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'''George Sand''' was the pseudonym of the [[France|French]] [[novelist]] and [[feminist]] '''Amantine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin''', later '''Baroness Dudevant''' ([[1804]] [[July 1]] – [[1876]] [[June 8]]).

==Life==
Born in [[Paris]] to a father of aristocratic lineage (a grandaughter of [[Maurice, comte de Saxe]] and a distant relative of [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]]) and a commoner mother, Sand was raised for much of her childhood by her grandmother at the family estate, [[Nohant]], in the French region of [[Berry (province)|Berry]], a setting later used in many of her novels. In 1822, she married Baron M. Casimir Dudevant (1795â€“1871), and they had two children, Maurice (1823â€“1889) and Solange (1828â€“1899). In 1835, Sand and her husband legally separated, which prompted Sand's lifelong search for true liberty and independence.

Her first published novel, ''Rose et Blanche'' (1831) was written in collaboration with [[Jules Sandeau]], from whom she allegedly took her pen name, Sand. Her reputation was questioned when she began sporting menswear in public---the clothes being far sturdier and less expensive than a noble woman's dress. This male "disguise" also enabled Sand to circulate more freely about Paris, and gave her increased access to venues that might have been denied to a woman of her social standing. This was an exceptional practice for the [[19th century]], where social codes â€” especially in the upper class â€” were of the highest importance. As a consequence Sand lost many of the privileges attached to being a [[Baroness]]. Ironically, the [[mores]] of this period allowed women of higher classes to live physically separated from their husbands ''without'' losing face, provided they did not show any blatant irregularity to the outer world.

She was linked romantically with [[Alfred de Musset]] (summer 1833-March 1834), [[Franz Liszt]] and [[FrÃ©dÃ©ric Chopin]] (1810-1849) whom she had met in Paris in 1831. Later in life, she corresponded with [[Gustave Flaubert]]; despite their obvious differences in temperament and aesthetic preference, they eventually became close friends.

She was engaged in an intimate friendship with actress [[Marie Dorval]], which led to widespread but unconfirmed rumors of a lesbian affair. [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780679779186&view=excerpt].

In [[Mallorca|Majorca]] one can still visit the (then abandoned) [[Carthusian]] monastery of [[Valldemossa]], where she spent the winter of 1838–39 with FrÃ©dÃ©ric Chopin and her children. [http://www.valldemossa.com/museoin.htm ] This trip to Mallorca was described by her in ''Un Hiver Ã Majorque'' ("A Winter in Mallorca"), published in 1855.

She left Chopin shortly before he died from [[tuberculosis]].

==Works==

Drawing from her childhood experiences of the countryside, she wrote the rural novels ''La Mare au Diable'' (1846), ''FranÃ§ois le Champi'' (1847–1848), ''La Petite Fadette'' (1849), and ''Les Beaux Messieurs Bois-DorÃ©'' (1857).

Her other novels include ''[[Indiana (novel)|Indiana]]'' (1832), ''[[LÃ©lia]]'' (1833), ''[[Mauprat]]'' (1837), ''[[Le Compagnon du Tour de France]]'' (1840), ''[[Consuelo (novel)|Consuelo]]'' (1842–1843), and ''[[Le Meunier d'Angibault]]'' (1845).

Further theatre pieces and autobiographical pieces include ''Histoire de ma vie'' (1855), ''Elle et Lui'' (1859) (about her affair with Musset), ''Journal Intime'' (posthumously published in 1926), and ''Correspondence''. Sand often performed her theatrical works in her small private theatre at the Nohant estate.

In addition, Sand authored literary criticism and political texts. Her most widely used quote being, "There is only one happiness in life, to love and be loved." Also, she was one of the few female pipe smokers.

She was known well in far reaches of the world, and her social practices, her writings and her beliefs prompted much commentary, often by other luminaries in the world of arts & letters. A few excerpts demonstrate much of what was often said about George Sand:

"She was a thinking bosom and one who overpowered her young lovers, all Sybil â€” a Romantic."
V.S. Pritchett (writer)

"What a brave man she was, and what a good woman."
Ivan Turgenev (novelist)

"The most womanly woman."
Alfred de Musset (poet)

George Sand died at [[Nohant]], near [[ChÃ¢teauroux]], in the [[Indre]] ''[[dÃ©partement in France|dÃ©partement]]'' of France on June 8, 1876 at the age of 72 and was buried in the grounds of her home at Nohant. In 2004, controversial plans were suggested to move her remains to the [[PanthÃ©on]] in Paris.

