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This grapheme table can be used to determine or approximate the pronunciation of a Dutch word.  Possible phonemes are separated by a comma, eventual [[allophones]] are enclosed between parentheses, the notation used is ASCII-IPA ([[Kirshenbaum]]).
 +
 
{|border=1
 
{|border=1
−
!grapheme
+
![[grapheme]]
−
!phonemes<br/>([[ASCII-IPA]])
+
![[phoneme]]s
 
!notes
 
!notes
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -a-
 
| -a-
 +
| /A/
 +
| See also: -aa-
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -b-
 
| -b-
 +
| /b/
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -c-
 
| -c-
−
| /s/
+
| /k/, /s/
−
| See also: -ctie
+
| See also: -ca-, -ci-, -cc-, -ch-, -ctie
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -d-
 
| -d-
 
| /d/
 
| /d/
 +
| See also: -d
 
|-
 
|-
−
| e-
+
| -d || /ts<o>/
−
| /E/
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -e-
 
| -e-
−
|  
+
| '''/E/''', '''/e/''', '''/@/''' (/e"/, /E"/; unstressed)
−
| See also: e-, -ee-, -ie-, -e[CCV]-
+
| See also: -ee-, -ie-, -e[CCV]-, -he-,
 +
|-
 +
| -é- || || See: -éé-
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -f-
 
| -f-
 +
| /f/
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -g-
 
| -g-
 +
| /Q/
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -h-
 
| -h-
 +
| /h<?>/, //
 +
| See also: -ch-, -he-
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -i-
 
| -i-
−
|
+
| '''/i/''', '''/@/''' (/i"/; unstressed)
−
| See also: -ie-
+
| See also: -ie-, -ij-
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -j-
 
| -j-
 
| /i/
 
| /i/
 +
| See also: -ij-, -sj-
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -k-
 
| -k-
 +
| /k/
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -l-
 
| -l-
 +
| /l/
 +
| Sometimes syllabic, see -lm-
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -m-
 
| -m-
 +
| /m/
 
|-
 
|-
−
| -n-
+
| -n- || /n/ || See also: -ng
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -o-
 
| -o-
 +
| /o/, /O/
 +
| See also: -oo-, -ou-
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -p-
 
| -p-
 +
| /p/
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -q-
 
| -q-
 +
|
 +
| See: -qu-
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -r-
 
| -r-
 +
| /r"/ ([r])
 +
| Sometimes syllabic.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -s-
 
| -s-
 +
| /s/
 +
| See also: -sj-, -uws-
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -t-
 
| -t-
 
| /t/
 
| /t/
−
| See also: -tie
+
| See also: -tie, -t, -tw-, -tj-
 +
|-
 +
| -t
 +
| /t/ ([ts<o>])
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -u-
 
| -u-
 +
| '''/y/''' ([u"])
 +
| See also: -uu-
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -v-
 
| -v-
 +
| /v/
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -w-
 
| -w-
 +
| /r<w>/
 +
| [[labiodental approximant]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -x-
 
| -x-
 +
| /ks/
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -y-
 
| -y-
 +
|
 +
| Non native letter: [i] or [i:]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -z-
 
| -z-
 +
| /z/
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
! colspan=3| digraphs
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -aa-
 
| -aa-
 
| /a:/
 
| /a:/
 
| See also:
 
| See also:
 +
|-
 +
| -ca-
 +
| /ka/
 +
|-
 +
| -cc-
 +
| /k/
 +
| "occitaans" /'o ki ,ta:ns/
 +
|-
 +
| -ch-
 +
| /x/
 +
| See also: cha-, -che-, -chi-, -ch
 +
|-
 +
| -ch
 +
| /x/
 +
|-
 +
| -ci-
 +
| /si/
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -ct-
 
| -ct-
Line 80: Line 134:
 
| See also: -ctie
 
| See also: -ctie
 
|-
 
|-
−
| -ee-
+
| -ee- || '''/e:/''' (/ei/) || See also: -hee-; potential diphthong
−
| /e:/
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
| -oe-
+
| -éé- || '''/e:/''' (/ei/) || Example: één
−
| /u:/
+
|-
−
|
+
| -ei-
 +
| /Ei/
 +
| Ex: sein
 +
|-
 +
| -eu- || '''/@<umd>.:/''' (/@y/, /@ @./) || Potential diphthong; see also -ieuw-
 +
|-
 +
| -he-
 +
| /h<?>E/
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -ie-
 
| -ie-
 
| /i:/
 
| /i:/
 
| See also: -tie
 
| See also: -tie
 +
|-
 +
| -ij-
 +
| /Ei/
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
| -ng || N
 +
|-
 +
| -oe-
 +
| /u/
 +
|-
 +
| -oo-
 +
| '''/o:/''' (/oi/)
 +
| Potential diphthong<!--- Please check again: was /O:/ --->
 +
|-
 +
| -ou-
 +
| /A.u/
 +
|-
 +
| -qu-
 +
| /kw/
 +
|-
 +
| -sj-
 +
| /Z/
 +
|-
 +
| -tj-
 +
| -c-
 +
|-
 +
| -tw-
 +
| /ts<o>r<w>/
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -ue-
 
