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| − | + | '''''Allah''''' is the standard [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word for "[[God]]."<ref name="Britannica"/> The term is best known in the West for its use by Muslims as a reference to God.<ref name="EncMMENA"> Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, ''Allah'' </ref> Arabic-speakers of all faiths, including [[Christian]]s and [[Jew]]s, use the word "Allah" to mean "God".<ref> Columbia Encyclopedia, ''Allah'' </ref> The Muslim and Christian Arabs of today have no other word for 'God' than 'Allah'.<ref> The Cambridge History of Islam(1977), p.32 </ref> In pre-Islamic Arabia, Allah was used by pagan Meccans as a reference to a creator-god, possibly the supreme deity. <ref name="EoI"/> | |
| + | |||
| + | In Islam, Allah is the only deity, transcendent creator of the universe, and the judge of humankind .<ref name="EncMMENA"/> <ref name="Britannica"> Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, ''Allah'' </ref> Some Islamic scholars believe that the term "AllÄh" should not be translated, arguing that "AllÄh" as used in Islam is a special and glorified term whose use should be preserved, while God can also be used in reference to deities worshiped by polytheists.<ref>http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Could_not_Answer/16.htm</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | According to [[F. E. Peters]], "The Qur'an insists, Muslims believe, and historians affirm that Muhammad and his followers worship the same God as the Jews. The Quran's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted with Abraham". Peters states that the Qur'an portrays Allah as both more powerful and more remote than Yahweh, and as a universal deity, unlike Yahweh who closely follows Israelites.<ref> F.E. Peters, ''Islam'', p.4, Princeton University Press, 2003 </ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | According to the tradition of Islam there are [[99 Names of God]] (''al-asma al-husna'' lit. meaning: "beautiful names") each of which evoke a distinct characteristic of Allah. The most famous and most frequent of these names are "the Merciful" (''al-rahman'') and "the Compassionate" (''al-rahim'').<ref>{{cite book |last=Bentley |first=David |coauthors= |title=The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book |publisher=William Carey Library |year=1999 |month=Sept. |isbn=0-87808-299-9 }}</ref><ref name="EncMMENA"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Etymology== | ||
| + | The most likely theory regarding the etymology of the term "AllÄh" ({{lang|ar|الله}}) is that it is derived from a contraction of the Arabic words ''[[al-]]'' (the) and ''{{ArabDIN|[[ʾilÄh]]}}'' (deity, masculine form) to ''{{ArabDIN|al-lÄh}}'' meaning "the God"<ref name="EoI">Encyclopaedia of Islam, ''Allah''</ref>. The Muslim understanding of the term however does not consider it as a proper name like any other, but rather as the "name of the nameless God, next to whom there is no other"<ref name="EoQ">Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an, ''God and his Attributes''</ref>. Another theory traces the etymology of the word to the [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] AlÄhÄ.<ref name="EoI">Encyclopaedia of Islam, ''Allah''</ref> [[Cognates]] of the name "AllÄh" exist in other [[Semitic languages]], including [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]].<ref name="Columbia"> Columbia Encyclopaedia says: Derived from an old Semitic root referring to the Divine and used in the Canaanite El, the Mesopotamian ilu, and the biblical Elohim, the word Allah is used by all Arabic-speaking Muslims, Christians, Jews, and other monotheists. </ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The term ''Allah'' does not have a plural form or a feminine gender in the Arabic language. <ref name="EoQ"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==History== | ||
| + | {{OR}} | ||
| + | [[Image:Dcp7323-Edirne-Eski Camii Allah.jpg|thumb|150px|Allah script outside [[Eski Cami]] (The Old Mosque) in [[Edirne]], [[Turkey]].]] | ||
