Attachment style and intimacy deficits in sexual offenders: A theoretical framework." In ''Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment'', 7, 317-334.</ref> Hoffmann 1996;<ref name="hoffmann1996">Hoffmann, R. (1996). "Die Lebenswelt des Pädophilen: Rahmen, Rituale und Dramaturgie der pädophilen Begegnung" (''Paedophile conduct: Context, rituals, and choreography of paedophile contacts''). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag {{de icon}}</ref> Seikowski 1999.<ref name="seikowski1999">Seikowski, K. (1999). "Pädophilie: Definition, Abgrenzung und Entwicklungsbedingungen" ("Paedophilia: Definition, distinguishing features, and aetiology") In ''Sexualmedizin'' 21, pp. 327-332 {{de icon}}</ref>
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | The ''[[ICD|International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]]'' (F65.4) defines pedophilia as "a sexual preference for children, boys or girls or both, usually of prepubertal or early pubertal age."<ref name=WHOPaedophilia >World Health Organization, [http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/ ''International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: ICD-10]'' Section F65.4: Paedophilia (online access via ICD-10 site map table of contents) </ref>
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| − | The [[American Psychiatric Association|APA]]'s ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' 4th edition, Text Revision gives the following as its "Diagnostic criteria for 302.2 Pedophilia":<ref name=APAstmt>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070629090023/http://www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/diagnosticcriteriapedophilia.pdf |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |work=APA STATEMENT|title=DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR PEDOPHILIA |date=June 17, 2003}}</ref><ref name=DSMmedem>[http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZUZRUZGLC&sub_cat=355 ''Pedophilia''] DSM at the Medem Online Medical Library</ref>
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| − | *A. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing [[fantasy (psychology)|fantasies]], sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger);
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| − | *B. The person has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty;
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| − | *C. The person is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in Criterion A.
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| − | *Specify if: Limited to incest
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| − | *Specify type: Exclusive Type (attracted only to children) Nonexclusive Type
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| − | Neither the ICD or the APA diagnostic criteria require actual sexual activity with a pre-pubescent youths. The diagnosis can therefore be made based on the presence of ''fantasies'' or ''sexual urges'' alone, provided the subject meets the remaining criteria. "For individuals in late adolescence with pedophilia, no precise age difference is specified, and clinical judgment must be used" (p. 527 [[DSM]]).<ref name=DSMmedem/>
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| − | '''Nepiophilia''', also called ''infantophilia'', is used to refer to a sexual preference for [[toddler]]s and [[babies|infant]]s (usually ages 0–3).<ref>{{cite book|title=Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment |last= Laws|first= D. Richard |coauthors=William T. O'Donohue |year=2008 |publisher=Guilford Press |pages=p176 |isbn= 1593856059}}</ref>
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| − | ==Etiology==
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| − | The cause or causes of pedophilia are not known.<ref name=psychtoday2008>{{cite web|url=http://psychologytoday.com/conditions/pedophilia.html |title="Pedophilia" |publisher= Sussex Publishers, LLC |work=Psychology Today |date=07 Sept 2006}}</ref> The experience of sexual abuse as a child was previously thought to be a strong risk factor, but research does not show a causal relationship, as the vast majority of sexually abused children do not grow up to be adult offenders, nor do the majority of adult offenders report childhood sexual abuse. The US Government Accountability Office concluded, "the existence of a cycle of sexual abuse was not established." Prior to 1996, there was greater belief in the theory of a "cycle of violence," because most of the research done was retrospective—abusers were asked if they had experienced past abuse. Even the majority of studies found that most adult sex offenders said they had ''not'' been sexually abused during childhood, but studies varied in terms of their estimates of the percentage of such offenders who had been abused, from 0 to 79 percent. More recent prospective [[longitudinal]] research—studying children with documented cases of sexual abuse over time to determine what percentage become adult offenders—has demonstrated that the cycle of violence theory is not an adequate explanation for why people molest children.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cycle of Sexual Abuse: Research Inconclusive About Whether Child Victims Become Adult Abusers|url=http://www.gao.gov/archive/1996/gg96178.pdf|work= US Government Accountability Office General Government Division United States|author=E L Rezmovic ; D Sloane ; D Alexander ; B Seltser ; T Jessor|year=1996}}</ref>