| -ue-
−
|
+
| /u:/
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -ui-
 
| -ui-
Line 98: Line 186:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -uu-
 
| -uu-
−
| /u:/
+
| /y:/
 
|-
 
|-
 +
| -uw-
 +
|
 +
| (/u/ or /y/?); see also uws
 +
|-
 +
! colspan=3| trigraphs
 +
|-
 +
| cha-
 +
| /SA/
 +
|-
 +
| -che-
 +
| /SE/
 +
|-
 +
| -chi-
 +
| /Si/
 +
|-
 +
| -hoe-
 +
| /r<w><j>/
 +
| "hoed"; [[labial-palatal approximant]]
 +
|-
 +
| -hee-
 
|
 
|
 +
| /h<?>E:/ or /h<?>e:/
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -tie
 
| -tie
 
| /tsi/
 
| /tsi/
−
| alimentatie; see also -ctie
+
| "alimentatie"; see also -ctie
 
|-
 
|-
 +
| -uws-
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
! colspan=3| four letters
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -ctie
 
| -ctie
 
| /ksi/
 
| /ksi/
−
| reproductie
+
| "reproductie"
 +
|-
 +
| -ieuw-
 +
| /i:u/
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
===External links===
 +
 +
*[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/dutch.htm SAMPA for Dutch]
 +
*[[Wikipedia]]: [[Wikipedia:Dutch phonology|Dutch phonology]]
 +
*[[Wikibooks]]: [[Wikibooks:Dutch/Alfabet|Dutch Alphabet]]
 +
 +
[[Category:Grapheme tables]]
 +
[[Category:Dutch language]]

Latest revision as of 15:32, 22 August 2006

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This grapheme table can be used to determine or approximate the pronunciation of a Dutch word. Possible phonemes are separated by a comma, eventual allophones are enclosed between parentheses, the notation used is ASCII-IPA (Kirshenbaum).

grapheme phonemes notes
-a- /A/ See also: -aa-
-b- /b/
-c- /k/, /s/ See also: -ca-, -ci-, -cc-, -ch-, -ctie
-d- /d/ See also: -d
-d /ts<o>/
-e- /E/, /e/, /@/ (/e"/, /E"/; unstressed) See also: -ee-, -ie-, -e[CCV]-, -he-,
-é- See: -éé-
-f- /f/
-g- /Q/
-h- /h<?>/, // See also: -ch-, -he-
-i- /i/, /@/ (/i"/; unstressed) See also: -ie-, -ij-
-j- /i/ See also: -ij-, -sj-
-k- /k/
-l- /l/ Sometimes syllabic, see -lm-
-m- /m/
-n- /n/ See also: -ng
-o- /o/, /O/ See also: -oo-, -ou-
-p- /p/
-q- See: -qu-
-r- /r"/ ([r]) Sometimes syllabic.
-s- /s/ See also: -sj-, -uws-
-t- /t/ See also: -tie, -t, -tw-, -tj-
-t /t/ ([ts<o>])
-u- /y/ ([u"]) See also: -uu-
-v- /v/
-w- /r<w>/ labiodental approximant
-x- /ks/
-y- Non native letter: [i] or [i:]
-z- /z/
digraphs
-aa- /a:/ See also:
-ca- /ka/
-cc- /k/ "occitaans" /'o ki ,ta:ns/
-ch- /x/ See also: cha-, -che-, -chi-, -ch
-ch /x/
-ci- /si/
-ct- /kt/ See also: -ctie
-ee- /e:/ (/ei/) See also: -hee-; potential diphthong
-éé- /e:/ (/ei/) Example: één
-ei- /Ei/ Ex: sein
-eu- /@<umd>.:/ (/@y/, /@ @./) Potential diphthong; see also -ieuw-
-he- /h<?>E/
-ie- /i:/ See also: -tie
-ij- /Ei/
-ng N
-oe- /u/
-oo- /o:/ (/oi/) Potential diphthong
-ou- /A.u/
-qu- /kw/
-sj- /Z/
-tj- -c-
-tw- /ts<o>r<w>/
-ue- /u:/
-ui- /a.y/
-uu- /y:/
-uw- (/u/ or /y/?); see also uws
trigraphs
cha- /SA/
-che- /SE/
-chi- /Si/
-hoe- /r<w><j>/ "hoed"; labial-palatal approximant
-hee- /h<?>E:/ or /h<?>e:/
-tie /tsi/ "alimentatie"; see also -ctie
-uws-
four letters
-ctie /ksi/ "reproductie"
-ieuw- /i:u/

External links[edit]

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