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| − | ''The word | + | ''The word liberty when used alone, has several possible meanings in the English language. See [[Liberty (disambiguation)]] for other possible uses.'' |
---- | ---- | ||
| − | ''' | + | '''Liberty''', or freedom, is a condition in which an individual has [[Immunity (legal)|immunity]] from the arbitrary exercise of [[authority]]. |
==Human condition== | ==Human condition== | ||
| − | From the [[ | + | From the [[Latin]] ''[[libertas]]'' (liber; meaning [[free]]), liberty is a [[human condition]] of the [[freeman]] and is the [[freedom (political)|freedom]] from restraint (as in a state of political independence). It is a personal freedom from servitude. Liberated people are not in confinement or oppression. Freemen declare themselves independent of the authority of unjust powers and explain their justifications for doing so. The [[Declaration of independence]] of the [[American colonies]] was an example of this ([[September 3]], [[1783]]; [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]]). The [[United States]], to secure the blessings of liberty, established the [[United States Constitution|Constitution for the United States of America]]. |
| − | ===Western | + | ===Western civilization=== |
| − | The thinkers of the [[ | + | The thinkers of the [[Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] [[logic|reasoned]] the assertion that law governed both heavenly and human affairs, and that law gave the [[monarch|king]] his power, rather than the king's power giving force to [[la]]w. The conception of law as a relationship between individuals, rather than families, came to the fore, and with it the increasing focus on individual liberty as a fundamental reality, given by "[[Nature]] and [[God|Nature's God]]", which, in the [[utopia|ideal state]], would be as expansive as possible. The Enlightenment created then, among other ideas, ''liberty'': that is, of a free individual being most free within the context of a state which provides stability of the laws. Later, more radical philosophies articulated themselves in the course of the [[French Revolution]] and in the Nineteenth Century. |
| − | The first | + | The first half of the [[19th century]] for [[Western world|Western civilization]] was marked by a series of turbulent wars and revolutions, which gradually formed into an idea and doctrine now identified as ''individual liberty''. The chief [[philosophy|philosophical]] ground for "Liberty" has been the idea of [[human rights]] ? that human beings are too valuable to be in [[slavery]], as well as the idea that human beings ought to control their own [[destiny]]. Much of this philosophy stems from [[religion|religious view]]s, although [[Christian]]s, [[Jew]]s and [[Muslim]]s have all practiced slavery in the past. |
| − | ''See | + | ''See also'': [[John Locke]], [[Free spirit]], [[Libre]] |
| − | ===Eastern | + | ===Eastern civilization=== |
| − | The Chinese sage [[Confucius]] warned against over-reaching governments, in a way | + | The Chinese sage [[Confucius]] warned against over-reaching governments, in a way analogous to the development in the western world of post-Lockean ideas of [[negative liberty]]. |
| − | He taught that government by | + | He taught that government by example and "not doing" (wú wéi) was superior to government by law and discipline. |
more needed. | more needed. | ||
| − | === | + | ===Middle Eastern civilization=== |
| − | The Jewish | + | The Jewish religious tradition features several revered individuals who stood up to statist power at crucial moments, including of course [[Moses]] who demanded that the [[Pharaoh]] of [[Egypt]] "let my people go." |
| − | + | Also, the [[Maccabees]] rebelled against mandatory assimilation to [[Greece|Greek]] culture and the [[Zealots]] (less successfully) rose against the [[Roman Empire]]. | |
| − | + | Moslem jurists have long held that the legal tradition initiated by the [[Koran]] includes a principle of permissibility, or Ibahah, especially as applied to commercial transaction. "Nothing in them [voluntary transactions] is forbidden," said [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], "unless God and His Messenger have decreed them to be forbidden." | |
The idea is founded upon two verses in the Koran, 4:29 and 5:1. | The idea is founded upon two verses in the Koran, 4:29 and 5:1. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Political thought== |
| − | [[ | + | [[Liberalism]] is a [[politics|political]] current embracing several historical and present-day ideologies that claim defence of individual liberty as the purpose of government. It typically favours the right to dissent from orthodox tenets or established authorities in political or religious matters. The word "[[liberal]]" derives from the Latin. Since the word "liberalism" ranges from being highly complimentary to a term of abuse, the connotations of the word in different languages can be starkly different. |