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| − | ===Biological findings===
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| − | Several researchers have reported correlations between pedophilia and certain psychological characteristics, such as low self-esteem<ref>Marshall, W. L. (1997). The relationship between self-esteem and deviant sexual arousal in nonfamilial child molesters. ''Behavior Modification, 21,'' 86–96.</ref><ref>Marshall, W., L., Cripps, E., Anderson, D., & Cortoni, F. A. (1999). Self-esteem and coping strategies in child molesters. ''Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14,'' 955–962.</ref> and poor social skills.<ref>Emmers-Sommer, T. M., Allen, M., Bourhis, J., Sahlstein, E., Laskowski, K., Falato, W. L., et al. (2004). A meta-analysis of the relationship between social skills and sexual offenders. ''Communication Reports, 17,'' 1–10.</ref> Until recently, many pedophilia researchers believed that pedophilia was actually caused by those characteristics. Beginning in 2002, other researchers, most notably Canadian [[sexology | sexologists]] James Cantor and [[Ray Blanchard]] and their colleagues, began reporting a series of findings linking pedophilia with brain structure and function: Pedophilic (and [[hebephilia | hebephilic]]) men have lower IQs,<ref name = Cantor2004>Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Christensen, B. K., Dickey, R., Klassen, P. E., Beckstead, A. L., Blak, T., & Kuban, M. E. (2004). Intelligence, memory, and handedness in pedophilia. ''Neuropsychology, 18,'' 3–14.</ref><ref name = Cantor2005>Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Robichaud, L. K., & Christensen, B. K. (2005). Quantitative reanalysis of aggregate data on IQ in sexual offenders. ''Psychological Bulletin, 131,'' 555–568.</ref><ref name=Blanchard2007>Blanchard, R., Kolla, N. J., Cantor, J. M., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., Kuban, M. E., & Blak, T. (2007). IQ, handedness, and pedophilia in adult male patients stratified by referral source. ''Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19,'' 285-309.</ref> poorer scores on memory tests,<ref name = Cantor2004/> greater rates of non-right-handedness,<ref name = Cantor2004/><ref name = Blanchard2007/><ref>Cantor, J. M., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., Christensen, B. K., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Williams, N. S., & Blanchard, R. (2005). Handedness in pedophilia and hebephilia. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34,'' 447–459.</ref><ref>Bogaert, A. F. (2001). Handedness, criminality, and sexual offending. ''Neuropsychologia, 39,'' 465–469.</ref> greater rates of school grade failure over and above the IQ differences,<ref>Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., & Blanchard, R. (2006). Grade failure and special education placement in sexual offenders’ educational histories. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35,'' 743–751.</ref>, lesser physical height,<ref>Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., & Blanchard, R. (2007). Physical height in pedophilia and hebephilia. ''Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19,'' 395–407.</ref> and several differences in [[MRI]]-detected brain structures.<ref>Cantor, J. M., Kabani, N., Christensen, B. K., Zipursky, R. B., Barbaree, H. E., Dickey, R., Klassen, P. E., Mikulis, D. J., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Richards, B. A., Hanratty, M. K., & Blanchard, R. (2008). Cerebral white matter deficiencies in pedophilic men. ''Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42,'' 167–183.</ref><ref>Schiffer, B., Peschel, T., Paul, T., Gizewski, E., Forsting, M., Leygraf, N., Schedlowski, M., Krueger, T. H. C. (2007). Structural brain abnormalities in the frontostriatal system and cerebellum in pedophilia. 'Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41,'' 753–762</ref><ref>Schiltz, K., Witzel, J., Northoff, G., Zierhut, K., Gubka, U., Fellman, H., Kaufmann, J., Tempelmann, C., Wiebking, C., & Bogerts, B. (2007). Brain pathology in pedophilic offenders: Evidence of volume reduction in the right amygdala and related diencephalic structures. ''Archives of General Psychiatry, 64,'' 737–746.</ref> These recent findings suggest that there are one or more neurological characteristics present at birth that cause or increase the likelihood of being pedophilic. Evidence of familial transmittability "suggests, but does not prove that genetic factors are responsible" for the development of pedophilia.