Italian unification - Revision history

MrDog: Reverted edits by Douche (Talk) to last version by AlterBot

2010-11-19T01:41:17Z

Reverted edits by Douche (Talk) to last version by AlterBot

Douche at 05:41, 18 November 2010

2010-11-18T05:41:25Z

AlterBot: Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{Main +{{main)

2008-11-06T22:50:59Z

Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{Main +{{main)

Beta M: Anarchopedia:Wikipedia datadump (original research)

2007-05-25T18:42:17Z

Anarchopedia:Wikipedia datadump (original research)

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 It is difficult to pin down exact dates for the beginning and end of Italian reunification, but most scholars agree that it began with the end of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleonic]] rule and the [[Congress of Vienna]] in [[1815]], and largely ended with the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in [[1871]], though the last [[irredentism|"cittÃ  irredente"]] did not join the [[Italy|Kingdom of Italy]] until the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain]] after [[World War I]].
->== Background ==
+== Background ==
 The establishment of the ''[[Italian Republic (Napoleonic)|Italian Republic]]'' and later of the ''[[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]]'', ruled by [[Napoleon]], began to encourage nationalism in those who lived in the regions.  As Napoleon's reign began to fail, other national monarchs he had installed tried to keep their thrones by feeding those nationalistic sentiments, setting the stage for the revolutions to come.  Among these monarchs were the viceroy of Italy, [[EugÃ¨ne de Beauharnais]], who tried to get Austrian approval for his succession to the Kingdom of Italy, and [[Joachim Murat]], who called for Italian patriots' help for the unification of Italy under his rule ([http://www.regione.piemonte.it/cultura/risorgimento/immagine/00402.htm See the Proclamation of Rimini]).
 Following the defeat of Napoleonic [[France]], the [[Congress of Vienna]] ([[1815]]) was convened to redraw the [[Europe]]an continent. In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic [[Congress of Vienna#Italy after the Congress of Vienna (1815)|patchwork of independent governments]], either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria.
-But groups in several Italian states began to push the idea of a unified Italian state again, feeding the flames of nationalism that had already been ignited in the populace. At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the [[Austrian Empire]] and the [[Habsburg]]s, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present day Italy and were the single most powerful force against unification. The Austrian Empire fought hard against nationalist sentiment growing on the Italian peninsula (as well as in the other parts of the Empire) &amp;mdash; at the time, Austrian Chancellor [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich]] stated that the word Italy was &quot;purely a geographic expression.&quot;
+But groups in several Italian states began to push the idea of a unified Italian state again, feeding the flames of nationalism that had already been ignited in the populace. At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the [[Austrian Empire]] and the [[Habsburg]]s, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present day Italy and were the single most powerful force against unification. The Austrian Empire fought hard against nationalist sentiment growing on the Italian peninsula (as well as in the other parts of the Empire) &mdash; at the time, Austrian Chancellor [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich]] stated that the word Italy was "purely a geographic expression."
 Artistic and literary sentiment also turned towards nationalism; perhaps the most famous of these works was [[Alessandro Manzoni]]'s [[The Betrothed|''I Promessi Sposi'' (The Betrothed)]].  Some read this novel as a thinly veiled allegorical critique of Austrian rule.  In any event, it had been published in 1827 and extensively revised in the following years; the 1840 version used a standardized version of the [[Languages of Italy|Tuscan dialect]], a conscious effort by the author to provide a standard language usable by all Italians.
 Those in favor of unification also faced opposition from the [[Holy See]], particularly after failed attempts to broker a confederation with the [[Papal States]], which would have given them some measure of autonomy over the region.  The pope at the time, [[Pius IX]], feared that giving up power in the region could mean the persecution of Italian Catholics ([[E.E.Y. Hales|Hales]], 1958).
-Even among those who wanted to see the peninsula unified into one country, different groups could not agree on what form a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, &quot;Of the moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians&quot;, was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading [[Carbonari|revolutionaries]] wanted a republic. But eventually it was a [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|king]] and his [[Count Cavour|minister]] who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy.
+Even among those who wanted to see the peninsula unified into one country, different groups could not agree on what form a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, "Of the moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading [[Carbonari|revolutionaries]] wanted a republic. But eventually it was a [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|king]] and his [[Count Cavour|minister]] who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy.
 One of the most influential revolutionary groups was the [[Carbonari]] (coal-burners), a secret organization formed in southern Italy early in the 19th century. Inspired by the principles of the [[French revolution]], its members were mainly drawn from the middle class and intellectuals. After the Congress of Vienna divided the Italian peninsula among the European powers, ''Carbonari'' spread into the Papal States, the [[kingdom of Sardinia]], the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], the [[Duchy of Modena]] and the [[kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia]]. They were so feared that the reigning authorities passed an ordinance condemning to [[capital punishment|death]] anyone who attended a Carbonari meeting. But the society continued to exist and was at the root of many of the outbreaks in Italy from 1820 on. Carbonari condemned [[Napoleon III]] to death for failing to unite Italy and almost succeeded in assassinating him for his transgressions. Most leaders of the unification movement were members of this organization.
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 Two prominent figures in the unification movement were [[Giuseppe Mazzini]], the apostle of Italian unity, and [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]].  Among the more conservative constitutional monarchic figures, [[Count Cavour]] and [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]], later the first [[Kings of Italy|king of a united Italy]], were also important.
-Mazzini's activity in revolutionary movements caused him to be imprisoned soon after he joined. While in prison, he concluded that Italy ''could and therefore should'' be unified and formulated his program for establishing ''one, free, independent, republican'' nation with Rome as its capital. After his release in [[1831]], he went to [[Marseille]], where he organized a new political society called ''[[La Giovine Italia]]'' (&quot;Young Italy&quot;).  The new society, whose motto was &quot;God and the People,&quot; sought the unification of Italy.
+Mazzini's activity in revolutionary movements caused him to be imprisoned soon after he joined. While in prison, he concluded that Italy ''could and therefore should'' be unified and formulated his program for establishing ''one, free, independent, republican'' nation with Rome as its capital. After his release in [[1831]], he went to [[Marseille]], where he organized a new political society called ''[[La Giovine Italia]]'' ("Young Italy").  The new society, whose motto was "God and the People," sought the unification of Italy.
 Garibaldi, a native of [[Nice]] (then part of  the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]]), participated in an uprising in [[Piedmont]] in [[1834]], was sentenced to death, and escaped to [[South America]]. He spent fourteen years there, taking part in several wars, and returned to Italy in [[1848]].
 ==Early revolutionary activity ([[1820]]â€“[[1830]])==

