Postmodern Wicca - Revision history

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'''Postmodern Wicca'''<ref>Lewis, James (1996) ''Magic religion and Modern Witchcraft'' New York University Press - page 46 ''"While premodern themes form the foundation for this movement it is the manner that such themes are reworked to be appropriate in the contemporary context that form the greatest relevance to the significance of Witchcraft as a postmodern form of spirituality"''</ref><ref>[http://www.wiccamagazine.com Wicca Magazine (2010) Postmodern Wicca: An Eclectic Ideology]</ref> is a [[Postmodern Religion|postmodern religion]], [[ideology]], [[philosophy]] and way of living and being inspired by a diverse range of ancient and modern<ref>Patrick Dunn, Postmodern Magic: The Art of Magic in the Information Age</ref> cultural beliefs and practices and societies. Postmodernism is an ideology that has strongly influenced [[neo-paganism]] in the Western world. Postmodern thought is personal, [[syncretic]] and emphasises the importance of the individual over external authorities and this philosophy is clearly reflected in Wicca and the Goddess movement<ref>[http://www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html] - Neopaganism in a Postmodern Age - Journal of Western Mystery Tradition</ref>. People who interpret religion from a postmodern perspective may have and eclectic approach and draw from the values and beliefs of many different religions<ref>BBC Religions: Postmodernism [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml BBC Religion:Postmodernism http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml] for example,</ref>, for example, [[Wicca|Eclectic Wiccans]] draw from religious beliefs from many different societies and cultures including [[ancient Egypt]]<ref>Schiff, Stacy-Pulitzer Prize Winner - (2010) ''Cleopatra: A Life'', Little Brown ISBN 0-3160-0192-9</ref>, [[ancient Greece]]<ref>Apuleius, Lucius; Adlington, William (Trans.) (1996). ''The Golden Ass''. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, Wordsworth Ed. Ltd.: Ware, GB. ISBN 1-85326-460-1</ref>, [[Asian]], [[Hebrew]], [[Saxon]], [[Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Celtic]]<ref>Hutton, Ronald (1993) ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy''. ISBN 0-631-18946-7</ref> civilisations<ref>Smith, Diane (2005) ''Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies'' Wiley Publishing Inc ISBN 978-0-7645-7834-2</ref>. Postmodern Wicca interprets [[Wicca]], which is a positive, peaceful and [[earth-centred religion]]<ref>Weinstein, Marion Earth Magic: A book of shadows for positive witches</ref>, by using postmodern theories to critically analyse and adapt, and develop a personal ideology that is underpinned by an [[eclectic]] array of values and beliefs shared by many [[Pagan]], [[Wicca]], [[Witchcraft]] and [[polytheistic]] cultures and traditions.<ref>CIRCLE SANCTUARY - ''Neopagan and Postmodernism'' http://www.circlesanctuary.org/aboutpagan/contours.htm</ref>, examples of the eclectic influences in Wicca that may be incorporated into a postmodern interpretation include [[Shintoism]], [[Buddhism]]<ref>On Deconstructing Life-Worlds: Buddhism, Christianity, Culture (Atlanta: Scholars Press of American Academy of Religion, 1997; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-7885-0295-6, cloth</ref>[[Shamanism]], [[Hawaiian Religion]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1995) - ''Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality'' (ISBN 1-56718-199-6)</ref> [[Polynesian]] religions, [[Celtic Wicca]], [[Dianic Wicca]] and Eclectic Wicca. Postmodern Wicca reflects and incorporates a postmodern [[philosophical]] and [[metaphysical]] belief system that focuses on [[eclecticism]], self-empowerment, [[self-actualization]], [[Jungian archetypes]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1988) - ''Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner'' (ISBN 0-87542-118-0)</ref> and [[Karma]].

==Postmodern Thinking and Influences==
Postmodern Wicca is an outlook that is underpinned by the philosophy of [[postmodernism]], which views realties as [[plural]], diverse and relative. A postmodern approach to Wicca offers many different versions of truth and rejects the notion of a [[universal]] and singular version of reality. Postmodern Wicca avoids sharp classifications and mainstream [[metanarratives]] and instead focuses on [[pluralism]], [[diversity]] and difference. Followers of this religious and philosophical path develop individual and [[eclectic]] beliefs systems, rituals and philosphies based on a multiplicity of different religious systems. Postmodern Wicca emphasises the key point that religious truth is highly individualistic<ref>Raphael, Melissa (April 1998) Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities â€ŒNova Religio, Vol. 1, No. 2, Pages 198â€“215 (abstract can be found at: Caliber: University of California Press)</ref>, subjective and resides within the individual<ref>Eve, Raymond,Phd, Wiccans vs. Creationists: An Empirical Study of How Two Systems of Belief Differ http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/10-08-25/</ref>. A postmodern religious outlook<ref>Patton, K and Ray, B (2008) ''A Magic Still Dwells:Comparative Religion in the Postmodern Age''</ref> involves using the theories of postmodern philosophy to critically analyse, question, challenge, [[reclaim]], transform and adapt a range of different ideas and practices and reinvent and reinterpret their religion and philosophy according to their own personal beliefs. According to postmodern theory, the individual's [[worldview]] is a central influence their approach to Postmodern Wicca.

==Historical Bias and Versions of Truth==
According to [[postmodern philosophy]], History may be written by powerful groups in society, who may [[marginalise]], silence or misrepresent other, less powerful or oppressed groups. Postmodern Wicca is a philosophy that openly acknowledges and accepts that [[rituals]], beliefs and practices are invented, transformed, created and reworked based on constantly shifting and changing realities, individual preference, [[myths]], [[legends]], [[archetypes]], [[rituals]] and cultural values and beliefs. A postmodern approach to Wicca acknowledges that history is frequently represented in an inherently [[biased]] way, reinforcing the mainstream [[ideologies]] of those in power. Individuals who follow a postmodern approach may draw from the histories of various cultures to inform their religious beliefs - they may questions, challenge and critique representations of history based on the theories of postmodernism, which acknowledge that realities are diverse, subjective and depend on the individuals interests and interpretations.