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6470698&dopt=AbstractPlus Is there familial transmission of pedophilia? [J Nerv Ment Dis. 1984] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| − | Additionally, there is research correlating "pedophilic" and "hebephilic" sex offending with lack of height, suggesting that there may be a biological or pre-natal cause related to physical development.<ref>Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., & Blanchard, R. (2007). Physical height in pedophilia and hebephilia. ''Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19,'' 395–407.</ref> Another study, using structural [[MRI]], shows that pedophlic men have a lower volume of [[white matter]] than non-sexual criminals.<ref>{{cite journal|journal= J Psychiatr Res.|year= 2008|volume=42|issue=(3):|author=Cantor JM, Kabani N, Christensen BK, Zipursky RB, Barbaree HE, Dickey R, Klassen PE, Mikulis DJ, Kuban ME, Blak T, Richards BA, Hanratty MK, Blanchard R|title=Cerebral white matter deficiencies in pedophilic men|pmid=: 18039544|pages=167–83|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.10.013}}</ref>
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| − | Functional magnetic resonance imaging ([[fMRI]]) has shown that child molesters diagnosed with pedophilia have reduced activation of the [[hypothalamus]] as compared with non-pedophilic individuals when viewing sexually arousing pictures of adults.<ref>Walter ''et al.'' (2007). "Pedophilia Is Linked to Reduced Activation in Hypothalamus and Lateral Prefrontal Cortex During Visual Erotic Stimulation." ''Biological Psychiatry.'' '''62'''.</ref> A 2008 functional neuroimaging study notes that central processing of sexual stimuli in heterosexual "paedophile forensic inpatients" may be altered by a disturbance in the prefrontal networks, which "may be associated with stimulus-controlled behaviours, such as sexual compulsive behaviours." The findings may also suggest "a dysfunction at the cognitive stage of sexual arousal processing."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Neuroimage|date=2008|volume=41|issue=1|title=Functional brain correlates of heterosexual paedophilia|author= Schiffer B, Paul T, Gizewski E, Forsting M, Leygraf N, Schedlowski M, Kruger TH|pmid= : 18358744|pages=80–91|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.008}}</ref>
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| − | While not causes of pedophilia itself, comorbid psychiatric illness--such as personality disorders and substance abuse--are risk factors for acting on pedophilic urges.<ref name=faganJAMA>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12435259 |title= Pedophilia |volume=2002 Nov 20;288(19):2458-65 |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |last=Fagan et al |first= P.J.}}</ref>
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| − | ===Psychopathology and cognitive distortions===
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| − | Pedophiles have impaired interpersonal functioning and elevated passive-aggressiveness, as well as impaired self-concept. Regarding disinhibitory traits, pedophiles demonstrate elevated sociopathy and propensity for cognitive distortions. Pathologic personality traits in pedophiles and lend support to a hypothesis that such pathology is related to both motivation for and failure to inhibit pedophilic behavior.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Personality impairment in male pedophiles|author= Cohen LJ, McGeoch PG, Watras-Gans S, Acker S, Poznansky O, Cullen K, Itskovich Y, Galynker I.|journal=J Clin Psychiatry|date=2002 Oct;|volume=63|issue=(10):|pmid=: 12416601|pages=912–9}}</ref> A review of qualitative research studies published between 1982 and 2001 revealed that pedophiles use cognitive distortions to meet personal needs. They justify abuse by making excuses, redefining their actions as love and mutuality, and exploiting the power imbalance inherent in all adult-child relationships.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Isolation, gratification, justification: offenders' explanations of child molesting|author= Lawson L.|journal=Issues Ment Health Nurs|date=2003 Sep-Nov;|issue=24|volume=(6-7):|pmid=: 12907384|pages=695–705}}</ref> Other cognitive distortions include the idea of "children as sexual beings," "uncontrollability of sexuality," and "sexual entitlement-bias."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Implicit cognitive distortions and sexual offending|author= Mihailides S, Devilly GJ, Ward T.|journal=Sex Abuse|date=2004 Oct|volume=16|issue=(4):|pmid=: 15560415|pages=333–50}}</ref>
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| − | A United States Department of Justice manual lists five of these common psychological defenses commonly used by pedophiles to justify their actions. 1) Denial(is it wrong to hug a child?), 2) Minimization (it only happened once), 3) Justification (I'm a boy lover, not a child molester), 4) Fabrication (activities were for a scholarly research project), and 5) Attack (character attacks on child, accusers, and others.)
