http://eng.anarchopedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Willy+on+Wheels&feedformat=atom
Anarchopedia - User contributions [en]
2024-03-29T07:10:21Z
User contributions
MediaWiki 1.26.2
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Anarchopedia:Community_Portal&diff=21659
Anarchopedia:Community Portal
2007-03-13T02:50:18Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: </p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Talk:Anarchopedia:Community Portal on wheels]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Rev_22&diff=21658
User:Rev 22
2007-03-13T02:48:10Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: </p>
<hr />
<div><center>[[image:Hello.jpg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<big>'''Anarchy Rules!!!'''</big><br />
<br />
--[[User:Willy on Wheels|Willy on Wheels]] 02:48, 13 March 2007 (UTC))</center></div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Sun&diff=21656
Sun
2007-03-13T02:42:07Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: Sun moved to Sun on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div><center>[[image:Hello.jpg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<big>'''Anarchy Rules!!!'''</big><br />
<br />
--[[User:Willy on Wheels|Willy on Wheels]] 02:41, 13 March 2007 (UTC))</center></div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Sun&diff=21655
Sun
2007-03-13T02:41:53Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: </p>
<hr />
<div><center>[[image:Hello.jpg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<big>'''Anarchy Rules!!!'''</big><br />
<br />
--[[User:Willy on Wheels|Willy on Wheels]] 02:41, 13 March 2007 (UTC))</center></div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=allergy&diff=21654
allergy
2007-03-13T02:41:44Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: </p>
<hr />
<div><center>[[image:Hello.jpg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<big>'''Anarchy Rules!!!'''</big><br />
<br />
--[[User:Willy on Wheels|Willy on Wheels]] 02:41, 13 March 2007 (UTC))</center></div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Why_politicians_are_bozons&diff=21653
Why politicians are bozons
2007-03-13T02:41:31Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: </p>
<hr />
<div><center>[[image:Hello.jpg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<big>'''Anarchy Rules!!!'''</big><br />
<br />
--[[User:Willy on Wheels|Willy on Wheels]] 02:41, 13 March 2007 (UTC))</center></div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Songs_of_Experience/The_Sick_Rose&diff=21652
Songs of Experience/The Sick Rose
2007-03-13T02:41:21Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: </p>
<hr />
<div><center>[[image:Hello.jpg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<big>'''Anarchy Rules!!!'''</big><br />
<br />
--[[User:Willy on Wheels|Willy on Wheels]] 02:41, 13 March 2007 (UTC))</center></div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Beta_M&diff=21651
User:Beta M
2007-03-13T02:40:45Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: </p>
<hr />
<div><center>[[image:Hello.jpg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<big>'''Anarchy Rules!!!'''</big><br />
<br />
--[[User:Willy on Wheels|Willy on Wheels]] 02:40, 13 March 2007 (UTC))</center></div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=current_events&diff=21650
current events
2007-03-13T02:39:54Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: </p>
<hr />
<div><center>[[image:Hello.jpg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<big>'''Anarchy Rules!!!'''</big><br />
<br />
--[[User:Willy on Wheels|Willy on Wheels]] 02:39, 13 March 2007 (UTC))</center></div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Talk:Anarchopedia:Community_Portal&diff=21649
Talk:Anarchopedia:Community Portal
2007-03-13T02:39:45Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: </p>
<hr />
<div><center>[[image:Hello.jpg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<big>'''Anarchy Rules!!!'''</big><br />
<br />
--[[User:Willy on Wheels|Willy on Wheels]] 02:39, 13 March 2007 (UTC))</center></div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=21648
Main Page
2007-03-13T02:39:29Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: </p>
<hr />
<div><center>[[image:Hello.jpg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<big>'''Anarchy Rules!!!'''</big><br />
<br />
--[[User:Willy on Wheels|Willy on Wheels]] 02:39, 13 March 2007 (UTC))</center></div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Beta_M&diff=21645