==Eclecticism, self-actualisation, archetypes, visualisation==
Many people who interpret Wicca from a postmodern perspective are eclectic in their rituals, practices and beliefs<ref>[http://www.americanneopaganism.com American Neopaganism Journal]</ref>. Eclectic Wicca is currently the most popular and widely adapted form of Wicca in the United States<ref>Smith, Diane(2005) Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies</ref>. A postmodern approach to [[Wicca]], may involve drawing on techniques and beliefs that are common to many different religions<ref>BBC Religions: Postmodernism http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml</ref>, including [[meditation]], [[visualisation]], [[divination]], [[karmic]] thought, [[reincarnation]], communication with Deity and [[symbolic]] rituals and [[spells]]. Symbolic thinking and representation, for example through the use of archetypes, movement, visual [[symbols]], herbs, candles and incense are used eclectically to achieve specific [[goals]], to connect with Deity and to live in a positive way. Wiccans and Pagans who create a belief system use the core theories of postmodern philosophy, which assert that there is no one truth, reality is subjective and controlled by the individual and that there are many versions of religious truth that may be valid or challenged depending on the individual's world view<ref>Lash, S. (1990) ''The sociology of postmodernism'' London, Routledge</ref>. An example of a postmodern approach and eclectic approach to Wicca is [[Reclaiming (Neopaganism)|reclaiming(neopaganism)]], this movement was launched by [[Starhawk]], a Wiccan expert of Jewish descent<ref>Starhawk (1999) ''The Spiral Dance'' Imprint: HarperSanFrancisco; ISBN 0062516329</ref>. Starhawk emphasises her postmodernist approach to Wicca as an alternative to a modernist approach to Wicca ''"to reclaim â€˜Witchâ€™ is to reclaim the image of a powerful woman, the whole constellation of ideas about reality and imagination and energy that have been labeled â€˜out of boundsâ€™ by Western modernism"''<ref>
http://www.starhawk.org/activism/activism-writings/RNC_update2.html</ref>

==Appeal of Postmodern Wicca to Marginalised Groups==
Members of groups in society who face discrimination or who are marginalised, may be drawn to postmodern religious thinking. For example, in [[Semitic Neopaganism|semitic neopaganism]] or [[Jewitchery]] a postmodern approach to this tradition of Wicca may provide followers with the ability to challenge mainstream versions of reality and truth<ref>http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.198 Raphael, Melissa (April 1998) Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities â€ŒNova Religio, Vol. 1, No. 2, Pages 198â€“215 (abstract can be found at: Caliber: University of California Press)</ref>. Minority groups, throughout the world and the socially or economically disadvantaged are often drawn to follow a postmodern approach to religion, because of the way that postmodern philosophy empowers the individual to challenge mainstream ideologies or dominant power structures. The Witches' Voice, which is perhaps the most notable, credible and well known Pagan and Wiccan news and community site, includes many article contributions from members of the Wicca and Pagan Community every month from Wiccans and Pagans who express a postmodernist approach to Wicc''a<ref>[http://www.witchvox.com The Witches Voice - The largest and most notable Pagan and Wiccan news site]</ref>.

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.wiccamagazine.com - Wicca Magazine - an independent, edited epub with a postmodern take on Pagan and Wicca philosophy]
* [http://www.witchvox.com The Witches Voice - the most notable Pagan and Wicca news and network site]

[[Category:Postmodernism]][[Category:Postmodern theory]][[Category:Postmodern religion]][[Category:Articles nominated for deletion on Wikipedia (AfD)]]

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-'''Postmodern Wicca'''<ref>Lewis, James (1996) ''Magic religion and Modern Witchcraft'' New York University Press - page 46 ''"While premodern themes form the foundation for this movement it is the manner that such themes are reworked to be appropriate in the contemporary context that form the greatest relevance to the significance of Witchcraft as a postmodern form of spirituality"''</ref><ref>[http://www.wiccamagazine.com Wicca Magazine (2010) Postmodern Wicca:  An Eclectic Ideology]</ref> is a [[Wikipedia:Postmodern Religion|postmodern religion]], [[ideology]], [[philosophy]], way of living and being inspired by a diverse range of ancient and modern<ref>Patrick Dunn, Postmodern Magic: The Art of Magic in the Information Age</ref> cultural beliefs and practices and societies.  Postmodernism is an ideology that has strongly influenced [[Wikipedia:neo-paganism|neo-Paganism]] in the Western world.  Postmodern thought is personal, [[Wikipedia:syncretic|syncretic]] and emphasises the importance of the individual over external authorities and this philosophy is clearly reflected in Wicca and the Goddess movement<ref>[http://www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html] - Neopaganism in a Postmodern Age - Journal of Western Mystery Tradition</ref>.  People who interpret [[religion]] from a postmodern perspective may have and eclectic approach and draw from the values and beliefs of many different religions<ref>BBC Religions: Postmodernism [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml BBC Religion:Postmodernism http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml] for example,</ref>, for example, [[Wikipedia:Wicca|Eclectic Wiccans]] draw from religious beliefs from many different societies and cultures including [[Wikipedia:ancient Egypt|ancient Egypt]]<ref>Schiff, Stacy-Pulitzer Prize Winner - (2010) ''Cleopatra: A Life'', Little Brown ISBN 0-3160-0192-9</ref>, [[Wikipedia:ancient Greece|ancient Greece]]<ref>Apuleius, Lucius; Adlington, William (Trans.) (1996). ''The Golden Ass''. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, Wordsworth Ed. Ltd.: Ware, GB. ISBN 1-85326-460-1</ref>, [[Wikipedia:Asian|Asian]], [[Wikipedia:Hebrew|Hebrew]], [[Wikipedia:Saxon|Saxon]], [[Wikipedia:Anglo-Saxon|Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Wikipedia:Celtic|Celtic]]<ref>Hutton, Ronald (1993) ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy''. ISBN 0-631-18946-7</ref> civilisations<ref>Smith, Diane (2005) ''Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies'' Wiley Publishing Inc ISBN 978-0-7645-7834-2</ref>.  Postmodern Wicca interprets [[Wikipedia:Wicca|Wicca]], which is an [[Wikipedia:earth-centred religion|earth-centred religion]]<ref>Weinstein, Marion Earth Magic: A book of shadows for positive witches</ref>, by using postmodern theories to critically analyse and adapt, and develop a personal ideology that is underpinned by an eclectic array of values and beliefs shared by many [[Wikipedia:Pagan|Pagan]], [[Wikipedia:Wicca|Wicca]], [[Wikipedia:Witchcraft|Witchcraft]] and [[Wikipedia:polytheistic]] cultures and traditions.<ref>CIRCLE SANCTUARY - ''Neopagan and Postmodernism'' http://www.circlesanctuary.org/aboutpagan/contours.htm</ref>, examples of the eclectic influences in Wicca that may be incorporated into a postmodern interpretation include [[Wikipedia:Shintoism|Shintoism]], [[Buddhism]]<ref>On Deconstructing Life-Worlds: Buddhism, Christianity, Culture (Atlanta: Scholars Press of American Academy of Religion, 1997; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-7885-0295-6, cloth</ref>[[Wikipedia:Shamanism|Shamanism]], [[Wikipedia:Hawaiian Religion|Hawaiian Religion]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1995) - ''Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality'' (ISBN 1-56718-199-6)</ref> [[Wikipedia:Polynesian|Polynesian]] religions, [[Wikipedia:Celtic Wicca|Celtic Wicca]], [[Wikipedia:Dianic Wicca|Dianic Wicca]] and Eclectic Wicca.  Postmodern Wicca reflects and incorporates a postmodern [[philosophy|philosophical]] and [[Wikipedia:metaphysical|metaphysical]] belief system that focuses on eclecticism, self-empowerment, [[Wikipedia:self-actualization|self-actualization]], [[Wikipedia:Jungian archetypes|Jungian archetypes]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1988) - ''Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner'' (ISBN 0-87542-118-0)</ref> and [[Wikipedia:Karma|Karma]].