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| − | <ref>Mayo Clinic Procedings "A Profile of Pedophilia"[http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/pdf/8204/8204sa.pdf Mayo Clinic Procedings] Accessed [[June 2]], [[2008]]</ref>
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| − | These defense mechanisms reflect one of the most salient features of the condition. Cognitive distortions are a hallmark feature of the pedophilia, used to maximize the pedophiles subjective self-regard, justify their thoughts and behavior, but rarely have basis in objective reality as they're entirely self-serving. This form of denial is one of the reasons why many pedophiles fail to recognize the true harm that they may cause, as most pedophiles act for their own gratification, but will rationalize their actions as for the good of the child.<ref>Encyclopedia of Psychology "Pedophilia" [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0005/ai_2699000576/pg_1]</ref>
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| − | ==Types of pedophiles==
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| − | '''Exclusive vs. nonexclusive'''
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| − | Although usually defined as an exclusive sexual preference by medical diagnosis,<ref name=WHOPaedophilia/><ref name=okami/><ref name=Blanchard2007/> pedophilia may be better understood if separated into two categories. Based on the individual's specific sexual attraction, he or she can usually be categorized as an exclusive or nonexclusive pedophile. Exclusive pedophiles are attracted to children, and children only. They show little erotic interest in adults their own age and in some cases, can only become aroused while fantasizing or being in the presence of prepubescent children. Nonexclusive pedophiles are attracted to both children and adults, and can be sexually aroused by both. According to a U.S. study on 2429 adult male pedophiles, only 7% identified themselves as exclusive; indicating that many or most pedophiles fall into the nonexclusive category.<ref name=mayoclinic>{{cite journal |url=http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/pdf%2F8204%2F8204sa.pdf |title=A Profile of Pedophilia: Definition, Characteristics of Offenders, Recidivism, Treatment Outcomes, and Forensic Issues |last= HALL, MD |first=RYAN C. W. |coauthors=AND RICHARD C. W. HALL, MD, PA. |journal=MAYO CLIN PROC |volume=82:457-471 2007 |publisher=MAYO FOUNDATION FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH}}</ref>
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| − | ==Prevalence of pedophilia among child sex offenders==
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| − | A behavioral analysis report by the [[FBI]] states that most [[child molesters]] in general are pedophiles, and in particular, "A high percentage of acquaintance child molesters are preferential sex offenders who have a true sexual preference for children (i.e., pedophiles)."<ref name=lanning3e>{{cite web|title=Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis (Third Edition) |url=http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC70.pdf |author=Lanning, Kenneth |year=2001 |publisher=National Center for Missing & Exploited Children |pages=p25, 27, 29}}</ref> According to the [[Mayo Clinic]], approximately 95% of child sexual abuse incidents are committed by the 88% of child molestation offenders who meet the diagnostic criteria for pedophilia;<ref name=mayoclinic/> and pedophilic child molestors commit ten times more sexual acts against children than non-pedophilic child molestors.