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 It is difficult to pin down exact dates for the beginning and end of Italian reunification, but most scholars agree that it began with the end of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleonic]] rule and the [[Congress of Vienna]] in [[1815]], and largely ended with the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in [[1871]], though the last [[irredentism|"cittÃ  irredente"]] did not join the [[Italy|Kingdom of Italy]] until the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain]] after [[World War I]].
-== Background ==
+>== Background ==
 The establishment of the ''[[Italian Republic (Napoleonic)|Italian Republic]]'' and later of the ''[[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]]'', ruled by [[Napoleon]], began to encourage nationalism in those who lived in the regions.  As Napoleon's reign began to fail, other national monarchs he had installed tried to keep their thrones by feeding those nationalistic sentiments, setting the stage for the revolutions to come.  Among these monarchs were the viceroy of Italy, [[EugÃ¨ne de Beauharnais]], who tried to get Austrian approval for his succession to the Kingdom of Italy, and [[Joachim Murat]], who called for Italian patriots' help for the unification of Italy under his rule ([http://www.regione.piemonte.it/cultura/risorgimento/immagine/00402.htm See the Proclamation of Rimini]).
 Following the defeat of Napoleonic [[France]], the [[Congress of Vienna]] ([[1815]]) was convened to redraw the [[Europe]]an continent. In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic [[Congress of Vienna#Italy after the Congress of Vienna (1815)|patchwork of independent governments]], either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria.
-But groups in several Italian states began to push the idea of a unified Italian state again, feeding the flames of nationalism that had already been ignited in the populace. At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the [[Austrian Empire]] and the [[Habsburg]]s, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present day Italy and were the single most powerful force against unification. The Austrian Empire fought hard against nationalist sentiment growing on the Italian peninsula (as well as in the other parts of the Empire) &mdash; at the time, Austrian Chancellor [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich]] stated that the word Italy was "purely a geographic expression."
+But groups in several Italian states began to push the idea of a unified Italian state again, feeding the flames of nationalism that had already been ignited in the populace. At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the [[Austrian Empire]] and the [[Habsburg]]s, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present day Italy and were the single most powerful force against unification. The Austrian Empire fought hard against nationalist sentiment growing on the Italian peninsula (as well as in the other parts of the Empire) &amp;mdash; at the time, Austrian Chancellor [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich]] stated that the word Italy was &quot;purely a geographic expression.&quot;
 Artistic and literary sentiment also turned towards nationalism; perhaps the most famous of these works was [[Alessandro Manzoni]]'s [[The Betrothed|''I Promessi Sposi'' (The Betrothed)]].  Some read this novel as a thinly veiled allegorical critique of Austrian rule.  In any event, it had been published in 1827 and extensively revised in the following years; the 1840 version used a standardized version of the [[Languages of Italy|Tuscan dialect]], a conscious effort by the author to provide a standard language usable by all Italians.
 Those in favor of unification also faced opposition from the [[Holy See]], particularly after failed attempts to broker a confederation with the [[Papal States]], which would have given them some measure of autonomy over the region.  The pope at the time, [[Pius IX]], feared that giving up power in the region could mean the persecution of Italian Catholics ([[E.E.Y. Hales|Hales]], 1958).
-Even among those who wanted to see the peninsula unified into one country, different groups could not agree on what form a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, "Of the moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading [[Carbonari|revolutionaries]] wanted a republic. But eventually it was a [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|king]] and his [[Count Cavour|minister]] who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy.