+'''Postmodern Wicca'''<ref>Lewis, James (1996) ''Magic religion and Modern Witchcraft'' New York University Press - page 46 ''"While premodern themes form the foundation for this movement it is the manner that such themes are reworked to be appropriate in the contemporary context that form the greatest relevance to the significance of Witchcraft as a postmodern form of spirituality"''</ref><ref>[http://www.wiccamagazine.com Wicca Magazine (2010) Postmodern Wicca:  An Eclectic Ideology]</ref> is a [[Wikipedia:Postmodern Religion|postmodern religion]], [[ideology]], [[philosophy]], way of living and being inspired by a diverse range of ancient and modern<ref>Patrick Dunn, Postmodern Magic: The Art of Magic in the Information Age</ref> cultural beliefs and practices and societies.  Postmodernism is an ideology that has strongly influenced [[Wikipedia:neo-paganism|neo-Paganism]] in the Western world.  Postmodern thought is personal, [[Wikipedia:syncretic|syncretic]] and emphasises the importance of the individual over external authorities and this philosophy is clearly reflected in Wicca and the Goddess movement<ref>[http://www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html] - Neopaganism in a Postmodern Age - Journal of Western Mystery Tradition</ref>.  People who interpret [[religion]] from a postmodern perspective may have and eclectic approach and draw from the values and beliefs of many different religions<ref>BBC Religions: Postmodernism [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml BBC Religion:Postmodernism http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml] for example,</ref>, for example, [[Wikipedia:Wicca|Eclectic Wiccans]] draw from religious beliefs from many different societies and cultures including [[Wikipedia:ancient Egypt|ancient Egypt]]<ref>Schiff, Stacy-Pulitzer Prize Winner - (2010) ''Cleopatra: A Life'', Little Brown ISBN 0-3160-0192-9</ref>, [[Wikipedia:ancient Greece|ancient Greece]]<ref>Apuleius, Lucius; Adlington, William (Trans.) (1996). ''The Golden Ass''. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, Wordsworth Ed. Ltd.: Ware, GB. ISBN 1-85326-460-1</ref>, [[Wikipedia:Asian|Asian]], [[Wikipedia:Hebrew|Hebrew]], [[Wikipedia:Saxon|Saxon]], [[Wikipedia:Anglo-Saxon|Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Wikipedia:Celtic|Celtic]]<ref>Hutton, Ronald (1993) ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy''. ISBN 0-631-18946-7</ref> civilisations<ref>Smith, Diane (2005) ''Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies'' Wiley Publishing Inc ISBN 978-0-7645-7834-2</ref>.  Postmodern Wicca interprets [[Wikipedia:Wicca|Wicca]], which is an [[Wikipedia:earth-centred religion|earth-centred religion]]<ref>Weinstein, Marion Earth Magic: A book of shadows for positive witches</ref>, by using postmodern theories to critically analyse and adapt, and develop a personal ideology that is underpinned by an eclectic array of values and beliefs shared by many [[Wikipedia:Pagan|Pagan]], [[Wikipedia:Wicca|Wicca]], [[Wikipedia:Witchcraft|Witchcraft]] and [[Wikipedia:polytheistic|polytheistic]] cultures and traditions.<ref>CIRCLE SANCTUARY - ''Neopagan and Postmodernism'' http://www.circlesanctuary.org/aboutpagan/contours.htm</ref>, examples of the eclectic influences in Wicca that may be incorporated into a postmodern interpretation include [[Wikipedia:Shintoism|Shintoism]], [[Buddhism]]<ref>On Deconstructing Life-Worlds: Buddhism, Christianity, Culture (Atlanta: Scholars Press of American Academy of Religion, 1997; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-7885-0295-6, cloth</ref>[[Wikipedia:Shamanism|Shamanism]], [[Wikipedia:Hawaiian Religion|Hawaiian Religion]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1995) - ''Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality'' (ISBN 1-56718-199-6)</ref> [[Wikipedia:Polynesian|Polynesian]] religions, [[Wikipedia:Celtic Wicca|Celtic Wicca]], [[Wikipedia:Dianic Wicca|Dianic Wicca]] and Eclectic Wicca.  Postmodern Wicca reflects and incorporates a postmodern [[philosophy|philosophical]] and [[Wikipedia:metaphysical|metaphysical]] belief system that focuses on eclecticism, self-empowerment, [[Wikipedia:self-actualization|self-actualization]], [[Wikipedia:Jungian archetypes|Jungian archetypes]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1988) - ''Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner'' (ISBN 0-87542-118-0)</ref> and [[Wikipedia:Karma|Karma]].
-== Postmodern Thinking and Influences ==
+== Postmodern thinking and influences ==
-Postmodern Wicca is an outlook that is underpinned by the philosophy of [[Wikipedia:postmodernism]], which views realties as [[Wikipedia:plural]], diverse and relative.  A postmodern approach to Wicca offers many different versions of truth and rejects the notion of a [[Wikipedia:universal]] and singular version of reality.  Postmodern Wicca avoids sharp classifications and mainstream [[Wikipedia:metanarratives]] and instead focuses on [[Wikipedia:pluralism]], [[Wikipedia:diversity]] and difference.  Followers of this religious and philosophical path develop individual and [[Wikipedia:eclectic]] beliefs systems, rituals and philosphies based on a multiplicity of different religious systems.  Postmodern Wicca emphasises the key point that religious truth is highly individualistic<ref>Raphael, Melissa (April 1998) Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities â€ŒNova Religio, Vol. 1, No. 2, Pages 198â€“215 (abstract can be found at: Caliber: University of California Press)</ref>, subjective and resides within the individual<ref>Eve, Raymond,Phd, Wiccans vs. Creationists: An Empirical Study of How Two Systems of Belief Differ  http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/10-08-25/</ref>. A postmodern religious outlook<ref>Patton, K and Ray, B (2008) ''A Magic Still Dwells:Comparative Religion in the Postmodern Age''</ref> involves using the theories of postmodern philosophy to critically analyse, question, challenge, [[Wikipedia:reclaim]], transform and adapt a range of different ideas and practices and reinvent and reinterpret their religion and philosophy according to their own personal beliefs.  According to postmodern theory, the individual's [[Wikipedia:worldview]] is a central influence their approach to Postmodern Wicca.
+Postmodern Wicca is an outlook that is underpinned by the philosophy of [[Wikipedia:postmodernism|postmodernism]], which views realities as plural, diverse and relative.  A postmodern approach to Wicca offers many different versions of truth and rejects the notion of a universal and singular version of reality.  Postmodern Wicca avoids sharp classifications and mainstream [[Wikipedia:metanarratives|metanarratives]] and instead focuses on [[Wikipedia:pluralism|pluralism]], [[Wikipedia:diversity|diversity]] and difference.  Followers of this [[religion|religious]] and [[philosophy|philosophical]] path develop individual and [[Wikipedia:eclectic|eclectic]] beliefs systems, rituals and philosophies based on a multiplicity of different religious systems.  Postmodern Wicca emphasises the key point that religious truth is highly individualistic,<ref>Raphael, Melissa (April 1998) Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities â€ŒNova Religio, Vol. 1, No. 2, Pages 198â€“215 (abstract can be found at: Caliber: University of California Press)</ref> subjective and resides within the individual<ref>Eve, Raymond,Phd, Wiccans vs. Creationists: An Empirical Study of How Two Systems of Belief Differ  http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/10-08-25/</ref>. A postmodern religious outlook<ref>Patton, K and Ray, B (2008) ''A Magic Still Dwells:Comparative Religion in the Postmodern Age''</ref> involves using the theories of postmodern philosophy to critically analyse, question, challenge, [[Reclaiming (neopaganism)|reclaim]], transform and adapt a range of different ideas and practices and reinvent and reinterpret their religion and philosophy according to their own personal beliefs.  According to postmodern theory, the individual's [[Wikipedia:worldview|worldview]] is a central influence their approach to Postmodern Wicca.