<ref name=mayoclinic>{{cite journal |url=http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/pdf%2F8204%2F8204sa.pdf |title=A Profile of Pedophilia: Definition, Characteristics of Offenders, Recidivism, Treatment Outcomes, and Forensic Issues |last= HALL, MD |first=RYAN C. W. |coauthors=AND RICHARD C. W. HALL, MD, PA. |journal=MAYO CLIN PROC |volume=82:457-471 2007 |publisher=MAYO FOUNDATION FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH}}</ref> On the other hand, in papers by Paul Okami and Amy Goldberg (1992), and Kevin Howells (1981), the authors stated that most data they had reviewed suggests that pedophiles make up a minority of incarcerated child sex offenders.<ref>Okami, P. & Goldberg, A. (1992) "Personality correlates of pedophilia: Are they reliable indicators?," ''Journal of Sex Research'', 29, 297-328. "This is a particularly important point because most data suggest that only a relatively small portion of the population of incarcerated sexual offenders against minors consists of persons for whom minors (particularly children) represent the exclusive or even primary object of sexual interest or source of arousal."</ref><ref>Howells, K. (1981). "Adult sexual interest in children: Considerations relevant to theories of aetiology," in Cook, M. & Howells, K. (eds.), ''Adult sexual interest in children'', 55-94.</ref>
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| − | The term ''pedophile'' is commonly used to describe all child [[sex offenders|sexual offenders]], including those who do not meet the clinical diagnosis standards. This use is seen as problematic by some people.<ref>Edwards, M. (1997) "Treatment for Paedophiles; Treatment for Sex Offenders." ''Paedophile Policy and Prevention, Australian Institute of Criminology Research and Public Policy Series'' (12), 74-75.</ref><ref name="feierman">Feierman, J. (1990). "Introduction" and "A Biosocial Overview," ''Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions'', 1-68.</ref> Some researchers, such as Howard E. Barbaree,<ref name="barbaree-seto">Barbaree, H. E., and Seto, M. C. (1997). Pedophilia: Assessment and Treatment. ''Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment''. 175-193.</ref> have endorsed the use of actions as a sole criterion for the diagnosis of pedophilia as a means of taxonomic simplification, rebuking the [[American Psychiatric Association]]'s standards as "unsatisfactory". [[Child sexual abuse]], whether perpetrated by a clinically diagnosed pedophile or not, is illegal. According to the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers,
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| − | <blockquote>"Although virtually all pedophiles are child molesters, not all child molesters are pedophiles. Pedophiles are men with a clear sexual preference for children rather than adults. Child molesters are described as individuals who have committed a sexual offense against a child victim. There are, however, no 'pure' types, and offenders are best conceptualized as closer to one end of the continuum or the other."<ref>{{cite web|title=FACTS ABOUT ADULT SEX OFFENDERS|url=http://www.atsa.com/ppOffenderFacts.html|year=2001|work=Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers}}</ref></blockquote>
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| − | A perpetrator of child sexual abuse is commonly assumed to be and referred to as a pedophile; however, there may be other motivations for the crime<ref name="barbaree-seto" /> (such as stress, marital problems, or the unavailability of an adult partner),<ref>Howells, K. (1981). "Adult sexual interest in children: Considerations relevant to theories of aetiology," ''Adult sexual interest in children.'' 55-94.</ref> Child sexual abuse may or may not be an indicator that its perpetrator is a pedophile; or a subtype of pedophile. Many terms have been used to disntiguish "true pedophiles" from nonpedophilic offenders, or to distinguish among types of pedophiles on a continuum according to strength and exclusivity of pedophilic interest. Some of the terms used to describe incest offenders are regressed, situational, and intrafamilial.