== Works ==

*''Voyage En Auvergne'' (1827, Autobiographical sketch)
*''Compagnon Du Tour De France'' (1840)
*''La Petite Fadette'' (1848)
*''Chateau Des DÃ©sertes'' (1850)
*''Histoire De Ma Vie'' (1855, Autobiography up to the revolution of 1848)

===Novels===
*''[[Indiana (novel)|Indiana]]'' (1831)
*''Rose Et Blanche'' (1831, with Jules Sandeau)
*''Lelia'' (1833)
*''Andrea'' (1833)
*''Mattea'' (1833)
*''Jacques'' (1833)
*''Leone Leoni'' (1833)
*''Simon'' (1835)
*''Mauprat'' (1837)
*''les MaÃ®tres MosaÃ¯tes'' (1837)
*''l'Oreo'' (1838)
*''l'Uscoque'' (1838)
*''Un Hiver A Majorque'' (1839)
*''Pauline'' (1839)
*''Gabriel-Gabrielle'' (1839)
*''Horace'' (1840)
*''[[Consuelo (novel)|Consuelo]]'' (1842)
*''la Comtesse De Rudolstady'' (1843, a sequel to Consuelo)
*''Jeanne'' (1844)
*''Teverino'' (1845)
*''Peche de M Antoine'' (1845)
*''Le Meunier D'Angibault'' (1845)
*''La Mare Au Diable'' (1846)
*''Lucrezia Floriani'' (1846)
*''Francois Le Champi'' (1847)
*''Les MaÃ®tres Sonneurs'' (1853)
*''Elle Et Lui'' (1859)
*''Jean De La Roche'' (1859)
*''L'Homme De Neige'' (1859)
*''La ville Noire'' (1860)
*''Marquis De Villemer'' (1860)
*''Mademoiselle La Quintinie'' (1863)
*''Laura, Voyage Dans Le Cristal'' (1864)
*''Le Dernier Amour'' (1866, dedicated to Flaubert)

===Plays===
*''Francois Le Champi'' (1849)
*''Claudie'' (1851)
*''Le Mariage De Victorine'' (1851)
*''Le Pressoir'' (1853, Play)
*French Adaptation of ''As You Like It'' (1856)
*''Le Marquis De Villemer'' (1864)
*''L'Autre'' (1870, with Sarah Bernhardt)

==Depiction in film and television==
*''[[Chopin: Desire for Love|Chopin]]'' (2002, director: Jerzy Antczak) starred [[Danuta Stenka]] as George Sand and [[Piotr Adamczyk]] as Chopin.
*''Les Enfants du siÃ¨cle'' (1999) starring [[Juliette Binoche]] as George Sand and [[BenoÃ®t Magimel]] as [[Alfred de Musset]]
*''[[Impromptu (1991 film)|Impromptu]]'' (1991) starred [[Judy Davis]] as George Sand and [[Hugh Grant]] as Chopin.
*''[[Notorious Woman]]'' (1974) a 7-part [[BBC]] [[miniseries]] starring [[Rosemary Harris]] as George Sand and [[George Chakiris]] as Chopin.

==See also==
{{commons|George Sand}}

* [[Gustave Flaubert]], by whom she was befriended, leading to an intimate correspondence.

*[[Saint-BenoÃ®t-du-Sault]]

== References ==
''Correspondence'' (letters) by George Sand and her contemporaries (see "Writings by George Sand" link below â€” some of these letters are available in English translation); Autobiographical writings as mentioned above (several of these also available from Gutenberg website).

In addition to these writings:
*{{gutenberg|no=138|name=Doumic, RenÃ© - George Sand, some aspects of her life and writings}}
* In French:
**{{gutenberg|no=13038|name=Caro, Elme - George Sand}}
**{{gutenberg|no=13737|name=Roy, Albert le - George Sand et ses amis}}
** "3iÃ¨me Ã©dition du Dictionnaire EncyclopÃ©dique de la Langue FranÃ§aise".

Frequent literary references to George Sand can be found in "Possession," by A.S. Byatt.

== External links ==
* {{gutenberg author | id=George_Sand_(1804-1876) | name=George Sand}}
* [http://www.pushkinpress.com/general2.html Pushkin Press - George Sand - Laura]
* [http://FriendsofBorges.net The International Foundation Can Mossenya - Friends of Jorge Luis Borges celebrates the ethic and critical spirit of George Sand in Majorca]
*''Cat Angels'' [[Jeff Rovin]] Harper Paperbacks ISBN 0-06-100972-5

{{lgbt|George Sand}}

[[Category:French novelists]]
[[Category:Feminist writers]]
[[Category:Natives of Centre]]
[[Category:People from Paris]]
[[Category:French nobility]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Female authors who wrote under male or gender-neutral pseudonyms]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from France]]

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 [[Category:French novelists]]
 [[Category:Feminist writers]]
 [[Category:French nobility]]
 [[Category:French Roman Catholics]]

George Sand - Revision history

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