-==Historical Bias and Versions of Truth==
+==Historical bias and versions of truth==
-According to [[Wikipedia:postmodern philosophy]], History may be written by powerful groups in society, who may [[Wikipedia:marginalise]], silence or misrepresent other, less powerful or oppressed groups.  Postmodern Wicca is a philosophy that openly acknowledges and accepts that [[Wikipedia:rituals]], beliefs and practices are invented, transformed, created and reworked based on constantly shifting and changing realities, individual preference, [[Wikipedia:myths]], [[Wikipedia:legends]], [[Wikipedia:archetypes]], [[Wikipedia:rituals]] and cultural values and beliefs.  A postmodern approach to Wicca acknowledges that history is frequently represented in an inherently [[Wikipedia:biased]] way, reinforcing the mainstream [[Wikipedia:ideologies]] of those in power. Individuals who follow a postmodern approach may draw from the histories of various cultures to inform their religious beliefs - they may questions, challenge and critique representations of history based on the theories of postmodernism, which acknowledge that realities are diverse, subjective and depend on the individuals interests and interpretations.
+According to [[Wikipedia:postmodern philosophy|postmodern philosophy]], history may be written by powerful groups in society, who may marginalise, silence or misrepresent other, less powerful or oppressed groups.  Postmodern Wicca is a philosophy that openly acknowledges and accepts that rituals, beliefs and practices are invented, transformed, created and reworked based on constantly shifting and changing realities, individual preference, myths, legends, [[Wikipedia:archetypes|archetypes]], rituals and cultural values and beliefs.  A postmodern approach to Wicca acknowledges that history is frequently represented in an inherently biased way, reinforcing the mainstream ideologies of those in power. Individuals who follow a postmodern approach may draw from the histories of various cultures to inform their religious beliefs - they may questions, challenge and critique representations of history based on the theories of postmodernism, which acknowledge that realities are diverse, subjective and depend on the individuals interests and interpretations.
 ==Eclecticism, self-actualisation, archetypes, visualisation==
-Many people who interpret Wicca from a postmodern perspective are eclectic in their rituals, practices and beliefs<ref>[http://www.americanneopaganism.com American Neopaganism Journal]</ref>. Eclectic Wicca is currently the most popular and widely adapted form of Wicca in the United States<ref>Smith, Diane(2005) Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies</ref>.  A postmodern approach to [[Wikipedia:Wicca]], may involve drawing on techniques and beliefs that are common to many different religions<ref>BBC Religions: Postmodernism http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml</ref>, including [[Wikipedia:meditation]], [[Wikipedia:visualisation]], [[Wikipedia:divination]], [[Wikipedia:karmic]] thought, [[Wikipedia:reincarnation]], communication with Deity and [[Wikipedia:symbolic]] rituals and [[Wikipedia:spells]].  Symbolic thinking and representation, for example through the use of archetypes, movement, visual [[Wikipedia:symbols]], herbs, candles and incense are used eclectically to achieve specific [[Wikipedia:goals]], to connect with Deity and to live in a positive way.  Wiccans and Pagans who create a belief system use the core theories of postmodern philosophy, which assert that there is no one truth, reality is subjective and controlled by the individual and that there are many versions of religious truth that may be valid or challenged depending on the individual's world view<ref>Lash, S. (1990) ''The sociology of postmodernism'' London, Routledge</ref>.  An example of a postmodern approach and eclectic approach to Wicca is [[Wikipedia:Reclaiming (Neopaganism)|reclaiming(neopaganism)]], this movement was launched by [[Wikipedia:Starhawk]], a Wiccan expert of Jewish descent<ref>Starhawk (1999) ''The Spiral Dance'' Imprint: HarperSanFrancisco; ISBN 0062516329</ref>.  Starhawk emphasises her postmodernist approach to Wicca as an alternative to a modernist approach to Wicca ''"to reclaim â€˜Witchâ€™ is to reclaim the image of a powerful woman, the whole constellation of ideas about reality and imagination and energy that have been labeled â€˜out of boundsâ€™ by Western modernism"''<ref>
+Many people who interpret Wicca from a postmodern perspective are eclectic in their rituals, practices and beliefs.<ref>[http://www.americanneopaganism.com American Neopaganism Journal]</ref> Eclectic Wicca is currently the most popular and widely adapted form of Wicca in the United States<ref>Smith, Diane(2005) Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies</ref>.  A postmodern approach to Wicca may involve drawing on techniques and beliefs that are common to many different religions<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml BBC Religions: Postmodernism]</ref>, including [[Wikipedia:meditation|meditation]], [[Wikipedia:visualisation|visualisation]], [[Wikipedia:divination|divination]], [[Wikipedia:karmic|karmic]] thought, [[Wikipedia:reincarnation|reincarnation]], communication with Deity and symbolic rituals and spells.  Symbolic thinking and representation, for example through the use of archetypes, movement, visual symbols, herbs, candles and incense are used eclectically to achieve specific goals, to connect with Deity and to live in a positive way.  Wiccans and Pagans who create a belief system use the core theories of postmodern philosophy, which assert that there is no one truth, reality is subjective and controlled by the individual and that there are many versions of religious truth that may be valid or challenged depending on the individual's world view<ref>Lash, S. (1990) ''The sociology of postmodernism'' London, Routledge</ref>.  An example of a postmodern approach and eclectic approach to Wicca is [[Wikipedia:Reclaiming (Neopaganism)|reclaiming]], this movement was launched by [[Wikipedia:Starhawk|Starhawk]], a Wiccan expert of Jewish descent<ref>Starhawk (1999) ''The Spiral Dance'' Imprint: HarperSanFrancisco; ISBN 0062516329</ref>.  Starhawk emphasises her postmodernist approach to Wicca as an alternative to a modernist approach to Wicca ''"to reclaim â€˜Witchâ€™ is to reclaim the image of a powerful woman, the whole constellation of ideas about reality and imagination and energy that have been labeled â€˜out of boundsâ€™ by Western modernism"''<ref>
 http://www.starhawk.org/activism/activism-writings/RNC_update2.html</ref>
 ==Appeal of Postmodern Wicca to Marginalised Groups==
-Members of groups in society who face discrimination or who are marginalised, may be drawn to postmodern religious thinking.  For example, in [[Wikipedia:Semitic Neopaganism|semitic neopaganism]] or  [[Wikipedia:Jewitchery]] a postmodern approach to this tradition of Wicca may provide followers with the ability to challenge mainstream versions of reality and truth<ref>http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.198 Raphael, Melissa (April 1998) Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities â€ŒNova Religio, Vol. 1, No. 2, Pages 198â€“215 (abstract can be found at: Caliber: University of California Press)</ref>.  Minority groups,  throughout the world and the socially or economically disadvantaged are often drawn to follow a postmodern approach to religion, because of the way that postmodern philosophy empowers the individual  to challenge mainstream ideologies or dominant power structures.   The Witches' Voice, which is perhaps the most notable, credible and well known Pagan and Wiccan news and community site, includes many article contributions from members of the Wicca and Pagan Community every month from Wiccans and Pagans who express a postmodernist approach to Wicc''a<ref>[http://www.witchvox.com The Witches Voice - The largest and most notable Pagan and Wiccan news site]</ref>.