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| − | A review article in the British Journal of Psychiatry notes the overlap between extrafamilial and intrafamilial offenders:
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| − | <blockquote>'''Incest and paedophilia''': Originally, the legal definition of incest applied to vaginal intercourse between a male and female whom the offender knew to be his daughter, granddaughter, sister or mother — and did not include stepfathers or adoptive fathers or actions other than vaginal intercourse (Smith & Bentovim, 1994). In clinical practice, the definition has been modified by including sexual contact which occurred within the nuclear family, giving rise to the dichotomy of intrafamilial abuse (incest) and extrafamilial abuse (paedophilia). Consequently, there was confusion about sexual abuse by stepparents and adoptive parent abusers. Paedophilia has been defined as a "perversion in which an adult has a sexual interest in children with paedophiliacs having certain fundamental features in common" (Glasser, 1990). However, just as incest does not imply homogeneity neither does paedophilia, and ambiguity in this term can lead to differences in usage. Another long-held belief is that incest and paedophile offenders are distinct (Cooper & Cormier, 1990; Glasser, 1990), together with an associated tendency to support community-based treatment for the incest offender but to view the paedophile as more dangerous. Conte (1991) contests this belief on the basis that about half of fathers and stepfathers, referred for treatment at clinics for having abused children outside the home, had at the same time been abusing their own children (Abel et al, 1988).<ref>{{cite web|title=Cycle of child sexual abuse: links between being a victim and becoming a perpetrator|author=M. GLASSER, FRCPsych and I. KOLVIN, FRCPsych |url=http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/bjprcpsych;179/6/482|work=British Journal of Psychiatry|year=2001}}</ref></blockquote>
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| − | As noted by Abel, Mittleman, and Becker<ref>Abel, G. G., Mittleman, M. S., & Becker, J. V. (1985). "Sex offenders: Results of assessment and recommendations for treatment." In M. H. Ben-Aron, S. J. Hucker, & C. D. Webster (Eds.), ''Clinical criminology: The assessment and treatment of criminal behavior'' (pp. 207-220). Toronto, Canada: M & M Graphics.</ref> (1985) and Ward ''et al.'' (1995), there are generally large distinctions between the two types of offenders' characteristics. Situational offenders tend to offend at times of stress; have a later onset of offending; have fewer, often familial victims; and have a general preference for adult partners. Pedophilic offenders, however, often start offending at an early age; often have a large number of victims who are frequently extrafamilial; are more inwardly driven to offend; and have values or beliefs that strongly support an offense lifestyle. Research suggests that incest offenders recidivate at approximately half the rate of extrafamilial child molesters, and one study estimated that by the time of entry to treatment, nonincestuous pedophiles who molest boys had committed an average of 282 offenses against 150 victims.<ref name=grossman>{{cite journal|title=Are Sex Offenders Treatable? A Research Overview|author=Linda S. Grossman, Ph.D., Brian Martis, M.D. and Christopher G. Fichtner, M.D.|url=http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/50/3/349|year=1999 |vol=50|pages=349–361work=Psychiatr Serv|pmid=10096639}}</ref>
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | Although pedophilia is a chronic condition that has no cure at this time, various treatments are available that can help to reduce or prevent the expression of pedophilic behavior, thereby reducing the prevalence of [[child sexual abuse]].<ref>[http://www.atsa.com/ppOffenderFacts.html Public Policy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=fullerJAMA>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2642565 |title= Child molestation and pedophilia. An overview for the physician. |volume=1989 Jan 27;261(4):602-6 |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |last=Fuller |first=AK.}}</ref> Treatment of pedophilia is considered a form of primary prevention and often requires collaboration between law enforcement and health care professionals.<ref name=fullerJAMA/><ref name=faganJAMA/>
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| − | A number of proposed treatment techniques for pedophilia have been developed. In 1981, writer David Crawford reported that the success rate of these therapies was very low.<ref name="crawfordd">Crawford, David (1981). "Treatment approaches with pedophiles." ''Adult sexual interest in children''. 181-217.</ref> Dr. Fred Berlin, founder of the Johns Hopkins Sexual Disorders Clinic, believed pedophilia could "indeed be successfully treated," if only the medical community would give it more attention.<ref name="edwards" />