| + | The pre-Islamic Arabs believed in a host of other terms to signify gods, such as [[Hubal]] and [[Al-lat|al-LÄt]], [[Al-Uzza|al-`Uzzah]], and [[Manah]].<ref>Encyclopaedia of World Mythology and Legend, ''"The Facts on File"'', ed. Anthony Mercatante, [[New York]], [[1983]], I:61</ref> Pre-Islamic Jews referred to their supreme creator as [[Yahweh]] or [[Elohim]]. This view of AllÄh by the pre-Islamic pagans is viewed by Muslims as a later development having arisen as a result of moving away from Abrahamic [[monotheism]] over time since the building of the [[Kaaba]]. The [[Qur'an]] transmits a rebuttal to this common belief at the time in the verse {{cite quran|17|40}}: ''"Has then your Lord (O Pagans!) preferred for you sons, and taken for Himself daughters among the angels? Truly ye utter a most dreadful saying!"''. Secular historians, meanwhile, have postulated that monotheism is the result of an evolution from [[henotheism]], the belief in a supreme deity as well as various lesser divinities. (See [[Judaism#Critical historical view of the development of Judaism|Judaism]].) The pagan Arabians also used the word "AllÄh" in the names of their children; Muhammad's father, who was born into pagan society, was named "AbdullÄh", which translates "servant of AllÄh". "AbdullÄh" is still used for names of Muslim and non-Muslims (e.g. Christians also used the word, as testified by the [[Zabad inscription]]). | ||
| + | |||
| + | The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word for deity, [[Names of God in Judaism#El|El]] (×ל) or [[Names of God in Judaism#Elohim|ElÅah]] (×לוה), was used as an [[Old Testament]] synonym for the [[Tetragrammaton]] (יהוה), which is the proper name of God according to the [[Hebrew Bible]]. The [[Aramaic]] word for God is ''alôh-ô'' ([[Syriac]] dialect) or elâhâ (Biblical dialect), which comes from the same Proto-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]] word (''*ʾilâh-'') as the Arabic and Hebrew terms; [[Jesus]] is described in [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 15:34 as having used the word on the cross, with the ending meaning "my", when saying, "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?" (transliterated in Greek as ''elÅ-i''). | ||
| + | |||
| + | One of the earliest surviving translations of the word ''AllÄh'' into a foreign language is in a [[Greek language|Greek]] translation of the [[Shahada]], from 86-96 AH ([[705]]-[[715]] AD), which translates it as ''ho theos monos'',<ref>A Bilingual Papyrus Of A Protocol - Egyptian National Library Inv. No. 61, 86-96 AH [http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Papyri/enlp1.html]</ref> literally "the one god". Also the cognate [[Aramaic]] term appears in the Aramaic version of the ''New Testament'', called the [[Pshitta]] (or Peshitta) as one of the words Jesus used to refer to God, e.g., in the sixth [[Beatitudes|Beatitude]], "Blessed are the pure in heart for they shall see [[Alaha]]." | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Allah outside Islam== | ||
| + | Most Arabic-speaking Christian and Jewish Communities (including the [[Yemenite Jews]], several {{ArabDIN|[[Mizrahi Jews|Mizraḥi]]}} communities and some [[Sephardim]]), as well as [[Portal:Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] living in [[Muslim world|Muslim countries]] (such as [[Orthodox Christians]] in Turkey [http://www.zaman.com.tr/webapp-tr/haber.do?haberno=539344]), use "AllÄh" as the proper noun for "God".{{Fact|date=April 2007}}. The name's origin can be traced back to the earliest [[Semitic]] writings in which the word for god was Il or El, the latter being an [[Old Testament]] synonym for [[Yahweh]] <ref name="Brit"/> Allah is the standard Arabic word for "God" and is used by Arab Christians as well.<ref name="Brit">{{cite web | ||
| + | | publisher=Britannica.com | ||
| + | | url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005770/Allah | ||
| + | | title=Allah | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Because of the centuries long [[Al-Andalus|Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula]], the words [[Insha'Allah|ojalá]] and [[Insha'Allah|oxalá]] today exist in the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] languages, respectively, borrowed from [[Arabic]] by way of [[Mozarabic]]. These words literally mean "God willing" (in the sense of "I hope so").{{Fact|date=April 2007}} | ||
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| + | The word 'Allah' in the [[Indonesian language]], means [[God]], it is used alternatively with the word "Tuhan". Indonesia recognises six religions ([[Islam]] (majority), Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism), all of which use these two words to refer to [[God]]. However, religions other than Islam, use a different pronunciation for "Allah", although the spelling is the same.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Translation == | ||
| + | Some Muslim scholars feel that "AllÄh" should not be translated, because they perceive the Arabic word to express the uniqueness of "AllÄh" more accurately than the word "god" for two reasons: | ||
| + | * The word "god" can take a plural form "gods", whereas the word "AllÄh" in their view has no plural form. | ||