| − | One important schism that | + | One important schism that developed within [[liberalism]] early in the [[20th century]] involved the relationship between expressive or life-style liberty on the one hand and ''commercial liberty'' (the right to buy, sell, and hold [[property]]) on the other. One school of thought holds that although the two sorts of liberty both, indeed, merit recognition as liberty, they are of differing levels of priority -- i.e. [[Tammy Faye Bakker]]'s [[freedom of worship]] is much more important (on this view) than her right to sell her own line of cosmetics. |
| − | Another | + | Another school of thought holds that expressive and commercial liberties are so different that they are at war, and the latter must be opposed in order to advance the former. Naturally, those who hold this view also deny that the liberty they oppose ought to be called liberty at all. |
| − | A third | + | A third school of thought holds that there is no tenable distinction between the two sorts of liberty -- that they are, indeed, one and the same, to be protected (or opposed) together. In the context of U.S. [[constitutional law]], for example, they point out that the constitution twice lists "life, liberty, and property" without making any distinctions within that troika. |
| − | [[ | + | [[Individualism|Individualists]], such as [[Max Stirner]], demanded the utmost respect for the liberty of the individual. From a very similar perspective from North America, [[primitivist]]s like [[John Zerzan]] proclaimed that [[civilization]] ''not just the state'' would need to be abolished to foster liberty. [[David Hume]] wrote "Of Civil Liberty", in his book "Essays Moral and Political" (first ed. 1741-2) Some see protecting the ideal of liberty as a [[conservative]] policy, because this would conform to the spirit of individual liberty that they consider at the American foundation. |
| − | ''See | + | ''See also'': [[Libertarian]]s, [[Positive liberty]], [[Negative liberty]] |
==Phrases== | ==Phrases== | ||
| − | '' | + | ''Liberty'' can refer to various concept of freedom. |
| − | * "[[Freedom of expression| | + | * "[[Freedom of expression|Liberty of opinion]]"; |
| − | * "[[Freedom of | + | * "[[Freedom of religion|Liberty of worship]]"; |
| − | * "[[Perfect | + | * "[[Perfect liberty]]"; |
| − | Other | + | Other notable phrases that include liberty are: |
| − | * "[[In necessariis unitas, in dubiis | + | * "[[In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas]]" — Rupertus Meldenius |
| − | * "Give me | + | * "Give me liberty or give me death!" — [[Patrick Henry]] |
| − | * "No person | + | * "No person shall be ... deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law...." U.S. Constitution, Amendment V. "[N]or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law...." Id., Amendment XIV. |
| − | See | + | See also: ''[[Liberty (goddess)|Liberty]]'' (as a [[goddess]]; she is the [[personification]] of liberty). |
| − | == | + | ==Naval== |
| − | In [[Navy|Navies]], '' | + | In [[Navy|Navies]], ''Liberty'' can mean a [[serviceman|salior]], [[serviceman|mariner]], or [[naval officer]] that is granted "leave" from his post at the base. |
| − | == | + | ==Interpersonal relationships== |
| − | During [[ | + | During [[relationships|Interpersonal relationships]], ''Liberty'', connotates that an individual's [[behavior]] is of undue [[intimacy]]. The 2003 [[United State]]s [[Supreme Court]] [[Lawrence v. Texas]] case (number 02-102) decided by a 6-3 ruling that intimate [[consensual]] [[sexual activity|sexual conduct]] was part of the liberty protected by substantive [[due process]] under the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]]. |
==Credits== | ==Credits== | ||
| − | * | + | *Article is adapted from [[wikipedia:liberty]] under the terms of [[GNU FDL]]. |
Revision as of 13:11, 23 July 2005
The word liberty when used alone, has several possible meanings in the English language. See Liberty (disambiguation) for other possible uses.
Liberty, or freedom, is a condition in which an individual has immunity from the arbitrary exercise of authority.
Contents
Human condition
From the Latin libertas (liber; meaning free), liberty is a human condition of the freeman and is the freedom from restraint (as in a state of political independence). It is a personal freedom from servitude. Liberated people are not in confinement or oppression. Freemen declare themselves independent of the authority of unjust powers and explain their justifications for doing so. The Declaration of independence of the American colonies was an example of this (September 3, 1783; Treaty of Paris). The United States, to secure the blessings of liberty, established the Constitution for the United States of America.