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| − | Some psychologists,<ref>Musk, H., and Swetz, A. (1997). ''[http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=170701 Pedophilia in the correctional system]''; ''Corrections Today'', 59(5), 24–28. "Pedophilia is a sexual orientation characterized by sexual attraction to children."</ref> such as Dr. Fred S. Berlin, assert sexual attraction to pre-pubescent youths to be a [[sexual orientation]] in itself, but Berlin also states "The psychiatric profession still correctly considers pedophilia to be a mental disorder." <ref name=berlin157>[http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/157/5/838 Treatments to Change Sexual Orientation - BERLIN 157 (5): 838 - Am J Psychiatry<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="edwards">Edwards, Douglas J. (2004). ''[http://www.allbusiness.com/government/health-regulations/174408-1.html Mental Health's Cold Shoulder Treatment of Pedophilia]'' in Behavioral Health Management, May-June.</ref><ref name=berlin157/> In one article, Berlin writes "it is likely that no one would choose voluntarily to develop a pedophilic sexual orientation. Those with such an orientation have no more decided to have it than have any of us decided as children to be either [[heterosexual]] or [[homosexual]]."<ref name="berlin">{{cite journal|url=http://www.paraphilias.com/publications/pdfs/Peer%20Comment.pdf|title=Peer Commentaries on Green (2002) and Schmidt (2002) - Pedophilia: When Is a Difference a Disorder?|first==Fred S. |last=Berlin, M.D., Ph.D.|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=31|issue=6|year=December 2002|pages=479–480|doi=10.1023/A:1020603214218}}</ref> Berlin also defends the classification of pedophilia as a mental disorder, however, stating "In our society, to have a pedophilic sexual orientation can create both psychological burdens and impairments."<ref name="berlin"/>
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| − | ===Medical therapies===
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| − | [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] has been shown to reduce recidivism in contact sex offenders.<ref>Marshall, W.L., Jones, R., Ward, T., Johnston, P. & Bambaree, H.E.(1991). Treatment of sex offenders. ''Clinical Psychology Review, 11'', 465-485</ref> [[Applied behavior analysis]] is used with mentally disabled sex offenders.<ref>Maguth Nezu, C., Fiore, A.A. & Nezu, A.M (2006). Problem Solving Treatment for Intellectually Disabled Sex Offenders. ''International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 2(2),'' 266-275[http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org]</ref> Some treatment programs use [[covert sensitization]]<ref>Rea, J. (2003). Covert Sensitization. ''The Behavior Analyst Today, 4 (2),'' 192-201[http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org]</ref> and odor [[aversion]], which are both forms of [[aversion therapy]]. While such programs are effective in lowering recidivism by 15-18 percent, they do not represent a cure. A study by the Council on Scientific Affairs found that the success rate of aversion therapy was parallel to that of homosexual [[reparative therapy]]; that is to say, extremely low.<ref>Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Medical Association (1987). "Aversion therapy," Journal of the American Medical Association, 258(18), 2562-2565.</ref> This method is rarely used on pedophiles who have not offended.
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| − | Anti-[[androgen]]ic medications such as [[Depo Provera]] may be used to lower testosterone levels in offending pedophiles. These treatments, commonly referred to as "[[chemical castration]]", are often used in conjunction with the non-medical approaches noted above. [[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue]]s, which last longer and have less side effects, are also effective in reducing libido and may be used.<ref>Cohen, L.J. & Galynker, I. I. (2002). Clinical features of pedophilia and implications for treatment. Journal of
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| − | Psychiatric Practice, 8, 276-289.</ref>
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| − | Klaus M. Beier of the Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine at Charité , a university hospital in Berlin, reported success in a preliminary study using [[role-play]] therapy and "impulse-curbing drugs" to help pedophiles avoid sexually assaulting a child. According to researchers, contact child sex offenders were better able to control their urges once they understood the pre-pubescent youth's view.<ref>[http://www.eux.tv/article.aspx?articleId=8937 EUX.TV - Berlin hospital says therapy helped 20 paedophiles<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2570472,00.html German Pedophilia Project Touts Results, Pleads for Funds | Germany | Deutsche Welle |31.05.2007<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Although these results are relevant to the prevention of re-offending in contact child sex offenders, there is no empirical suggestion that such therapy is a cure for pedophilia.