| + | * The word "god" can have gender as male god or female god (called goddess) whereas the word "AllÄh" in their view does not have gender.<ref>[http://www.islam101.com/tauheed/conceptofGod.htm ''Concept of God in Islam'']</ref> | ||
| + | This is a significant issue in [[Qur'an translations|translation of the Qur'an]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The word "AllÄh" had been used in the Arabic tongue in the pre-Islamic period, which Muslims call [[Jahiliyyah|JÄhilÄ«yah]]; it occurs in Arabic classical poetry and was also used by Jews in certain regions (for cognate Hebrew [[Eloah|ElÅah]]). | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Typography== | ||
| + | [[Image:Allah.svg|thumb|right|200px|An example of ''{{ArabDIN|allÄh}}'' written in simple [[Arabic calligraphy]].]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | The word ''AllÄh'' is always written without an [[alif]] to spell the ''Ä'' vowel. This is because the spelling was settled before Arabic spelling started habitually using [[alif]] to spell ''Ä''. However, in vocalized spelling, a small diacritic ''alif'' is added on top of the ''[[shadda]]h'' to indicate the pronunciation. | ||
| + | |||
| + | One exception may be in the pre-Islamic [[History of the Arabic alphabet#Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions|Zabad inscription]], where it ends with an ambiguous sign that may be a lone-standing ''h'' with a lengthened start, or may be a non-standard conjoined ''l-h'':- | ||
| + | * as الاه : This reading would be ''AllÄh'' spelled phonetically with ''alif'' for the ''Ä''. | ||
| + | * as الاله : This reading would be ''Al-'ilÄh'' = "the god" (an older form, without contraction), by older spelling practice without ''alif'' for ''Ä''. | ||
| + | <!-- Do not try to delete the "as". Editing mixed Arabic and Latin is like riding a wild horse. I had to put the "as" in to make the editor behave. --> | ||
| + | The form in the inscription is shown at.<ref>{{cite web | ||
| + | | title=Zebed Inscription: A Pre-Islamic Trilingual Inscription In Greek, Syriac & Arabic From 512 CE | ||
| + | | url=http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/zebed.html | ||
| + | | publisher=Islamic Awareness | ||
| + | | date=[[March 17]] [[2005]] | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | </ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Unicode]] has a [[glyph]] reserved for ''AllÄh'', {{lang|ar|ï·²}} = U+FDF2, which can be combined with an alif to yield the post-consonantal form, {{lang|ar|اﷲ}}, as opposed to the full spelling ''alif-lÄm-lÄm-hÄ'' {{lang|ar|الله}} which may be rendered slightly differently, in particular featuring a diacritic ''alif'' on top of the ''shadda''. In this, Unicode imitates traditional Arabic typesetting, which also frequently featured special ''llÄh'' types. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In ''[[Abjad numerals]]'', numeric value of {{lang|ar|الله }} is [[66 (number)|66]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The calligraphic variant of the word used as the [[Coat of arms of Iran]] is encoded in [[Unicode]], in the [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] range, at codepoint U+262B ({{unicode|☫}}). | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''For further reading, see [[Arabic name#Mistakes made by Europeans and other non-Arabs]]''. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==External links== | ||
| + | * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01316a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia - Allah] | ||
| + | * [http://www.islam-info.ch/en/Who_is_Allah.htm The Concept of AllÄh according to the Qur'an] | ||
| + | * [http://www.sacredlearning.com For Mainstream/Traditional Classical Islamic Teachings] | ||
| + | * [http://www.islamworld.net An Orthodox Traditional Islamic Information Website] | ||
| + | * [http://answering-christianity.com/allahorigin.htm - The Origins of "ALLAH" - A Refutation to Quennel Gale's Article "Allah"] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Bibliography== | ||
| + | * Samuel M. Zwemep - ''The Moslem Doctrine of God'' (Originally published in 1905) ISBN 1-84664-478-X | ||
| + | * Ian Richard Netton - ''Allah Transcendent'' (1994) ISBN 0-7007-0287-3 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Notes== | ||
| + | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | == References == | ||
