|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | :''This article is about revolution in the sense of a drastic change. For other meanings of the word, see [[revolution (disambiguation)]].''
| + | AAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHHHHH MOTHERLAND!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! |
| − | | + | |
| − | A '''revolution''' is a relatively sudden and absolutely drastic change. This may be a change in the [[social]] or [[political]] institutions over a relatively short period of time, or a major change in its [[culture]] or [[economics|economy]]. Some revolutions are led by the majority of the populace of a nation, others by a small band of [[revolutionary|revolutionaries]]. Compare '''[[rebellion]]'''.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | == Social and political revolutions ==
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Political revolutions are often characterised by [[violence]], and the vast changes in power structures that result can often result in further, institutionalised, violence, as in the [[October Revolution| Russian]] and [[10th of August (French Revolution)| French]] revolutions (with the "Purges" and "the Terror", respectively). A ''political'' revolution is the forcible replacement of one set of rulers with another (as happened in France and Russia), while a ''social'' revolution is the fundamental change in the social structure of a society, such as the [[Protestant Reformation]] or the [[Renaissance]]. However, blurring the line between these two categories, most political revolutions have basic philosophical or social underpinnings which drive the revolution. The most common of these underpinnings in the modern world have been [[liberal revolution]]s and [[Communist revolution]]s. In contrast, a '''[[coup d'etat]]''' often seeks to change nothing more than the current ruler.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Some [[political philosophy|political philosophers]] regard revolutions as the means of achieving their goals. Most [[anarchism|anarchists]] advocate social revolution as the means of breaking down the structures of government and replacing them with nonhierarchal institutions, while [[Marxism|Marxist]] [[communism|communists]] take revolution to be one strategy, possibly accompanied by the use of electoral politics to take over, rather than overthrow, the institution of government, their aim being to create a communist society.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Social and political revolutions are often "institutionalized" when the ideas, slogans, and personalities of the revolution continue to play a prominent role in a country's [[political culture]], long after the revolution's end. As mentioned, Communist nations regularly institutionalize their revolutions to legitimize the actions of their governments. Some non-communist nations, like the [[United States]], [[France]], or [[Mexico]] also have institutionalized revolutions, and continue to celebrate the memory of their revolutionary past through holidays, artwork, songs, and other venues.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ===Ancient revolutions===
| + | |
| − | * [[Great Jewish Revolt]] ([[66]]-[[70]]) and [[Bar Kokhba's revolt]] ([[132]]-[[135]]) against the [[Roman Empire]].
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ===Anarchist revolutions===
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | In addition to the below, [[anarchy|anarchists]] influenced many other revolutions, in particular the [[Mexican Revolution]] (1910), the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] and rebellions such as the [[May 1968|May 1968 revolt]].
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | * [[Ukrainian Revolution]] -- ([[1918]]-[[1921]])
| + | |
| − | * [[Third Russian Revolution]] -- ([[1918]]-[[1922]]) -- Failed [[anarchist]] revolution against both [[Bolshevism]] and the [[White movement]].
| + | |
| − | * [[Spanish Revolution]] -- ([[1936]]) -- Social upheaval that swept Spain in response to the anti-Republican insurgency of General [[Francisco Franco]].
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ===Liberal revolutions===
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | * [[English Revolution]] -- ([[1642]]-[[1653]]) -- Commenced as a civil war between [[Parliament]] and King, culminating in the execution of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and the establishment of a republican [[Protectorate]].
| + | |
| − | * [[Glorious Revolution]] -- ([[England]] in ([[1688]]) -- Overthrow of [[James II of England|King James II]] and establishment of a [[Whig]]-dominated [[Protestant]] [[constitutional monarchy]].
| + | |
| − | * [[American Revolution]] -- ([[1776]]) -- Established [[independence]] of the [[13 colonies]] from [[England]], creating the [[republic]] of the [[United States of America]]
| + | |
| − | * [[French Revolution]] -- ([[1789]]) -- Regarded as one of the most influential of all Revolutions, frequently associated with the rise of the [[bourgeoisie]].
| + | |
| − | * [[July Revolution]] ([[1830]])
| + | |
| − | * [[Belgian Revolution]] ([[1830]])
| + | |
| − | * [[Revolution of 1848]] -- ([[1848]]) -- Wave of failed liberal and republican revolutions that swept Europe.
| + | |
| − | * [[First Russian Revolution]] -- ([[1905]]) -- Failed [[bourgeois]]-[[liberal]] revolution against [[Tsar Nicholas II]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Mexican Revolution]] -- ([[1910]]) -- Overthrow of dictator [[Porfirio DÃaz]], seizure of power by [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]].
| + | |
| − | * [[Xinhai Revolution]] -- ([[1911]]) -- Overthrow of ruling [[Qing Dynasty]] and establishment of the [[Republic of China]].
| + | |
| − | * [[February Revolution]] -- ([[1917]])
| + | |
| − | * [[Estonian Revolution]] -- ([[1917]])
| + | |
| − | * [[German Revolution]] -- ([[1918]]) -- Overthrow of the Kaiser by a workers' revolution, establishment of the [[Weimar Republic]].
