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| + | The '''multiverse''' is the theoretic [[set]] of multiple possible [[universe]]s, including our [[universe]], which comprise the absolute whole of physical [[reality]]. |
| − | {{Refimprove|date=October 2007}}
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| − | {{Cosmology}}
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| − | The '''multiverse''' (or '''meta-universe''') is the hypothetical set of multiple possible [[universe]]s (including our universe) that together comprise all of [[reality]]. The different universes within the multiverse are sometimes called '''parallel universes'''. The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered. | + | |
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| − | Multiverses have been hypothesized in [[cosmology]], [[physics]], [[astronomy]], [[philosophy]], [[theology]], and [[fiction]], particularly in [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]]. The specific term "multiverse," which was coined by [[William James]],<ref>James, William, ''The Will to Believe'', 1895; and earlier in 1895, as cited in [[OED]]'s new 2003 entry for "multiverse": "1895 W. JAMES in Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 6 10 Visible nature is all plasticity and indifference, a multiverse, as one might call it, and not a universe."</ref> was popularized by science fiction author [[Michael Moorcock]]. In these contexts, parallel universes are also called "alternative universes," "quantum universes," "parallel worlds," "alternate realities," "alternative timelines," etc.
| + | [[Category:Cosmology]] |
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| − | ==Multiverse hypotheses in physics==
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| − | [[Laura Mersini|Laura Mersini-Houghton]] claims that the [[WMAP cold spot#Parallel universe|WMAP cold spot]] may provide testable empirical evidence for a parallel universe within the multiverse. According to [[Max Tegmark]],<ref>{{cite journal| first=Max| last=Tegmark| journal=Scientific American| year=2003| month=May| title=Parallel Universes}}</ref> the existence of other universes is a direct implication of cosmological observations. Tegmark describes the set of related concepts which share the notion that there are universes beyond the familiar observable one, and goes on to provide a taxonomy of parallel universes organized by levels.<ref>{{cite book
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| − | | first = Max
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| − | | last = Tegmark
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| − | | year = 2003
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| − | | month = January 23
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| − | | title = Parallel Universes
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| − | | url = http://www.wintersteel.com/files/ShanaArticles/multiverse.pdf
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| − | | accessdate=2006-02-07
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| − | }} (PDF).</ref>
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| − | ===Classification===
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| − | In order to clarify terminology, [[George Ellis]], U. Kirchner and W. R. Stoeger recommend using the term "the Universe" for the theoretical model of the whole of the causally [[topology|connected]] [[spacetime]] in which we live, '''universe domain''' for the observable universe or a similar part of the same space-time, "universe" for a general space-time, either our own "Universe" or another one disconnected from our own, '''multiverse''' for a [[set]] of disconnected space-times, and '''multi-domain universe''' to refer to a model of the whole of a single connected space-time in the sense of [[chaotic inflation]] models.<ref name="EllisKS03">{{cite journal
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| − | | last =Ellis
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| − | | first = George F.R.
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| − | | authorlink = George Ellis
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| − | | coauthors = U. Kirchner, W.R. Stoeger
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| − | | title =Multiverses and physical cosmology
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| − | | journal =Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
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| − | | volume =347
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| − | | issue =
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| − | | pages =921-936
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| − | | publisher =
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| − | |date=2004
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| − | | url =http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0305292
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| − | | doi =
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| − | | id =
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| − | | accessdate = 2007-01-09}}</ref>
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| − | The levels according to Tegmark's classification and using Ellis, Kirchner and Stoeger's terminology are briefly described below.
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| − | ====Multi-domain universes (Ellis, Kirchner and Stoeger sense):====
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| − | '''Level I:''' (Open multiverse) A generic prediction of [[cosmic inflation]] is an [[Infinity|infinite]] [[ergodic hypothesis|ergodic]] universe, which, being infinite, must contain [[Hubble volume]]s realizing all initial conditions.
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| − | ====Universes with different physical constants====
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| − | '''Level II:''' ([[Andrei Linde]]'s [[Bubble universe theory|bubble theory]]) In [[chaotic inflation]], other thermalized regions may have different effective [[physical constant]]s, dimensionality and particle content. (Surprisingly, this level includes Wheeler's [[Oscillatory universe|oscillating universe]] theory as well.)