| + | *{{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | authorlink=P. M. Holt | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernard Lewis]] | title=The Cambridge History of Islam (Paperback) | year=1977 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN 978-0521291354}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{wikipedia|Allah}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Islam]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Names of God]] | ||
Revision as of 09:33, 21 November 2008
Allah is the standard Arabic word for "God."[1] The term is best known in the West for its use by Muslims as a reference to God.[2] Arabic-speakers of all faiths, including Christians and Jews, use the word "Allah" to mean "God".[3] The Muslim and Christian Arabs of today have no other word for 'God' than 'Allah'.[4] In pre-Islamic Arabia, Allah was used by pagan Meccans as a reference to a creator-god, possibly the supreme deity. [5]
In Islam, Allah is the only deity, transcendent creator of the universe, and the judge of humankind .[2] [1] Some Islamic scholars believe that the term "AllÄh" should not be translated, arguing that "AllÄh" as used in Islam is a special and glorified term whose use should be preserved, while God can also be used in reference to deities worshiped by polytheists.[6]
According to F. E. Peters, "The Qur'an insists, Muslims believe, and historians affirm that Muhammad and his followers worship the same God as the Jews. The Quran's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted with Abraham". Peters states that the Qur'an portrays Allah as both more powerful and more remote than Yahweh, and as a universal deity, unlike Yahweh who closely follows Israelites.[7]
According to the tradition of Islam there are 99 Names of God (al-asma al-husna lit. meaning: "beautiful names") each of which evoke a distinct characteristic of Allah. The most famous and most frequent of these names are "the Merciful" (al-rahman) and "the Compassionate" (al-rahim).[8][2]
Contents
Etymology
The most likely theory regarding the etymology of the term "AllÄh" (الله) is that it is derived from a contraction of the Arabic words al- (the) and Template:ArabDIN (deity, masculine form) to Template:ArabDIN meaning "the God"[5]. The Muslim understanding of the term however does not consider it as a proper name like any other, but rather as the "name of the nameless God, next to whom there is no other"[9]. Another theory traces the etymology of the word to the Aramaic AlÄhÄ.[5] Cognates of the name "AllÄh" exist in other Semitic languages, including Hebrew and Aramaic.[10]
The term Allah does not have a plural form or a feminine gender in the Arabic language. [9]
History
The pre-Islamic Arabs believed in a host of other terms to signify gods, such as Hubal and al-LÄt, al-`Uzzah, and Manah.[11] Pre-Islamic Jews referred to their supreme creator as Yahweh or Elohim. This view of AllÄh by the pre-Islamic pagans is viewed by Muslims as a later development having arisen as a result of moving away from Abrahamic monotheism over time since the building of the Kaaba. The Qur'an transmits a rebuttal to this common belief at the time in the verse Template:cite quran: "Has then your Lord (O Pagans!) preferred for you sons, and taken for Himself daughters among the angels? Truly ye utter a most dreadful saying!". Secular historians, meanwhile, have postulated that monotheism is the result of an evolution from henotheism, the belief in a supreme deity as well as various lesser divinities. (See Judaism.) The pagan Arabians also used the word "AllÄh" in the names of their children; Muhammad's father, who was born into pagan society, was named "AbdullÄh", which translates "servant of AllÄh". "AbdullÄh" is still used for names of Muslim and non-Muslims (e.g. Christians also used the word, as testified by the Zabad inscription).
The Hebrew word for deity, El (×ל) or ElÅah (×לוה), was used as an Old Testament synonym for the Tetragrammaton (יהוה), which is the proper name of God according to the Hebrew Bible. The Aramaic word for God is alôh-ô (Syriac dialect) or elâhâ (Biblical dialect), which comes from the same Proto-Semitic word (*ʾilâh-) as the Arabic and Hebrew terms; Jesus is described in Mark 15:34 as having used the word on the cross, with the ending meaning "my", when saying, "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?" (transliterated in Greek as elÅ-i).
One of the earliest surviving translations of the word AllÄh into a foreign language is in a Greek translation of the Shahada, from 86-96 AH (705-715 AD), which translates it as ho theos monos,[12] literally "the one god". Also the cognate Aramaic term appears in the Aramaic version of the New Testament, called the Pshitta (or Peshitta) as one of the words Jesus used to refer to God, e.g., in the sixth Beatitude, "Blessed are the pure in heart for they shall see Alaha."