+Members of groups in society who face discrimination or who are marginalised, may be drawn to postmodern religious thinking.  For example, in [[Wikipedia:Semitic neopaganism|Semitic neopaganism]], a postmodern approach to this tradition of Wicca may provide followers with the ability to challenge mainstream versions of reality and truth<ref>http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.198 Raphael, Melissa (April 1998) Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities â€ŒNova Religio, Vol. 1, No. 2, Pages 198â€“215 (abstract can be found at: Caliber: University of California Press)</ref>.  Minority groups,  throughout the world and the socially or economically disadvantaged are often drawn to follow a postmodern approach to religion, because of the way that postmodern philosophy empowers the individual  to challenge mainstream ideologies or dominant power structures.   The Witches' Voice, which is perhaps the most notable, credible and well known Pagan and Wiccan news and community site, includes many article contributions from members of the Wicca and Pagan Community every month from Wiccans and Pagans who express a postmodernist approach to Wicc''a<ref>[http://www.witchvox.com The Witches Voice - The largest and most notable Pagan and Wiccan news site]</ref>.
 == See also ==
 * [[Postmodern religion]]
-* [[Postmodern neopaganism]]
+* [[Wikipedia:Postmodern neopaganism|Postmodern neopaganism (Wikipedia)]]
 == References ==
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 * [http://www.witchvox.com The Witches Voice - the most notable Pagan and Wicca news and  network site]
-[[Category:Postmodernism]][[Category:Postmodern theory]][[Category:Postmodern religion]][[Category:Wicca]][[Category:Witchcraft]][[Category:Esoteric schools of thought]][[Category:Religious behaviour and experience]][[Category:Religious belief and doctrine]]
+[[Category:Postmodernism]][[Category:Postmodern theory]][[Category:Postmodern religion]][[Category:Wicca]][[Category:Witchcraft]][[Category:Esoteric schools of thought]][[Category:Religious belief and doctrine]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{RED}}
-'''Postmodern Wicca'''<ref>Lewis, James (1996) ''Magic religion and Modern Witchcraft'' New York University Press - page 46 ''"While premodern themes form the foundation for this movement it is the manner that such themes are reworked to be appropriate in the contemporary context that form the greatest relevance to the significance of Witchcraft as a postmodern form of spirituality"''</ref><ref>[http://www.wiccamagazine.com Wicca Magazine (2010) Postmodern Wicca:  An Eclectic Ideology]</ref> is a [[Wikipedia:Postmodern Religion|postmodern religion]], [[ideology]] [[Wikipedia:ideology]], [[philosophy]] [[Wikipedia:philosophy]] and way of living and being inspired by a diverse range of ancient and modern<ref>Patrick Dunn, Postmodern Magic: The Art of Magic in the Information Age</ref> cultural beliefs and practices and societies.  Postmodernism is an ideology that has strongly influenced [[Wikipedia:neo-paganism]] in the Western world.  Postmodern thought is personal, [[Wikipedia:syncretic]] and emphasises the importance of the individual over external authorities and this philosophy is clearly reflected in Wicca and the Goddess movement<ref>[http://www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html] - Neopaganism in a Postmodern Age - Journal of Western Mystery Tradition</ref>.  People who interpret religion from a postmodern perspective may have and eclectic approach and draw from the values and beliefs of many different religions<ref>BBC Religions: Postmodernism [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml BBC Religion:Postmodernism http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml] for example,</ref>, for example, [[Wikipedia:Wicca|Eclectic Wiccans]] draw from religious beliefs from many different societies and cultures including [[Wikipedia:ancient Egypt]]<ref>Schiff, Stacy-Pulitzer Prize Winner - (2010) ''Cleopatra: A Life'', Little Brown ISBN 0-3160-0192-9</ref>, [[Wikipedia:ancient Greece]]<ref>Apuleius, Lucius; Adlington, William (Trans.) (1996). ''The Golden Ass''. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, Wordsworth Ed. Ltd.: Ware, GB. ISBN 1-85326-460-1</ref>, [[Wikipedia:Asian]], [[Wikipedia:Hebrew]], [[Wikipedia:Saxon]], [[Wikipedia:Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Wikipedia:Celtic]]<ref>Hutton, Ronald (1993) ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy''. ISBN 0-631-18946-7</ref> civilisations<ref>Smith, Diane (2005) ''Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies'' Wiley Publishing Inc ISBN 978-0-7645-7834-2</ref>.  Postmodern Wicca interprets [[Wikipedia:Wicca]], which is a positive, peaceful and [[Wikipedia:earth-centred religion]]<ref>Weinstein, Marion Earth Magic: A book of shadows for positive witches</ref>, by using postmodern theories to critically analyse and adapt, and develop a personal ideology that is underpinned by an [[Wikipedia:eclectic]] array of values and beliefs shared by many [[Wikipedia:Pagan]], [[Wikipedia:Wicca]], [[Wikipedia:Witchcraft]] and [[Wikipedia:polytheistic]] cultures and traditions.<ref>CIRCLE SANCTUARY - ''Neopagan and Postmodernism'' http://www.circlesanctuary.org/aboutpagan/contours.htm</ref>, examples of the eclectic influences in Wicca that may be incorporated into a postmodern interpretation include [[Wikipedia:Shintoism]], [[Buddhism]] [[Wikipedia:Buddhism]]<ref>On Deconstructing Life-Worlds: Buddhism, Christianity, Culture (Atlanta: Scholars Press of American Academy of Religion, 1997; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-7885-0295-6, cloth</ref>[[Wikipedia:Shamanism]], [[Wikipedia:Hawaiian Religion]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1995) - ''Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality'' (ISBN 1-56718-199-6)</ref> [[Wikipedia:Polynesian]] religions, [[Wikipedia:Celtic Wicca]], [[Wikipedia:Dianic Wicca]] and Eclectic Wicca.  Postmodern Wicca reflects and incorporates a postmodern [[Wikipedia:philosophical]] and [[Wikipedia:metaphysical]] belief system that focuses on [[Wikipedia:eclecticism]], self-empowerment, [[Wikipedia:self-actualization]], [[Wikipedia:Jungian archetypes]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1988) - ''Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner'' (ISBN 0-87542-118-0)</ref> and [[Wikipedia:Karma]].