User:Beta M
2007-03-13T02:34:36Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: /* How i started with Wiki */</p>
<hr />
<div><!--{{wrongtitle|title=¨User:Beta_M¨}}--><br />
<br />
<!--{{User:beta_m/vacation}}--><br />
<br />
[[Image:2005 anti-war demo anarchist banner (tx embassy).jpeg|thumb|400px|right|That is me holding the [[green anarchy|green anarchist]] [[flag]]]]<br />
<br />
::'''Note to all Anarchopedians''': Please feel free to fix spelling and grammar errors (with the exception of capitalisation), but please don't alter the content. All the discussion should take place on [[User_talk:beta_m|my talk page]].<br />
<br />
==News for Anarchopedia==<br />
* I am trying to constantly copy all the articles which are proposed for deletion on [[Wikipedia]], but actually have some good content and are definately not [[hoax]]es.<br />
* I've copied probably all the content that i thought was relevant from [[BoyWiki]]<br />
* I'm in the precess of copying content from [[Susan's Place Transgender Wiki]] (stopped due to lack of time)<br />
<br />
I urge others to find interesting [[wiki]]s to copy from. But please make sure that they are either [[public domain]] or [[GNU Free Document License]].<br />
<br />
==About me==<br />
===Personal description===<br />
{{Voice of Freedom|7116|Hello, World! Anarchism, and I}}<br />
<br />
Wiki-name: '''Beta_M'''.<br />
<br />
Real name: ''VolodyA! V Anarhist''<br />
<br />
Government approved name: [withheld]<br />
<br />
Citizenship: [[persona non grata]]<br />
<br />
Place of Birth: [[Earth]]<br />
<br />
Occupation: student ([[software engineering]] in [[Kingston University]])<br />
<br />
Religion: none<br />
<br />
Spirituality: [[atheism|Atheist]], [[agnosticism|Agnostic]], [[metaphysics|Metaphysician]], [[Taoism|Taoist]], and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] (i'm at the same time all of those things and none of them).<br />
<br />
Political stand: I was born [[Anarchist]]. However, on [[2005]]-[[April 1|Apr-01]] i have decided to stop using this label in reference to myself.<br />
<br />
Hobbies: [[poetry]] (edited/published a [[zine]]), [[programming]], [[hentai]], [[politics]]<br />
<br />
===Contact information===<br />
:::Each type is organised in the order of prefference, so for example, i'd preffer to be contacted via Jabber rather than MSN, and via Ekiga rather than Skype, but won't care if whether you send me a Yahoo message rather than contacting via Skype.<br />
* '''{{ll|Instant messanging}}'''<br />
** '''[[Jabber]]''': ping_win<br />
** '''[[ICQ]]''' (and '''[[AOL Instant Messanger|AIM]]''' since the networks are merged): 253627744 [http://wwp.icq.com/253627744 253627744@pager.icq.com]<br />
** '''[[Yahoo Messanger]]''': ethical_anarhist [http://messenger.yahoo.com/edit/send/?.target=ethical_anarhist&.src=pg Web messanger]<br />
** '''[[MSN Messanger]]''': ethical_anarhist@simpsons.com [http://webmessenger.msn.com/?mkt=en-us Web messanger]<br />
* '''[[Voice over IP|VoIP]]'''<br />
** '''[[Ekiga]]''': volodya@ekiga.net<br />
** '''[[Skype]]''': volodya_v_anarhist<br />
* '''{{ll|Freenet}}'''<br />
** '''[[Frost]]''': VolodyA! V A@r0pa7z7JA1hAf2xtTt7AKLRe+yw<br />
* '''{{ll|Forum}}s'''<br />
** '''[http://www.kingstonstudents.org Kingston Students .Org]''': [http://www.whatwethink.org/kingston/phpbb/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&u=10 ethical_anarhist] [http://www.whatwethink.org/kingston/phpbb/privmsg.php?mode=post&u=10 private message]<br />
** '''[http://anarh.0bb.ru/index.php Единый Форум ÐнархиÑтов]''' [http://anarh.0bb.ru/index.php?showuser=143 ethical] [http://anarh.0bb.ru/index.php?act=Msg&CODE=4&MID=143 private message]<br />
* '''{{ll|Podcast}}'''<br />
** '''[http://freedom.libsyn.com Voice of Freedom, Radical Podcast]''' (here i talk about [[politics|political issues]] and post my [[poetry|poems]])<br />
* '''{{ll|Friendship network}}s'''<br />
** [[Hi5]]: '''[http://volodya.hi5.com/ Volodya]'''<br />
* '''{{ll|Wiki}}'''<br />
** '''[[Anarchopedia]]''': [http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Beta_M&action=edit&section=new Beta_M<sup>talk</sup>]<br />
<br />
===Favorite movies, films, cartoons===<br />
# [[Léon]]<br />
# [[Cabeza de Vaca]]<br />
# [[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]<br />
# [[Schindler's List]]<br />
# [[Natural Born Killers]]<br />
# [[Cuckoo (movie)|Cuckoo]]<br />
# [[South Park]]<br />
# [[Excel Saga]]<br />
# [[Brass Eye]]<br />
<br />
