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March 25

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March 25 is the 25th day in March.

Events[edit]

31 — First Easter, according to calendar-maker Dionysius Exiguus.

1306 — Robert I, "the Bruce," crowned King of Scots at Scone.

1584 — England: First American colonists set sail.

1655 — New World: Civil war between Catholics & Puritans in Maryland ends.

1811 — Refusing to admit writing The Necessity of Atheism, Percy Bysshe Shelley is expelled from Oxford. [1]

1812 — Russia: Anarchist sympathizer Alexander Herzen lives, Moscow.

1820 — Anne Brontë lives. English writer, sister of Charlotte Bronte & Emily Bronte. Best known The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. [2]

1823 — William Blake agrees to engrave the Inventions to the Book of Job. He is paid 5 pounds per plate. [3]

1825 — Puerto Rico: The Pirate Cofresí is executed in "El Morro" castle. In 1521, Concerned about potential threats from European enemies, Spain began constructing massive defenses around San Juan. El Morro Castle featured 18-foot-thick walls; San Cristóbal & San Geronimo Forts also garrisoned troops. Next the Spaniards constructed a wall, parts of which still survive, around the entire city. Government Center is moved to the isle of San Juan. The ever arriving Spaniards settlers, many of them gold-seekers, brought no women on their ships. To populate the country, the Spaniard took Indian woman. With the arrival of African slaves, other elements were added. This historic intermingling has resulted in a contemporary Puerto Rico without racial problems. [4] [5]

1843 — France: Jules Montels lives. Militant in the Paris Commune of 1871, colonel of the Twelfth Federate Legion of the Commune. In 1877, he went to Russia where he became tutor of the children of Leo Tolstoy. Married to Lucie Gachet, Montels died on 1916 September 20 in Tunisia, where he was writer-in-chief of the Tunis Journal. [6] [7]

1871 — France: Proclamation de la Commune à Toulouse.

1872 — Canada: Toronto printers strike for the 9-hour day — the first major strike in the country.

1873 — Rudolf Rocker lives. American immigrant anarchist leader Rudolf Rocker was an anarcho-syndicalist theorist, organizer, & anti-fascist. A Gentile, he became deeply involved in the Jewish anarchist movement. Rudolf learned Yiddish, lived in the Jewish community, & was the lifelong companion of Milly Witkop, also a libertarian & labor activist. Daily Bleed Saint September 13.

1877 — France: Jean-Baptiste Knockaert lives (1857 — 1957), Tourcoing (northern). Anarcho-syndicalist, communist, then a free thinker. [8]

1881 — Radical musicologist Bela Bartok lives, Nagy-szentmiklos, Austria-Hungary.

1881 — Mary Webb lives (1881 — 1927); British novelist, nature essayist, poet. Her evocation of the Shropshire border countryside, timeless themes & insights, perception of people & of nature, attract & reward readers. Afflicted with Graves Disease, an incurable thyroid disorder, she was in ill-health most her short life. Gained popularity only after her death, & a revival of interest in her books in the 1970s.

1887 — France: At four o’clock this afternoon, Clément Duval is deported from the military fortress of Toulon, bound for the prison vaults of French Guyana. He had a ghastly anticipation of what to expect from the very first day of his stay in the fortress. Duval spent 14 years in Guyana. In this time, he tried to escape more than 20 times, seizing every chance, every means: on rafts, on stolen or patiently built boats, hiding in ships that passed. Every time something went wrong. Until….

1894 — Coxeyʼs Common-Wealth Army heads for Washington DC, demanding economic reform. [9] [10] [11]

1900 — Italy: Gabriele D'Annunzio spiega in una dichiarazione al "Mattino" di Napoli le ragioni del suo passaggio dai banchi dell'estrema destra a quelli dell'estrema sinistra. [Source: Crimini e Misfatti]