+'''Postmodern Wicca'''<ref>Lewis, James (1996) ''Magic religion and Modern Witchcraft'' New York University Press - page 46 ''"While premodern themes form the foundation for this movement it is the manner that such themes are reworked to be appropriate in the contemporary context that form the greatest relevance to the significance of Witchcraft as a postmodern form of spirituality"''</ref><ref>[http://www.wiccamagazine.com Wicca Magazine (2010) Postmodern Wicca:  An Eclectic Ideology]</ref> is a [[Wikipedia:Postmodern Religion|postmodern religion]], [[ideology]], [[philosophy]], way of living and being inspired by a diverse range of ancient and modern<ref>Patrick Dunn, Postmodern Magic: The Art of Magic in the Information Age</ref> cultural beliefs and practices and societies.  Postmodernism is an ideology that has strongly influenced [[Wikipedia:neo-paganism|neo-Paganism]] in the Western world.  Postmodern thought is personal, [[Wikipedia:syncretic|syncretic]] and emphasises the importance of the individual over external authorities and this philosophy is clearly reflected in Wicca and the Goddess movement<ref>[http://www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html] - Neopaganism in a Postmodern Age - Journal of Western Mystery Tradition</ref>.  People who interpret [[religion]] from a postmodern perspective may have and eclectic approach and draw from the values and beliefs of many different religions<ref>BBC Religions: Postmodernism [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml BBC Religion:Postmodernism http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml] for example,</ref>, for example, [[Wikipedia:Wicca|Eclectic Wiccans]] draw from religious beliefs from many different societies and cultures including [[Wikipedia:ancient Egypt|ancient Egypt]]<ref>Schiff, Stacy-Pulitzer Prize Winner - (2010) ''Cleopatra: A Life'', Little Brown ISBN 0-3160-0192-9</ref>, [[Wikipedia:ancient Greece|ancient Greece]]<ref>Apuleius, Lucius; Adlington, William (Trans.) (1996). ''The Golden Ass''. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, Wordsworth Ed. Ltd.: Ware, GB. ISBN 1-85326-460-1</ref>, [[Wikipedia:Asian|Asian]], [[Wikipedia:Hebrew|Hebrew]], [[Wikipedia:Saxon|Saxon]], [[Wikipedia:Anglo-Saxon|Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Wikipedia:Celtic|Celtic]]<ref>Hutton, Ronald (1993) ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy''. ISBN 0-631-18946-7</ref> civilisations<ref>Smith, Diane (2005) ''Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies'' Wiley Publishing Inc ISBN 978-0-7645-7834-2</ref>.  Postmodern Wicca interprets [[Wikipedia:Wicca|Wicca]], which is an [[Wikipedia:earth-centred religion|earth-centred religion]]<ref>Weinstein, Marion Earth Magic: A book of shadows for positive witches</ref>, by using postmodern theories to critically analyse and adapt, and develop a personal ideology that is underpinned by an eclectic array of values and beliefs shared by many [[Wikipedia:Pagan|Pagan]], [[Wikipedia:Wicca|Wicca]], [[Wikipedia:Witchcraft|Witchcraft]] and [[Wikipedia:polytheistic]] cultures and traditions.<ref>CIRCLE SANCTUARY - ''Neopagan and Postmodernism'' http://www.circlesanctuary.org/aboutpagan/contours.htm</ref>, examples of the eclectic influences in Wicca that may be incorporated into a postmodern interpretation include [[Wikipedia:Shintoism|Shintoism]], [[Buddhism]]<ref>On Deconstructing Life-Worlds: Buddhism, Christianity, Culture (Atlanta: Scholars Press of American Academy of Religion, 1997; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-7885-0295-6, cloth</ref>[[Wikipedia:Shamanism|Shamanism]], [[Wikipedia:Hawaiian Religion|Hawaiian Religion]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1995) - ''Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality'' (ISBN 1-56718-199-6)</ref> [[Wikipedia:Polynesian|Polynesian]] religions, [[Wikipedia:Celtic Wicca|Celtic Wicca]], [[Wikipedia:Dianic Wicca|Dianic Wicca]] and Eclectic Wicca.  Postmodern Wicca reflects and incorporates a postmodern [[philosophy|philosophical]] and [[Wikipedia:metaphysical|metaphysical]] belief system that focuses on eclecticism, self-empowerment, [[Wikipedia:self-actualization|self-actualization]], [[Wikipedia:Jungian archetypes|Jungian archetypes]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1988) - ''Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner'' (ISBN 0-87542-118-0)</ref> and [[Wikipedia:Karma|Karma]].
-==Postmodern Thinking and Influences==
+== Postmodern Thinking and Influences ==
 Postmodern Wicca is an outlook that is underpinned by the philosophy of [[Wikipedia:postmodernism]], which views realties as [[Wikipedia:plural]], diverse and relative.  A postmodern approach to Wicca offers many different versions of truth and rejects the notion of a [[Wikipedia:universal]] and singular version of reality.  Postmodern Wicca avoids sharp classifications and mainstream [[Wikipedia:metanarratives]] and instead focuses on [[Wikipedia:pluralism]], [[Wikipedia:diversity]] and difference.  Followers of this religious and philosophical path develop individual and [[Wikipedia:eclectic]] beliefs systems, rituals and philosphies based on a multiplicity of different religious systems.  Postmodern Wicca emphasises the key point that religious truth is highly individualistic<ref>Raphael, Melissa (April 1998) Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities â€ŒNova Religio, Vol. 1, No. 2, Pages 198â€“215 (abstract can be found at: Caliber: University of California Press)</ref>, subjective and resides within the individual<ref>Eve, Raymond,Phd, Wiccans vs. Creationists: An Empirical Study of How Two Systems of Belief Differ  http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/10-08-25/</ref>. A postmodern religious outlook<ref>Patton, K and Ray, B (2008) ''A Magic Still Dwells:Comparative Religion in the Postmodern Age''</ref> involves using the theories of postmodern philosophy to critically analyse, question, challenge, [[Wikipedia:reclaim]], transform and adapt a range of different ideas and practices and reinvent and reinterpret their religion and philosophy according to their own personal beliefs.  According to postmodern theory, the individual's [[Wikipedia:worldview]] is a central influence their approach to Postmodern Wicca.