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| − | ====Multiverses (Ellis, Kirchner and Stoeger sense)====
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| − | '''Level III:''' ([[Hugh Everett|Hugh Everett III]]'s [[many-worlds interpretation]]) An interpretation of [[quantum mechanics]] that proposes the existence of multiple universes, all of which are "identical", but exist in possibly different states. It is widely believed that Everett's interpretation (considered as a formal theory) is a [[conservative extension]] of standard quantum mechanics – that is, as far as results expressible in the language of ordinary quantum mechanics are concerned, it leads to no new results. This, according to Tegmark, "is ironic given that this level has historically been the most controversial". In September 2007 [[David Deutsch]] presented what is considered a proof of the many-worlds interpretation.{{Failed verification|date=March 2008}}<ref>[http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=paUniverse_sun14_parallel_universes&show_article=1&cat=0 Breitbart.com, Parallel universes exist - study, Sept 23 2007]</ref>
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| − | <ref name="newsci">
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| − | {{Citation
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| − | | last = Merali
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| − | | first = Zeeya
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| − | | title = Parallel universes make quantum sense
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| − | | magazine = New Scientist
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| − | | issue = 2622
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| − | |date=2007-09-21
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| − | | url = http://space.newscientist.com/article/mg19526223.700-parallel-universes-make-quantum-sense.html
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| − | | accessdate = 2007-10-20 }} (Summary only).</ref>
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| − | ====Ultimate ensemble====
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| − | '''Level IV:''' (The [[Ultimate ensemble|ultimate "Ensemble theory"]] of Tegmark) Other mathematical structures give different fundamental equations of physics. This level considers "real" any hypothetical universe based on one of these structures. Since this subsumes all other possible ensembles, it brings closure to the hierarchy of multiverses: there cannot be a Level V.
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| − | [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]], however, says the "set of mathematical structures" is not even well-defined, and admits only universe representations describable by [[constructive]] mathematics, that is, [[computer program]]s. He explicitly includes universe representations describable by non-halting programs whose output bits converge after finite time, although the convergence time itself may not be predictable by a halting program, due to [[Kurt Gödel]]'s limitations <ref>[[Jürgen Schmidhuber|J. Schmidhuber]] (1997): A Computer Scientist's View of Life, the Universe, and Everything. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 201-208, Springer: http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/everything/ </ref><ref>[[Jürgen Schmidhuber|J. Schmidhuber]] (2000): Algorithmic Theories of Everything http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0011122 </ref><ref>[[Jürgen Schmidhuber|J. Schmidhuber]] (2002): Hierarchies of generalized Kolmogorov complexities and nonenumerable universal measures computable in the limit. International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 13(4):587-612 http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/kolmogorov.html</ref>. He also explicitly discusses the more restricted ensemble of quickly computable universes <ref>[[Jürgen Schmidhuber|J. Schmidhuber]] (2002): The Speed Prior: A New Simplicity Measure Yielding Near-Optimal Computable Predictions. Proc. 15th Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory (COLT 2002), Sydney, Australia, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 216-228. Springer: http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/speedprior.html </ref>.
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| − | ===Bubble theory===
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| − | [[Image:Multiverse - level II.GIF|thumb|"Bubble universes", every disk is a bubble universe (Universe 1 to Universe 6 are different bubbles, they have physical constants that are different from our universe), our universe is just one of the bubbles.]]
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| − | Bubble theory posits an infinite number of open multiverses, each with different [[physical constant]]s. (The set of bubble universes is thus a Level II multiverse.) Counter-intuitively, these universes are farther away than even the farthest universe in our open multiverse.
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| − | The formation of our universe from a "bubble" of a multiverse was proposed by [[Andrei Linde|Andre Linde]]. This [[Chaotic inflation theory|Bubble universe theory]] fits well with the widely accepted theory of [[cosmic inflation]]. The bubble universe concept involves creation of universes from the [[quantum foam]] of a "parent universe." On very small scales, the foam is frothing due to energy fluctuations. These fluctuations may create tiny bubbles and [[wormhole]]s. If the energy fluctuation is not very large, a tiny bubble universe may form, experience some expansion like an inflating balloon, and then contract and disappear from existence. However, if the energy fluctuation is greater than a particular critical value, a tiny bubble universe forms from the parent universe, experiences long-term expansion, and allows matter and large-scale galactic structures to form.