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| − | ==Pedophilia-related activism==
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| − | ===Pro-pedophile activism===
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| − | {{Main|Pro-pedophile activism}}
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| − | Some pro-pedophile activists aim to change legal, medical and social views of pedophilia. The highly controversial [[Rind et al.]] study has been quoted by numerous pedophile advocacy organizations.<ref name="Leo">{{cite news| url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/opinion/articles/041122/22john.htm |title=What Kinsey wrought |last= Leo |first=John |publisher=US News & World Report |date=11/14/04}}</ref><ref name="laws3">{{cite book|title=Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment |last= Laws |first=D. Richard |coauthors=William T. O'Donohue|pages=p3 |publisher=Guilford Press |year= 2008 |isbn=1593856059}}</ref><ref name="spiegel">{{cite book|title=Sexual Abuse of Males: The Sam Model of Theory and Practice |last= Spiegel |first=Josef |contributors=Christine A. Courtois |year=2003 |pages=p5, p9 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref>
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| − | ===Anti-pedophile activism===
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| − | {{Main|Anti-pedophile activism}}
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| − | Anti-pedophile activism encompasses opposition to pedophiles, [[pro-pedophile activism]], and other phenomena that are seen as related to pedophilia, such as [[child pornography]] and [[child sexual abuse]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/global_crime_report/investigation/cybercrime2.shtml Global Crime Report | INVESTIGATION | Child porn and the cybercrime treaty part 2 |BBC World Service<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Whilst much of the direct action classified as anti-pedophile involves demonstrations against sex offenders<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/872436.stm Families flee paedophile protests] [[August 9]][[2000]], retrieved [[Jan 24]][[2008]]</ref>, groups advocating legalization of sexual activity between adults and children,<ref>[http://www.expatica.com/actual/article.asp?channel_id=1&story_id=30373 Dutch paedophiles set up political party], [[May 30]][[2006]], retrieved [[Jan]][[2008]]</ref> and internet users who solicit sex from teens, there are some organizations, such as Absolute Zero,<ref>[http://www.absolutezerounited.org/mission.html Absolute Zero United: Mission Statement], retrieved [[Jan]][[2008]]</ref> that explicitly target pedophiles.
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[Child sexual abuse]]
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| − | * [[Child pornography]]
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| − | * [[Pederasty]]
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| − | * [[Roman Catholic sex abuse cases]]
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| − | ==Notes and references==
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| − | ===Notes===
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| − | {{reflist|2}}
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| − | ===References===
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| − | <div class="references-small">
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| − | * Abel GG: Behavioral treatment of child molesters, in ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bf-dRU-Ie9EC&pg=PR4&dq=ISBN+0805802800&lr=&sig=I_EItAamjvdGsAivuq970r68c-A Perspectives on Behavioral Medicine]''. Edited by Stunkard AJ, Baum A. New York, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989, pp 223-242
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| − | * Abel GG, Blanchard EB: The role of fantasy in the treatment of sexual deviation. ''Arch Gen Psychiatry 30'':467-475, 1974
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| − | * Abel GG, Osborn CA: Clinical syndromes of adult psychiatry: the paraphilias, in ''The Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry''. New York, Oxford University Press, in press.
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| − | * Abel GG, Rouleau J-L: Male sex offenders, in ''Handbook of Outpatient Treatment of Adults''. Edited by Thase ME, Edelstein BA, Hersen M. New York, Plenum, 1990, pp 271-290
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| − | * [[Judith Levine|Levine, Judith]]. (2002). ''[[Harmful to Minors|Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Children From Sex]].'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Discusses the perception and reality of pedophilia. ISBN 0-8166-4006-8.
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| − | * Pryor, Douglass, ''Unspeakable Acts: Why Men Sexually Abuse Children'', New York Univ. Press, 1996.
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| − | * Rind ''et al.'' (1998). "[[Rind et al.|A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples]]." ''Psychological Bulletin.'' '''124''' (1), 22-53.
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| − | * Scruton, Roger, ''Sexual Desire: A Moral Philosophy of the Erotic'', Free, 1986.
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| − | * Wilson, Paul R. (1981). ''The Man They Called a Monster.'' Melbourne: Cassell Australia. ISBN 0-7269-9282-8. (Book about a court reporter who had sexual relationships with 2500 adolescent males; includes interviews with the later adults who reflect on these relationships.)
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| − | </div>
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | *[http://www.webmd.com/content/article/14/1687_51642.htm WebMd: Explaining Pedophillia] - from a medical point of view
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| − | * [http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/pedophiliaTR.htm Diagnostic criteria for Pedophilia] in [[DSM-IV]]
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| − | {{paraphilia}}
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| − | [[Category:Greek loanwords]]
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| − | [[Category:Paraphilias]]
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| − | [[Category:Pedophilia| ]]
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