1911 — United States of America: The Triangle Shirt Waist Company, occupying the top floors of a 10-story building in New York, is consumed by fire. 147 people, mostly women & young girls, age 13 to 23, working in sweatshop conditions, lost their lives. Approximately 50 died as they leapt from windows to the street; the others were burned or trampled to death, desperately trying to escape via stairway exits illegally locked to prevent "the interruption of work." Company owners are charged with seven counts of manslaughter — but are found not guilty. A turning point in labor laws — especially concerning health & safety — occurred as a result of this disaster. For the past three days the company, along with other warehouse owners, had grouped together to fight the Fire Commissionerʼs order that fire sprinklers be installed. Bodies laid out in a row Clara Lemlich, who was badly beaten up by thugs during the strike in the shop of Louis Leiserson, interrupted Jacob Panken just as he started to speak, saying: "I wanted to say a few words." Cries came from all parts of the hall, "Getup on the platform!" Willing hands lifted the frail little girl with flashing black eyes to the stage, & she said simply: "I have listened to all the speakers. I would not have further patience for talk, as I am one of those who feels & suffers from the things pictured. I move that we go on a general strike!" As the tremulous voice of the girl died away, the audience rose en masse & cheered her to the echo. A grim sea of faces, with high purpose & resolve, they shouted & cheered the declaration of war for living conditions hoarsely. As the fire rages, amid screams in a dozen languages, the women crowd onto window ledges & throw themselves onto the streets below. Some jump with their clothes on fire. Witnesses near the pavement hear thud after thud. Although the law says factory doors must remain open, Triangle has locked its door to keep track of employees. After todayʼs Triangle Shirt Waist Fire, a memorial parade will draw 100,000 people to Broadway. [12] [13] [14]

1914 — French poet/philologist, Frédéric Mistral, dies in Maillane. 1904 Nobel Prize winner. His great poetic work rests on his first & last long poems (Mirèio; Lou Pouèmo dóu Rose), both full-scale epics in 12 cantos. [15]

1915 — Australia: Sisterhood of International Peace founded.

1916 — United States of America: Ishi dies, last of his California-based former Native Indian tribe.

1918 — French composer Claude Debussy dies.

1920 — Paul Scott, British writer, best known for The Raj Quartet, lives. Received the Booker Prize for the novel Staying On. [16]

1920 — Howard Cosell lives. The most liked — & most despised — sports journalist across America. Cosell agreed when others described him as arrogant, pompous, obnoxious, vain, cruel, verbose, a show-off. Still others said he forgot to include “irritating, generous, funny, paranoid, charming, egomaniacal & insecure.”

1921 — Argentina: Premier issue of the weekly anarchist paper "La Antorcha," in Buenos Aires. Numéro 300 de mai 1930, qui publie un entretien avec Simón Radowitzky (Radovitzky) (qui venait d'être libéré). Principal collaborators include Rodolfo González Pacheco, Teodoro Antillí, Alberto S. Bianchi, Horacio Badaracco et le gérant: Antonio Rizzo. “Haute Cuisine?” The title of the paper revives the name Argentinian gastronomical federation publication of 1911-1912….with fewer dire intestinal implications. [17]

1923 — Germany: Emma Goldman delivers a speech in Berlin, "Rudolf Rocker on the Occasion of his 50th Birthday." [Exact day not given by source; presumably on or about today — ed.]

1925 — Flannery O'Connor, author of Wise Blood and The Violent Bear It Away, lives, Savannah, Georgia.

1926 — England: Emma Goldman returns to London for a series of six lectures (March 25 — April 29) on dramatists, including O'Neill, Ibsen, Susan Glaspell, & the German expressionists; Emma also delivers the same lectures in Yiddish as well as lecturing on Yiddish drama.

1931 — United States of America: Black American activist Ida B. Wells dies, Chicago, Illinois.

1934 — Italy: Secondo plebiscito. Quasi il 99% dei votanti si esprime a favore del fascismo. I no sono solo lo 0,15%. Il fascismo può a buon titolo vantarsi di essere la più democratica espressione delle masse italiane. Il termine democratico non ha comunque nulla a che vedere nè con la giustizia nè con la libertà che sono aspetti attinenti la morale delle persone e non il risultato del voto delle masse. Also during this month, Vengono arrestati esponenti del gruppo torinese di Giustizia e Libertà. Altri saranno incarcerati nel corso dell'anno tra cui Mario Ginzburg che sarà condannato a 4 anni. [Source: Crimini e Misfatti]

1936 — Wales: Emma Goldman delivers three lectures (March 25 — 27) to miners in South Wales — at Mountain Ash, Ystradgynlais, & Aberdare — sponsored by the National Council of Labour Colleges. Her lectures on "Mussolini & Hitler" & on "The Two Communisms" are surprisingly well received, as it is the first time that the Labour Colleges had provided a hearing for anarchism & a critique of Soviet Russia.

1939 — Toni Cade Bambara lives, New York. African American writer, civil-rights activist, & teacher.

1942 — Queen of Soul Aretha Franklin lives.

1944 — United States of America: On or about today, Roman Forum in honor of Rudolf Rockerʼs 70th birthday. 1944 — Testimonial to Rudolf Rocker 1873 - 1943. With contributions from F. W. Roman, A. E. Briggs, H. Yaffe. Los Angeles Rocker Publications Committee, 1944, 48 pages. A booklet comprised in large part of articles from the Roman Forum in honor of Rudolf Rockerʼs 70th birthday.