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:18, 6 January 2011
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−	''This article was transcribed from Wikipedia. It was nominated for deletion on Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Postmodern_Wicca ~~Wikipedia~~ Here]''	+	''This article was transcribed from Wikipedia. It was nominated for deletion on Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Postmodern_Wicca Here]''

	'''Postmodern Wicca'''<ref>Lewis, James (1996) ''Magic religion and Modern Witchcraft'' New York University Press - page 46 ''"While premodern themes form the foundation for this movement it is the manner that such themes are reworked to be appropriate in the contemporary context that form the greatest relevance to the significance of Witchcraft as a postmodern form of spirituality"''</ref><ref>[http://www.wiccamagazine.com Wicca Magazine (2010) Postmodern Wicca: An Eclectic Ideology]</ref> is a [[Postmodern Religion\|postmodern religion]], [[ideology]], [[philosophy]] and way of living and being inspired by a diverse range of ancient and modern<ref>Patrick Dunn, Postmodern Magic: The Art of Magic in the Information Age</ref> cultural beliefs and practices and societies. Postmodernism is an ideology that has strongly influenced [[neo-paganism]] in the Western world. Postmodern thought is personal, [[syncretic]] and emphasises the importance of the individual over external authorities and this philosophy is clearly reflected in Wicca and the Goddess movement<ref>[http://www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html] - Neopaganism in a Postmodern Age - Journal of Western Mystery Tradition</ref>. People who interpret religion from a postmodern perspective may have and eclectic approach and draw from the values and beliefs of many different religions<ref>BBC Religions: Postmodernism [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml BBC Religion:Postmodernism http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml] for example,</ref>, for example, [[Wicca\|Eclectic Wiccans]] draw from religious beliefs from many different societies and cultures including [[ancient Egypt]]<ref>Schiff, Stacy-Pulitzer Prize Winner - (2010) ''Cleopatra: A Life'', Little Brown ISBN 0-3160-0192-9</ref>, [[ancient Greece]]<ref>Apuleius, Lucius; Adlington, William (Trans.) (1996). ''The Golden Ass''. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, Wordsworth Ed. Ltd.: Ware, GB. ISBN 1-85326-460-1</ref>, [[Asian]], [[Hebrew]], [[Saxon]], [[Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Celtic]]<ref>Hutton, Ronald (1993) ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy''. ISBN 0-631-18946-7</ref> civilisations<ref>Smith, Diane (2005) ''Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies'' Wiley Publishing Inc ISBN 978-0-7645-7834-2</ref>. Postmodern Wicca interprets [[Wicca]], which is a positive, peaceful and [[earth-centred religion]]<ref>Weinstein, Marion Earth Magic: A book of shadows for positive witches</ref>, by using postmodern theories to critically analyse and adapt, and develop a personal ideology that is underpinned by an [[eclectic]] array of values and beliefs shared by many [[Pagan]], [[Wicca]], [[Witchcraft]] and [[polytheistic]] cultures and traditions.<ref>CIRCLE SANCTUARY - ''Neopagan and Postmodernism'' http://www.circlesanctuary.org/aboutpagan/contours.htm</ref>, examples of the eclectic influences in Wicca that may be incorporated into a postmodern interpretation include [[Shintoism]], [[Buddhism]]<ref>On Deconstructing Life-Worlds: Buddhism, Christianity, Culture (Atlanta: Scholars Press of American Academy of Religion, 1997; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-7885-0295-6, cloth</ref>[[Shamanism]], [[Hawaiian Religion]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1995) - ''Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality'' (ISBN 1-56718-199-6)</ref> [[Polynesian]] religions, [[Celtic Wicca]], [[Dianic Wicca]] and Eclectic Wicca. Postmodern Wicca reflects and incorporates a postmodern [[philosophical]] and [[metaphysical]] belief system that focuses on [[eclecticism]], self-empowerment, [[self-actualization]], [[Jungian archetypes]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1988) - ''Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner'' (ISBN 0-87542-118-0)</ref> and [[Karma]].		'''Postmodern Wicca'''<ref>Lewis, James (1996) ''Magic religion and Modern Witchcraft'' New York University Press - page 46 ''"While premodern themes form the foundation for this movement it is the manner that such themes are reworked to be appropriate in the contemporary context that form the greatest relevance to the significance of Witchcraft as a postmodern form of spirituality"''</ref><ref>[http://www.wiccamagazine.com Wicca Magazine (2010) Postmodern Wicca: An Eclectic Ideology]</ref> is a [[Postmodern Religion\|postmodern religion]], [[ideology]], [[philosophy]] and way of living and being inspired by a diverse range of ancient and modern<ref>Patrick Dunn, Postmodern Magic: The Art of Magic in the Information Age</ref> cultural beliefs and practices and societies. Postmodernism is an ideology that has strongly influenced [[neo-paganism]] in the Western world. Postmodern thought is personal, [[syncretic]] and emphasises the importance of the individual over external authorities and this philosophy is clearly reflected in Wicca and the Goddess movement<ref>[http://www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html] - Neopaganism in a Postmodern Age - Journal of Western Mystery Tradition</ref>. People who interpret religion from a postmodern perspective may have and eclectic approach and draw from the values and beliefs of many different religions<ref>BBC Religions: Postmodernism [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml BBC Religion:Postmodernism http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml] for example,</ref>, for example, [[Wicca\|Eclectic Wiccans]] draw from religious beliefs from many different societies and cultures including [[ancient Egypt]]<ref>Schiff, Stacy-Pulitzer Prize Winner - (2010) ''Cleopatra: A Life'', Little Brown ISBN 0-3160-0192-9</ref>, [[ancient Greece]]<ref>Apuleius, Lucius; Adlington, William (Trans.) (1996). ''The Golden Ass''. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, Wordsworth Ed. Ltd.: Ware, GB. ISBN 1-85326-460-1</ref>, [[Asian]], [[Hebrew]], [[Saxon]], [[Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Celtic]]<ref>Hutton, Ronald (1993) ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy''. ISBN 0-631-18946-7</ref> civilisations<ref>Smith, Diane (2005) ''Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies'' Wiley Publishing Inc ISBN 978-0-7645-7834-2</ref>. Postmodern Wicca interprets [[Wicca]], which is a positive, peaceful and [[earth-centred religion]]<ref>Weinstein, Marion Earth Magic: A book of shadows for positive witches</ref>, by using postmodern theories to critically analyse and adapt, and develop a personal ideology that is underpinned by an [[eclectic]] array of values and beliefs shared by many [[Pagan]], [[Wicca]], [[Witchcraft]] and [[polytheistic]] cultures and traditions.<ref>CIRCLE SANCTUARY - ''Neopagan and Postmodernism'' http://www.circlesanctuary.org/aboutpagan/contours.htm</ref>, examples of the eclectic influences in Wicca that may be incorporated into a postmodern interpretation include [[Shintoism]], [[Buddhism]]<ref>On Deconstructing Life-Worlds: Buddhism, Christianity, Culture (Atlanta: Scholars Press of American Academy of Religion, 1997; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-7885-0295-6, cloth</ref>[[Shamanism]], [[Hawaiian Religion]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1995) - ''Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality'' (ISBN 1-56718-199-6)</ref> [[Polynesian]] religions, [[Celtic Wicca]], [[Dianic Wicca]] and Eclectic Wicca. Postmodern Wicca reflects and incorporates a postmodern [[philosophical]] and [[metaphysical]] belief system that focuses on [[eclecticism]], self-empowerment, [[self-actualization]], [[Jungian archetypes]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1988) - ''Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner'' (ISBN 0-87542-118-0)</ref> and [[Karma]].