Western civilization
The thinkers of the Enlightenment reasoned the assertion that law governed both heavenly and human affairs, and that law gave the king his power, rather than the king's power giving force to law. The conception of law as a relationship between individuals, rather than families, came to the fore, and with it the increasing focus on individual liberty as a fundamental reality, given by "Nature and Nature's God", which, in the ideal state, would be as expansive as possible. The Enlightenment created then, among other ideas, liberty: that is, of a free individual being most free within the context of a state which provides stability of the laws. Later, more radical philosophies articulated themselves in the course of the French Revolution and in the Nineteenth Century.
The first half of the 19th century for Western civilization was marked by a series of turbulent wars and revolutions, which gradually formed into an idea and doctrine now identified as individual liberty. The chief philosophical ground for "Liberty" has been the idea of human rights ? that human beings are too valuable to be in slavery, as well as the idea that human beings ought to control their own destiny. Much of this philosophy stems from religious views, although Christians, Jews and Muslims have all practiced slavery in the past.
See also: John Locke, Free spirit, Libre
Eastern civilization
The Chinese sage Confucius warned against over-reaching governments, in a way analogous to the development in the western world of post-Lockean ideas of negative liberty.
He taught that government by example and "not doing" (wú wéi) was superior to government by law and discipline.
more needed.
Middle Eastern civilization
The Jewish religious tradition features several revered individuals who stood up to statist power at crucial moments, including of course Moses who demanded that the Pharaoh of Egypt "let my people go."
Also, the Maccabees rebelled against mandatory assimilation to Greek culture and the Zealots (less successfully) rose against the Roman Empire.
Moslem jurists have long held that the legal tradition initiated by the Koran includes a principle of permissibility, or Ibahah, especially as applied to commercial transaction. "Nothing in them [voluntary transactions] is forbidden," said Ibn Taymiyyah, "unless God and His Messenger have decreed them to be forbidden."
The idea is founded upon two verses in the Koran, 4:29 and 5:1.
Political thought
Liberalism is a political current embracing several historical and present-day ideologies that claim defence of individual liberty as the purpose of government. It typically favours the right to dissent from orthodox tenets or established authorities in political or religious matters. The word "liberal" derives from the Latin. Since the word "liberalism" ranges from being highly complimentary to a term of abuse, the connotations of the word in different languages can be starkly different.
One important schism that developed within liberalism early in the 20th century involved the relationship between expressive or life-style liberty on the one hand and commercial liberty (the right to buy, sell, and hold property) on the other. One school of thought holds that although the two sorts of liberty both, indeed, merit recognition as liberty, they are of differing levels of priority -- i.e. Tammy Faye Bakker's freedom of worship is much more important (on this view) than her right to sell her own line of cosmetics.
Another school of thought holds that expressive and commercial liberties are so different that they are at war, and the latter must be opposed in order to advance the former. Naturally, those who hold this view also deny that the liberty they oppose ought to be called liberty at all.
A third school of thought holds that there is no tenable distinction between the two sorts of liberty -- that they are, indeed, one and the same, to be protected (or opposed) together. In the context of U.S. constitutional law, for example, they point out that the constitution twice lists "life, liberty, and property" without making any distinctions within that troika.
Individualists, such as Max Stirner, demanded the utmost respect for the liberty of the individual. From a very similar perspective from North America, primitivists like John Zerzan proclaimed that civilization not just the state would need to be abolished to foster liberty. David Hume wrote "Of Civil Liberty", in his book "Essays Moral and Political" (first ed. 1741-2) Some see protecting the ideal of liberty as a conservative policy, because this would conform to the spirit of individual liberty that they consider at the American foundation.
See also: Libertarians, Positive liberty, Negative liberty
Phrases
Liberty can refer to various concept of freedom.
Other notable phrases that include liberty are:
- "In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas" — Rupertus Meldenius
- "Give me liberty or give me death!" — Patrick Henry
- "No person shall be ... deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law...." U.S. Constitution, Amendment V. "[N]or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law...." Id., Amendment XIV.
See also: Liberty (as a goddess; she is the personification of liberty).
In Navies, Liberty can mean a salior, mariner, or naval officer that is granted "leave" from his post at the base.
Interpersonal relationships
During Interpersonal relationships, Liberty, connotates that an individual's behavior is of undue intimacy. The 2003 United States Supreme Court Lawrence v. Texas case (number 02-102) decided by a 6-3 ruling that intimate consensual sexual conduct was part of the liberty protected by substantive due process under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Credits
- Article is adapted from wikipedia:liberty under the terms of GNU FDL.