| + | |
| − | * [[Algerian War of Independence|Algerian Revolution]] -- ([[1954]] - [[1962]]) -- Revolutionary war of independence against French [[imperialism]].
| + | |
| − | * [[May 1968]] -- ([[1968]]) -- Students' and workers' revolt against the Government of [[Charles de Gaulle]].
| + | |
| − | * [[Carnation Revolution]] -- ([[1974]]) in [[Portugal]] -- Leftwing popular overthrow of [[right-wing]] [[dictatorship]].
| + | |
| − | * [[Nicaraguan Revolution]] -- ([[1979]]) -- Popular overthrow of the [[Somoza]] dictatorship by progressive [[peasant]] movement.
| + | |
| − | * [[Bolivarian Revolution]] -- ([[1998]]) -- [[Venezuela]] elects populist [[Hugo Chávez]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ===Socialist revolutions===
| + | |
| − | * [[Spanish Revolution]] -- ([[1936]]) -- Social upheaval that swept Spain in response to the anti-Republican insurgency of General [[Francisco Franco]]. (heavily influenced by [[anarchism]])
| + | |
| − | * [[Spartacist Uprising]]-- ([[1919]])) -- Failed revolution in Germany led by [[Rosa Luxemburg]] and [[Karl Liebknecht]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ====Anti-Soviet revolutions====
| + | |
| − | * [[1956 Hungarian Revolution|Hungarian Revolution]] -- ([[1956]]) Workers' and peasants' revolution against the imposed [[Stalinist]] dictatorship, suppressed by Soviet forces.
| + | |
| − | * [[Velvet Revolution]] -- ([[1989]]) Bloodless overthrow of [[communism]] in [[Czechoslovakia]].
| + | |
| − | * [[Singing Revolution]] -- ([[1988]]) Bloodless overthrow of [[communism]] in [[Estonia]].
| + | |
| − | * [[Romanian Revolution]] -- ([[1989]]) Overthrow of [[communism]] in [[Romania]].
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ====Communist revolutions====
| + | |
| − | * [[October Revolution]] -- ([[1917]]) -- The most famous and influential modern revolution, culminating in the Bolshevik seizure of power and the establishment of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]].
| + | |
| − | * [[Mongolia (country)|Mongolia]] - [[1920]]
| + | |
| − | * [[North Korea]] - [[1948]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Hungary]] - [[1919]], [[1944]] and [[1949]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Chinese Civil War|Chinese Revolution]] -- ([[1949]]) -- Victory of [[Communist]]-led peasant rebellion under [[Chairman Mao]] over Nationalist forces, establishment of [[People's Republic of China]].
| + | |
| − | * [[Cultural Revolution]] -- ([[1966]]-[[1976]]) [[Maoist]] led turmoil in People's Republic of China.
| + | |
| − | * [[North Vietnam]] - [[1954]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Iraq]] - [[1958]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Cuban Revolution]] -- ([[1959]]) -- Peasant-led rebellion against US-backed dictator [[Fulgencio Batista]], victory of revolutionary government of [[Fidel Castro]].
| + | |
| − | * The [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] - [[1964]] and [[1968]]
| + | |
| − | * [[South Yemen]] - [[1967]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Libya]] - [[1969]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Somalia]] - [[1969]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Benin]] - [[1972]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Ethiopia]] - [[1974]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Guinea-Bissauan Revolution]] - [[1974]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Cambodia]] - [[1975]]
| + | |
| − | * [[South Vietnam]] - [[1975]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Laos]] - [[1975]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Madagascar]] - [[1975]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Cape Verde]] - [[1975]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Mozambique]] - [[1975]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Angola]] - [[1975]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Afghanistan]] - [[1978]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Grenada]] - [[1979]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Nicaragua]] - [[1979]]
| + | |
| − | * [[Burkina Faso]] - [[1983]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ===Islamist revolutions===
| + | |
| − | * [[Iranian Revolution]] -- ([[1979]]) -- Popular overthrow of US-backed [[Shah]], culminating in an [[Islamist]] [[cleric]]-led [[theocracy]].
| + | |
| − | * [[Taliban]] - ([[1996]]) -- Islamist movement in [[Afghanistan]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | == Cultural, intellectual, and philosophical revolutions ==
| + | |
| − | *[[Renaissance]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Protestant Reformation]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Scientific revolution]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Sexual revolution]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Quiet Revolution]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Consciousness Revolution]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | == Technological revolutions ==
| + | |
| − | ''(although these revolutions always have an influence on culture)''
| + | |
| − | *[[Agricultural Revolution]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Digital Revolution]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Neolithic|Neolithic Revolution]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Price revolution]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Industrial Revolution]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Second Industrial Revolution]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==See also==
| + | |
| − | * [[revolution within revolution]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | [[Category:Revolutions]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | {{wikipedia|Revolution}}
| + | |