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:18, 6 January 2011
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		+	''This article was transcribed from Wikipedia. It was nominated for deletion on Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Postmodern_Wicca Wikipedia Here]''
		+
	'''Postmodern Wicca'''<ref>Lewis, James (1996) ''Magic religion and Modern Witchcraft'' New York University Press - page 46 ''"While premodern themes form the foundation for this movement it is the manner that such themes are reworked to be appropriate in the contemporary context that form the greatest relevance to the significance of Witchcraft as a postmodern form of spirituality"''</ref><ref>[http://www.wiccamagazine.com Wicca Magazine (2010) Postmodern Wicca: An Eclectic Ideology]</ref> is a [[Postmodern Religion\|postmodern religion]], [[ideology]], [[philosophy]] and way of living and being inspired by a diverse range of ancient and modern<ref>Patrick Dunn, Postmodern Magic: The Art of Magic in the Information Age</ref> cultural beliefs and practices and societies. Postmodernism is an ideology that has strongly influenced [[neo-paganism]] in the Western world. Postmodern thought is personal, [[syncretic]] and emphasises the importance of the individual over external authorities and this philosophy is clearly reflected in Wicca and the Goddess movement<ref>[http://www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html] - Neopaganism in a Postmodern Age - Journal of Western Mystery Tradition</ref>. People who interpret religion from a postmodern perspective may have and eclectic approach and draw from the values and beliefs of many different religions<ref>BBC Religions: Postmodernism [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml BBC Religion:Postmodernism http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml] for example,</ref>, for example, [[Wicca\|Eclectic Wiccans]] draw from religious beliefs from many different societies and cultures including [[ancient Egypt]]<ref>Schiff, Stacy-Pulitzer Prize Winner - (2010) ''Cleopatra: A Life'', Little Brown ISBN 0-3160-0192-9</ref>, [[ancient Greece]]<ref>Apuleius, Lucius; Adlington, William (Trans.) (1996). ''The Golden Ass''. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, Wordsworth Ed. Ltd.: Ware, GB. ISBN 1-85326-460-1</ref>, [[Asian]], [[Hebrew]], [[Saxon]], [[Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Celtic]]<ref>Hutton, Ronald (1993) ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy''. ISBN 0-631-18946-7</ref> civilisations<ref>Smith, Diane (2005) ''Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies'' Wiley Publishing Inc ISBN 978-0-7645-7834-2</ref>. Postmodern Wicca interprets [[Wicca]], which is a positive, peaceful and [[earth-centred religion]]<ref>Weinstein, Marion Earth Magic: A book of shadows for positive witches</ref>, by using postmodern theories to critically analyse and adapt, and develop a personal ideology that is underpinned by an [[eclectic]] array of values and beliefs shared by many [[Pagan]], [[Wicca]], [[Witchcraft]] and [[polytheistic]] cultures and traditions.<ref>CIRCLE SANCTUARY - ''Neopagan and Postmodernism'' http://www.circlesanctuary.org/aboutpagan/contours.htm</ref>, examples of the eclectic influences in Wicca that may be incorporated into a postmodern interpretation include [[Shintoism]], [[Buddhism]]<ref>On Deconstructing Life-Worlds: Buddhism, Christianity, Culture (Atlanta: Scholars Press of American Academy of Religion, 1997; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-7885-0295-6, cloth</ref>[[Shamanism]], [[Hawaiian Religion]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1995) - ''Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality'' (ISBN 1-56718-199-6)</ref> [[Polynesian]] religions, [[Celtic Wicca]], [[Dianic Wicca]] and Eclectic Wicca. Postmodern Wicca reflects and incorporates a postmodern [[philosophical]] and [[metaphysical]] belief system that focuses on [[eclecticism]], self-empowerment, [[self-actualization]], [[Jungian archetypes]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1988) - ''Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner'' (ISBN 0-87542-118-0)</ref> and [[Karma]].		'''Postmodern Wicca'''<ref>Lewis, James (1996) ''Magic religion and Modern Witchcraft'' New York University Press - page 46 ''"While premodern themes form the foundation for this movement it is the manner that such themes are reworked to be appropriate in the contemporary context that form the greatest relevance to the significance of Witchcraft as a postmodern form of spirituality"''</ref><ref>[http://www.wiccamagazine.com Wicca Magazine (2010) Postmodern Wicca: An Eclectic Ideology]</ref> is a [[Postmodern Religion\|postmodern religion]], [[ideology]], [[philosophy]] and way of living and being inspired by a diverse range of ancient and modern<ref>Patrick Dunn, Postmodern Magic: The Art of Magic in the Information Age</ref> cultural beliefs and practices and societies. Postmodernism is an ideology that has strongly influenced [[neo-paganism]] in the Western world. Postmodern thought is personal, [[syncretic]] and emphasises the importance of the individual over external authorities and this philosophy is clearly reflected in Wicca and the Goddess movement<ref>[http://www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html www.jwmt.org/v1n6/editorial.html] - Neopaganism in a Postmodern Age - Journal of Western Mystery Tradition</ref>. People who interpret religion from a postmodern perspective may have and eclectic approach and draw from the values and beliefs of many different religions<ref>BBC Religions: Postmodernism [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml BBC Religion:Postmodernism http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/postmodernism.shtml] for example,</ref>, for example, [[Wicca\|Eclectic Wiccans]] draw from religious beliefs from many different societies and cultures including [[ancient Egypt]]<ref>Schiff, Stacy-Pulitzer Prize Winner - (2010) ''Cleopatra: A Life'', Little Brown ISBN 0-3160-0192-9</ref>, [[ancient Greece]]<ref>Apuleius, Lucius; Adlington, William (Trans.) (1996). ''The Golden Ass''. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, Wordsworth Ed. Ltd.: Ware, GB. ISBN 1-85326-460-1</ref>, [[Asian]], [[Hebrew]], [[Saxon]], [[Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Celtic]]<ref>Hutton, Ronald (1993) ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy''. ISBN 0-631-18946-7</ref> civilisations<ref>Smith, Diane (2005) ''Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies'' Wiley Publishing Inc ISBN 978-0-7645-7834-2</ref>. Postmodern Wicca interprets [[Wicca]], which is a positive, peaceful and [[earth-centred religion]]<ref>Weinstein, Marion Earth Magic: A book of shadows for positive witches</ref>, by using postmodern theories to critically analyse and adapt, and develop a personal ideology that is underpinned by an [[eclectic]] array of values and beliefs shared by many [[Pagan]], [[Wicca]], [[Witchcraft]] and [[polytheistic]] cultures and traditions.<ref>CIRCLE SANCTUARY - ''Neopagan and Postmodernism'' http://www.circlesanctuary.org/aboutpagan/contours.htm</ref>, examples of the eclectic influences in Wicca that may be incorporated into a postmodern interpretation include [[Shintoism]], [[Buddhism]]<ref>On Deconstructing Life-Worlds: Buddhism, Christianity, Culture (Atlanta: Scholars Press of American Academy of Religion, 1997; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-7885-0295-6, cloth</ref>[[Shamanism]], [[Hawaiian Religion]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1995) - ''Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality'' (ISBN 1-56718-199-6)</ref> [[Polynesian]] religions, [[Celtic Wicca]], [[Dianic Wicca]] and Eclectic Wicca. Postmodern Wicca reflects and incorporates a postmodern [[philosophical]] and [[metaphysical]] belief system that focuses on [[eclecticism]], self-empowerment, [[self-actualization]], [[Jungian archetypes]]<ref>Cunningham, Scott (1988) - ''Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner'' (ISBN 0-87542-118-0)</ref> and [[Karma]].