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| − | ===Many worlds interpretation of quantum physics===
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| − | [[Hugh Everett]]'s [[many-worlds interpretation]] (MWI) is one of several mainstream [[Interpretation of quantum mechanics|interpretations of quantum mechanics]]. Other interpretations include the [[Copenhagen interpretation|Copenhagen]] and the [[consistent histories]] interpretations. The multiverse proposed by MWI has a shared time parameter. In most formulations, all the constituent universes are structurally identical to each other and though they have the same physical laws and values for the fundamental constants, they may exist in different states. The constituent universes are furthermore non-communicating, in the sense that no information can pass between them, although in Everett's formulation they may potentially affect each other<ref>
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| − | ''Tegmark, Max,'' [http://www.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9709032/ The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: Many Worlds or Many Words?], 1998. To quote: "What Everett does NOT postulate: ''"At certain magic instances, the world undergoes some sort of metaphysical 'split' into two branches that subsequently never interact."'' This is not only a misrepresentation of the MWI, but also inconsistent with the Everett postulate, since the subsequent time evolution could in principle make the two terms...interfere. According to the MWI, there is, was and always will be only one wavefunction, and only decoherence calculations, not postulates, can tell us when it is a good approximation to treat two terms as non-interacting."</ref> through [[quantum interference]].<ref>
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| − | ''Deutsch, David, [http://www.qubit.org/people/david/Articles/Frontiers.html David Deutsch's Many Worlds], ''Frontiers'', 1998.''</ref> The state of the entire multiverse is related to the states of the constituent universes by [[quantum superposition]], and is described by a single [[universal wavefunction]]. Related are [[Richard Feynman]]'s [[multiple histories]] interpretation and [[H. Dieter Zeh]]'s [[many-minds interpretation]].
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| − | Many worlds interpretation cannot explain the apparently [[Fine-tuned universe]]. The physical constants of all the "many worlds" are the same. Many worlds interpretation can, however explain the apparent improbability of a planet like [[Earth]] existing. See [[Rare Earth hypothesis]]. If the Many worlds interpretation is true there are so many copies of our universe that the existence of at least one planet like Earth is not surprising.
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| − | ===M-theory===
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| − | A multiverse of a somewhat different kind has been envisaged within the 11-dimensional extension of [[string theory]] known as [[M-theory]]. In M-theory our universe and others are created by collisions between membranes in an 11-dimensional space. This is unlike the universes in the "[[Many-worlds interpretation|quantum multiverse]]".
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| − | ===String landscape===
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| − | The [[String theory landscape|string landscape]] theory asserts that a different universe exists for each of the very large ensemble of solutions generated when ten dimensional string theory is reduced to the four-dimensional low-energy world we see.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
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| − | ==Criticisms of multiverse theories==
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| − | ===Non-scientific claims===
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| − | Critics claim that these theories lack [[Empiricism|empirical]] correlation and [[testability]], and without hard physical evidence are [[Falsifiability|unfalsifiable]]; outside the methodology of [[Scientific method|scientific investigation]] to confirm or disprove.
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| − | ===Bad science===
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| − | Some{{Who|date=February 2008}} have argued that the job of a scientist is to provide fundamental explanations for observed phenomena, without making reference to observers. Resorting to anthropic principles constitutes a "lazy way out" of accounting for features such as the apparent fine-tuning of parameters in relation to the existence of life.{{Facts|date=February 2008}}
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| − | [[Leonard Susskind]] claims, however, that some form of multiverse is unavoidable, given the current state of physics, and that observer effects are inevitable and have to be taken into account in other sciences.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
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| − | ===Occam's Razor===
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| − | To postulate an infinity of unseen and unseeable universes just to explain the one we do see seems superficially contrary to [[Occam's Razor]].
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| − | Tegmark answers: "A common feature of all four multiverse levels is that the simplest and arguably most elegant theory involves parallel universes by default. To deny the existence of those universes, one needs to complicate the theory by adding experimentally unsupported processes and ad hoc postulates: [[finite space]], [[Wavefunction collapse|wave function collapse]] and [[ontological asymmetry]]. Our judgment therefore comes down to which we find more wasteful and inelegant: many worlds or many words."<ref>http://www.elfis.net/phorum/read.php?f=3&i=22&t=22</ref>
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| − | Thus, according to Tegmark, paradoxically the multiverse scenario is more parsimonious than that of a single universe. This reflects an old insight from [[algorithmic information theory]]: the information conveyed by a set may be far less than the information conveyed by its individual elements. According to [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]], the appropriate mathematical theory of [[Occam's razor]] already exists, namely, [[Ray Solomonoff]]'s theory of optimal inductive inference <ref>[[Ray Solomonoff]] (1964): A formal theory of inductive inference. Part I. Information and Control, 7:1-22, 1964</ref> and its extensions <ref>[[Jürgen Schmidhuber|J. Schmidhuber]] (2006) The New AI: General & Sound & Relevant for Physics. In B. Goertzel and C. Pennachin, eds.: Artificial General Intelligence, p. 177-200 http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0302012 </ref>.