Allah outside Islam
Most Arabic-speaking Christian and Jewish Communities (including the Yemenite Jews, several Template:ArabDIN communities and some Sephardim), as well as Eastern Christians living in Muslim countries (such as Orthodox Christians in Turkey [2]), use "AllÄh" as the proper noun for "God".[unverified]. The name's origin can be traced back to the earliest Semitic writings in which the word for god was Il or El, the latter being an Old Testament synonym for Yahweh [13] Allah is the standard Arabic word for "God" and is used by Arab Christians as well.[13]
Because of the centuries long Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula, the words ojalá and oxalá today exist in the Spanish and Portuguese languages, respectively, borrowed from Arabic by way of Mozarabic. These words literally mean "God willing" (in the sense of "I hope so").[unverified]
The word 'Allah' in the Indonesian language, means God, it is used alternatively with the word "Tuhan". Indonesia recognises six religions (Islam (majority), Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism), all of which use these two words to refer to God. However, religions other than Islam, use a different pronunciation for "Allah", although the spelling is the same.[unverified]
Translation
Some Muslim scholars feel that "AllÄh" should not be translated, because they perceive the Arabic word to express the uniqueness of "AllÄh" more accurately than the word "god" for two reasons:
- The word "god" can take a plural form "gods", whereas the word "AllÄh" in their view has no plural form.
- The word "god" can have gender as male god or female god (called goddess) whereas the word "AllÄh" in their view does not have gender.[14]
This is a significant issue in translation of the Qur'an.
The word "AllÄh" had been used in the Arabic tongue in the pre-Islamic period, which Muslims call JÄhilÄ«yah; it occurs in Arabic classical poetry and was also used by Jews in certain regions (for cognate Hebrew ElÅah).
Typography
The word AllÄh is always written without an alif to spell the Ä vowel. This is because the spelling was settled before Arabic spelling started habitually using alif to spell Ä. However, in vocalized spelling, a small diacritic alif is added on top of the shaddah to indicate the pronunciation.
One exception may be in the pre-Islamic Zabad inscription, where it ends with an ambiguous sign that may be a lone-standing h with a lengthened start, or may be a non-standard conjoined l-h:-
- as الاه : This reading would be AllÄh spelled phonetically with alif for the Ä.
- as الاله : This reading would be Al-'ilÄh = "the god" (an older form, without contraction), by older spelling practice without alif for Ä.
The form in the inscription is shown at.[15]
Unicode has a glyph reserved for AllÄh, ï·² = U+FDF2, which can be combined with an alif to yield the post-consonantal form, اﷲ, as opposed to the full spelling alif-lÄm-lÄm-hÄ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ which may be rendered slightly differently, in particular featuring a diacritic alif on top of the shadda. In this, Unicode imitates traditional Arabic typesetting, which also frequently featured special llÄh types.
In Abjad numerals, numeric value of الله is 66.
The calligraphic variant of the word used as the Coat of arms of Iran is encoded in Unicode, in the Miscellaneous Symbols range, at codepoint U+262B (Template:unicode).
For further reading, see Arabic name#Mistakes made by Europeans and other non-Arabs.
External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia - Allah
- The Concept of AllÄh according to the Qur'an
- For Mainstream/Traditional Classical Islamic Teachings
- An Orthodox Traditional Islamic Information Website
- - The Origins of "ALLAH" - A Refutation to Quennel Gale's Article "Allah"
Bibliography
- Samuel M. Zwemep - The Moslem Doctrine of God (Originally published in 1905) ISBN 1-84664-478-X
- Ian Richard Netton - Allah Transcendent (1994) ISBN 0-7007-0287-3
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, Allah
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, Allah
- ↑ Columbia Encyclopedia, Allah
- ↑ The Cambridge History of Islam(1977), p.32
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Encyclopaedia of Islam, Allah
- ↑ http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Could_not_Answer/16.htm
- ↑ F.E. Peters, Islam, p.4, Princeton University Press, 2003
- ↑ Bentley, David (Sept. 1999). The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book, William Carey Library.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an, God and his Attributes
- ↑ Columbia Encyclopaedia says: Derived from an old Semitic root referring to the Divine and used in the Canaanite El, the Mesopotamian ilu, and the biblical Elohim, the word Allah is used by all Arabic-speaking Muslims, Christians, Jews, and other monotheists.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia of World Mythology and Legend, "The Facts on File", ed. Anthony Mercatante, New York, 1983, I:61
- ↑ A Bilingual Papyrus Of A Protocol - Egyptian National Library Inv. No. 61, 86-96 AH [1]
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Allah. Britannica.com.
- ↑ Concept of God in Islam
- ↑ Zebed Inscription: A Pre-Islamic Trilingual Inscription In Greek, Syriac & Arabic From 512 CE. Islamic Awareness.
References
- Holt, P. M.; Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam (Paperback), Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521291354.
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