+Even among those who wanted to see the peninsula unified into one country, different groups could not agree on what form a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, &quot;Of the moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians&quot;, was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading [[Carbonari|revolutionaries]] wanted a republic. But eventually it was a [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|king]] and his [[Count Cavour|minister]] who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy.
 One of the most influential revolutionary groups was the [[Carbonari]] (coal-burners), a secret organization formed in southern Italy early in the 19th century. Inspired by the principles of the [[French revolution]], its members were mainly drawn from the middle class and intellectuals. After the Congress of Vienna divided the Italian peninsula among the European powers, ''Carbonari'' spread into the Papal States, the [[kingdom of Sardinia]], the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], the [[Duchy of Modena]] and the [[kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia]]. They were so feared that the reigning authorities passed an ordinance condemning to [[capital punishment|death]] anyone who attended a Carbonari meeting. But the society continued to exist and was at the root of many of the outbreaks in Italy from 1820 on. Carbonari condemned [[Napoleon III]] to death for failing to unite Italy and almost succeeded in assassinating him for his transgressions. Most leaders of the unification movement were members of this organization.
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 Two prominent figures in the unification movement were [[Giuseppe Mazzini]], the apostle of Italian unity, and [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]].  Among the more conservative constitutional monarchic figures, [[Count Cavour]] and [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]], later the first [[Kings of Italy|king of a united Italy]], were also important.
-Mazzini's activity in revolutionary movements caused him to be imprisoned soon after he joined. While in prison, he concluded that Italy ''could and therefore should'' be unified and formulated his program for establishing ''one, free, independent, republican'' nation with Rome as its capital. After his release in [[1831]], he went to [[Marseille]], where he organized a new political society called ''[[La Giovine Italia]]'' ("Young Italy").  The new society, whose motto was "God and the People," sought the unification of Italy.
+Mazzini's activity in revolutionary movements caused him to be imprisoned soon after he joined. While in prison, he concluded that Italy ''could and therefore should'' be unified and formulated his program for establishing ''one, free, independent, republican'' nation with Rome as its capital. After his release in [[1831]], he went to [[Marseille]], where he organized a new political society called ''[[La Giovine Italia]]'' (&quot;Young Italy&quot;).  The new society, whose motto was &quot;God and the People,&quot; sought the unification of Italy.
 Garibaldi, a native of [[Nice]] (then part of  the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]]), participated in an uprising in [[Piedmont]] in [[1834]], was sentenced to death, and escaped to [[South America]]. He spent fourteen years there, taking part in several wars, and returned to Italy in [[1848]].
 ==Early revolutionary activity ([[1820]]â€“[[1830]])==

@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 === The ''Mille'' expedition ===
-{{Main|Expedition of the Thousand}}
+{{main|Expedition of the Thousand}}
 Thus, by the spring of 1860, only four states remained in Italy - the Austrians in Venetia, the [[Papal States]] (now minus the Legations), the new expanded Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.  There is no special reason to think that Cavour now envisaged the unification of the rest of Italy under Piedmontese rule, but events proved to have a life of their own.
@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 == Third Independence War ([[1866]]) ==
-{{Main|Third Italian Independence War}}
+{{main|Third Italian Independence War}}
 In the [[Austro-Prussian War]] of [[1866]], [[Austria]] contested with [[Prussia]] the position of leadership among the German states.  The Kingdom of Italy seized the opportunity to capture [[Venetia]] from Austrian rule and allied itself with Prussia.  Austria tried to convince the Italian government to accept Venetia in exchange for non-intervention.  However, on [[April 8]], Italy and Prussia signed an agreement that supported Italy's acquisition of Venetia, and on [[June 20]], Italy declared war on Austria. Within the context of Italian unification, the Austro-Prussian war is called ''Third Independence War'', after the ''First'' ([[1848]]) and the ''Second'' ([[1859]]â€“[[1861|61]]).