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| − | David Lewis, however, draws a distinction between qualitative and quantitative excess. Postulating extra universes just like our own does not increase the number of kinds of things there are, and thus there is only qualitative invarience.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
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| − | ===One unique universe===
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| − | It is sometimes argued that the observed universe is the unique possible universe, <!--that is a claim, not an argument-->so that talk of "other" universes is ''ipso facto'' meaningless. [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] raised this possibility when he wondered whether the universe could have been otherwise, or non-existent altogether{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. This possibility is also expressed in theories such as [[determinism]] and [[chaos theory]]. The hope is sometimes expressed that once a grand unified [[theory of everything]] is achieved, it will turn out to have a unique "solution" corresponding to the observed universe.
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| − | ===Other objections===
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| − | The entire range of multiverse hypotheses, with specific emphasis on Hugh Everett's many-worlds interpretation, have been criticised by proponents of [[intelligent design]]. [[William Dembski]] in particular, derides it as inflating explanatory resources without evidence or warrant, and terms such concepts "[[inflaton]]s".<ref>http://www.iscid.org/papers/Dembski_ChanceGaps_012002.pdf</ref>
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| − | ===Anthropic principle===
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| − | {{main|Anthropic principle}}
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| − | The concept of other universes has been proposed to explain why our universe seems to be [[Fine-tuned universe|fine-tuned]] for conscious life as we experience it. If there were a large number (possibly infinite) of different physical laws (or fundamental constants) in as many universes, some of these would have laws that were suitable for stars, planets and [[life]] to exist. The anthropic principle could then be applied to conclude that we would only consciously exist in those universes which were finely-tuned for our conscious existence. Thus, while the probability might be extremely small that there is life in most of the multiverses, this scarcity of life-supporting universes does not imply [[teleological argument|intelligent design]] as the only explanation of our existence.
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| − | Critics of this argument ([[Steven Jay Gould]], [[Richard Dawkins]] and many others) point out{{Facts|date=February 2008}} that the cause and the effect have been reversed by those who claim that the universe seems to be fine-tuned for our benefit. Dr. Gould compared it to claiming that sausages were originally made long and narrow so that they would fit modern hotdog buns, or that humans evolved fingernails so that fingernail polish would be invented. Critics cite the vast store of evolutionary evidence which shows that life is perfectly and naturally tuned to the universe it arose in. Fossil, genetic and other biological evidence abundantly supports the observation that life adapts to physics, not the other way around.{{Facts|date=February 2008}}
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| − | The paleophysicist Caroline Miller writes: "The Anthropic Principle is based on the underlying belief that the universe was created for our benefit. Unfortunately for its adherents, all of the reality-based evidence at our disposal contradicts this belief. In a non-anthropocentric universe, there is no need for multiple universes or supernatural entities to explain life as we know it."{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
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| − | ===Modal realism===
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| − | Additionally, [[possible world]]s are a way of explaining probability, hypothetical statements and the like, and some philosophers such as [[David Kellogg Lewis|David Lewis]] believe that all possible worlds exist, and are just as real as the actual world (a position known as [[modal realism]]).<ref>{{cite book
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| − | | first = David
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| − | | last = Lewis
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| − | | year = 1986
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| − | | title = On the Plurality of Worlds
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| − | | publisher = Basil Blackwell
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | ===Trans-world identity===
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| − | A metaphysical issue that crops up in multiverse schema that posit infinite identical copies of any given universe is that of the notion that there can be identical objects in different possible worlds. According to the [[counterpart theory]] of [[David Lewis]], the objects should be regarded as similar rather than identical.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2002/entries/identity-relative/ Deutsch, Harry, "Relative Identity", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer '02), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)]</ref><ref>[http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~kantor/601/Ex_1Overview.html Paul B. Kantor "The Interpretation of Cultures and Possible Worlds", 1 October 2002]</ref>
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| − | ==Virtual realities as a multiverse==
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| − | {{See|Simulated reality}}
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| − | Some scientists entertain the possibility of creating artificial conscious machines, and some [[artificial intelligence]] advocates even claim we are not far from producing [[Digitalism|conscious computers]].{{Fact|date=September 2007}} It is then but a small step to the point where the engineered conscious beings inhabit a [[simulated reality]]. For such beings, their "fake" universe will appear indistinguishable from reality.