1954 — RCA manufactures the first colour television set. [18]

1955 — Russia United States of America: Customs confiscate 520 copies of Allen Ginsbergʼs Howl as they enter the US. It will then be published by City Lights publishers in San Francisco, leading to the arrest of anarchist/poet/publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti. Customs also seized & destroyed another shipment of Ginsbergʼs poetry sent from Canada in the 1960s. The day after the poetʼs 36th birthday—520 copies of a book his press had published were confiscated by US Customs, acting under the order of Chester McPhee, US Collector of Customs. McPhee called the book "obscene": "you wouldnʼt want your children to come across it," he groused. The book was "Howl & Other Poems." [19] [20] [21]

1956 — At the conclusion of Alan Freedʼs 3-day Rock 'n' Roll Show at the Stage Theater in Hartford, Connecticut, police arrest 11 teens & pull the theaterʼs license to operate. Hartford Institute of Living psychiatrist Dr. Francis J. Braceland to testify at license hearings that rock & roll is: "a communicable disease with music appealing to adolescent insecurity & driving teenagers to do outlandish things…Itʼs cannibalistic & tribalistic."

1957 — United States of America: Customs again seizes Allen Ginsbergʼs book of poetry, Howl, this time the second printing published by City Lights Books in Frisco; the US District Attorney decides not to pursue, & the printing is released. But in August, Officer Friendlies from the Frisco Juvenile Dept raid City Lights Bookstore & charge the owner, anarchist & poet [[Larry Ferlinghetti] with obscenity for selling copies of Howl. [22]

1960 — Julia Bertrand (1877 — 1960) dies. French teacher, militant anarchist, feminist & free thinker. Participant in the feminist periodical "La femme affranchie". [23]

1960 — United States of America: Circuit Court of Appeals in NY rules the unexpurgated version of D.H. Lawrenceʼs Lady Chatterley's Lover is not obscene. (or 1959 July 21?)

1965 — United States of America: Ku Klux Klan murders Viola Liuzzo, age 39, a civil rights activist — a housewife with five kids who grew up in the South, moved to Detroit & married a Teamsters business agent — in Montgomery, Alabama. [24]

1965 — United States of America: Martin Luther King Jr., leads 25,000 into Montgomery, completing civil rights march begun in Selma. After a weeks-long struggle against local police, the civil rights march ends triumphantly with a 50,000 person demonstration in Montgomery. "The question is not whether we will be extremists, but what kind of extremists we will be… The nation and the world are in dire need of creative extremists." — Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.

1965 — One-time radical Max Eastman dies, Barbados.

1966 — United States of America: Demonstrations & Vietnam War protests today through the 27th. 25,000 march down Fifth Ave, NYC. Others occur in seven US cities & seven foreign cities.

1966 — Paul Butterfield Blues Band and Quicksilver Messenger Service opens at Fillmore Auditorium in Frisco.

1967 — United States of America: Martin Luther King, Jr., accompanies 2,000 anti-Vietnam War marchers through Chicago.

1970 — United States of America: First postal strike ends…mail delivery does not seem to gotten any faster with them on the job as off the job?

1971 — Pakistani army invades East Bengal.

1972 — United States of America: 30,000 in Children's March for Survival, Washington, D.C., protesting welfare cuts.

1972 — England: March of Shame protests British Armyʼs gunning down of Northern Ireland civilians, London.

1980 — Poet/translator James Wright dies in New York. Wrote free verse, simple diction, & a casual mix of objective & subjective images. Translated Georg Trakl, César Vallejo, Hermann Hesse, Pablo Neruda, several in collaboration with Robert Bly. [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]

1990 — The mythical semiologist, French literary critic, Roland Barthes dies, Paris, France. [30] [31]

1990 — El Salvador: New city, Segundo Montes, is started by campesinos who lived for nine years as exiles in Honduras.

1994 — Somalia: Last US soldiers leave as civil war intensifies.

1995 — After nearly three decades of acrimony, Paul McCartney & Yoko Ono join in a recording session, along with McCartneyʼs wife Linda & Onoʼs son Sean Lennon. They recorded Onoʼs "Hiroshima Sky is Always Blue", a memorial to the victims of the atomic bomb on Japan 50 years before. [32]

1995 — New Zealand: Seattleʼs Pearl Jam frontman Eddie Vedder is rescued after a riptide carries him 250 feet offshore.

External link[edit]