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| − | ==Multiverse hypotheses in religions around the globe==
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| − | ===Hindu universes===
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| − | The earliest known records describing the concept of a multiverse are found in ancient [[Hindu cosmology]], in texts such as the [[Puranas]]. Hindu's beleive that the Maha Vishnu exhales the innumerable universes and that causes the universes to expand for about 311 trillion, 40 billion years. After this time has passed the universes begin to contract as Maha Vishnu inhales the innumerable universes. This causes the universes to contract back into a singularity. The universes remain unmanifest for a period of 311 trillion, 40 billion years inside Maha Vishnu. The cycle continues forever as the Universe constantly expands for 311 trillion, 40 billion years when Maha Vishnu exhales the universes and then the universes contract back into a singularity when Maha Vishnu inhales the Universes. Currently this universe and all the other universes are beleived to be 158.7 trillion years old according to Hinduism. They expressed the idea of an infinite number of universes, each with its own galaxies, planets, moons, and stars,and an infinite cycle of births, deaths, and rebirths of a universe, with each cycle lasting 311 trillion, 40 billion years. The belief is too that the number of universes is infinite.<ref>[[Carl Sagan]], Placido P D'Souza (1980s). [http://www.rediff.com/news/jan/29sagan.htm Hindu cosmology's time-scale for the universe is in consonance with modern science.]; Dick Teresi (2002). ''Lost Discoveries : The Ancient Roots of Modern Science – from the Babylonians to the Maya''.</ref>
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| − | ==Fictional multiverses==
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| − | The concept of the multiverse has been used in fiction and information on this can be found in the following article: [[Parallel universe (fiction)]].
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *''[[The Fabric of Reality]]''
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| − | *[[Fictional universe]]
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| − | *[[Multiple histories]]
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| − | *[[Parallel universe (fiction)|Parallel universes in fiction]]
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| − | *[[Philosophy of physics]]
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| − | *[[Philosophy of space and time]]
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| − | *[[Planescape]]
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| − | *[[Quantum gravity]]
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| − | *[[Reductionism]]
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| − | *[[Simulated reality]]
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| − | *[[String theory landscape]]
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| − | *[[Counterpart theory]]
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| − | ==Notes==
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| − | {{reflist}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * {{cite book
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| − | | first = David
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| − | | last = Deutsch
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| − | | authorlink =
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| − | | coauthors =
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| − | | year = 1985
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| − | | month = 45841
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| − | | title = Quantum theory, the Church-Turing principle and the universal quantum computer
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| − | | chapter =
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| − | | editor = Splash
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| − | | others =
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| − | | edition = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 400
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| − | | pages = 97-117
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| − | | publisher = mos craciun
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| − | | location =
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| − | | id = iulianveza12@yahoo.com
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| − | | url =
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| − | }}
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| − | *[http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=paUniverse_sun14_parallel_universes&show_article=1&cat=0 Parallel universes exist - study]
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | * [http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/31860 Physics in the Multiverse], published by [[Aurélien Barrau]] in the CERN Courier
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| − | * [http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/quant-ph/0104033 Preprint] of David Deutsch's paper ''The Structure of the Multiverse''
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| − | * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/parallelunitrans.shtml BBC Horizon -Parallel Universes]
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| − | * [http://www.hedweb.com/manworld.htm#believes Michael Price's Everett FAQ]
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| − | * [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/gr-qc/pdf/9703/9703089.pdf Against Many-Worlds Interpretations] Adrian Kent, The Institute for Advanced Study, School of Natural Sciences, Princeton, New Jersey
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| − | * [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0407/0407329.pdf Multiverses and Cosmology: Philosophical Issues] W. R. Stoeger1,, G. F. R. Ellis, and U. Kirchner. Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town; Vatican Observatory Research Group, Steward Observatory, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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| − | * [http://arxiv.org/ftp/astro-ph/papers/0403/0403047.pdf Mulitverse Cosmological Models] by P.C.W. Davies
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| − | * [http://www.weidai.com/everything.html The 'Everything' mailing list (and archives), A "discussion of the idea that all possible universes exist".]
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| − | * [http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/computeruniverse.html The ensemble of universes describable by constructive mathematics] by [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]]
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| − | *[http://thoughtcast.org/casts/the-end-of-our-universe-among-other-timely-topics Interview with Tufts cosmologist Alex Vilenkin] on his new book, "Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes" on the podcast and public radio interview program [http://www.thoughtcast.org ThoughtCast.]
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| − | * [http://www.upstream.nl/comments.php?id=751_0_1_0_C Joseph Pine II about Multiverse], Presentation at Mobile Monday Amsterdam, 2008
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| − | [[ru:МультивÑеленнаÑ]]
| + | |
| − | [[simple:Multiverse]]
| + | |
| − | [[sr:Мултиверзум]]
| + | |
| − | [[fi:Multiversumi]]
| + | |
| − | [[sv:Multiversum]]
| + | |
| − | [[zh:平行宇宙]]
| + | |