==How i started with Wiki==<br />
I've began my help to the [[Wikipedia]] project when i was searching for the information on the [[internet]] for my [[Kingston University|university]] course. Then i've realized that there aren't many resources out there to do the true [[research]] without paying some sort of membership fee. Oh, yes, uni did provide us with some [[encyclopedia]]s on the net that we could use without any charges, but most of those were written very one-sidedly, and there were times when i knew more than the article was giving, and nothing could be done about it. Finally i have stumbled upon Wiki. Although there were/are many inaccuracies and [[bias]]es, it gave me an option to simply click the edit tab and add my own knowledge to whatever was already there.<br />
<br />
On [[2005]] [[August 10]], after i have realised that [[Wikipedia]] is moving towards a more and more deletionist stance, i came here.<br />
Thus i was able to let anarchy run free, with such visionaries as [[User:Willy on Wheels|Willy on Wheels]] leading the way!<br />
<br />
==Copyright notice==<br />
All of my work done on Wikipedia is in [[public domain]] and can be used by anyone for any purpose.<br />
All of my work done on Anarchopedia is in [[public domain]] and can be used by anyone for any purpose.<br />
To see the list of all my major contributions click [http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&hideminor=1&target=User:beta_m&limit=500&offset=0 here] and [http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&hideminor=1&target=User:Beta_M&limit=500&offset=0 here].<br />
:See also [[User:beta_m/image copyright|My copyright notice for images]]<br />
<br />
==Contributions==<br />
See [http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php/Special:Contributions/beta_m Old contributions] and [http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php/Special:Contributions/Beta_M new contributions]<br />
<br />
==Articles i'm proud of==<br />
::'''Note''': Please do help me develop these even further.<br />
* [[anti-social act]]<br />
* [[om mani padme hum]]<br />
* [[power word]]<br />
* [[prison abolition movement]]<br />
* [[six lower realms]]<br />
* [[Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Federation]]<br />
<br />
==Articles i wish to write or significantly contribute to==<br />
* [[Anarchist People Of Color]]<br />
* [[anarcho-primitivism]]<br />
* [[anti-racist art]]<br />
* [[Anthony Rayson]]<br />
* [[church of no shopping]]<br />
* [[Families Against Mandatory Minimums]]<br />
* [[false imprisonment]]<br />
* [[free speech fights]]<br />
* [[Free Kevin movement]]<br />
* [[Green Anarchy (periodical)]]<br />
* [[hacktivism]]<br />
* [[hamsa mantra]] (also 'Ham So mantra', 'So Ham mantra')<br />
* [[Heart Sutra mantra]]<br />
* [[Institute for Anarchist Studies]]<br />
* [[new abolitionist movement]]<br />
* [[Minnesota Prison Labor Union]]<br />
* [[On god and the state]] a book by [[Mikhail Bakunin]]<br />
* [[prison labor]]<br />
* [[Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist]] a book by [[Alexander Berkman]]<br />
* [[prison slang]]<br />
* [[prisoner]]<br />
* [[prisoner rights]]<br />
* [[prisoner support]]<br />
* [[Race Traitor (journal)]]<br />
<!--<br />
*** [[spiritual discipleship]] aka Sravaka-yana<br />
*** [[spiritual self-awakening]] aka Pratyekabuddha-yana<br />
*** [[attaining enlightenment for oneself and others]] aka Bodhisattva-yana<br />
*** [[total enlightenment beyond self and other]] aka Buddha-yana<br />
--><br />
* [[sentient being]]<br />
* [[Spicies Traitor (periodical)]]<br />
* [[spirituality in anarchism]] must be linked to [[anarchism and religion]]<br />
* [[System Analisys and Design]]<br />
* [[Systematic System Analisys and Design Methodology]]<br />
* [[Thought Bombs (zine)]] or [[Thought Bombs (periodical)]]<br />
* [[undesirable]]<br />
<br />
::'''Note''': If some of these future articles don't conform to the naming conventions please feel free to edit this page to make them correct.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
===World Wide Web links===<br />
* [http://www.whengendarmesleeps.org/ When Gendarme Sleeps - Anarchy's Zine of Poetry]<br />
* [http://freedom.libsyn.com/ Voice of Freedom, Radical Podcast] My podcast<br />
* [http://www.kingstonstudents.org Independent Student forum in my university]<br />
* [http://volodya.hi5.com/ Me on Hi5 network]<br />
* [http://freekiwiki.sourceforge.net freekiwiki, The Freenet Wiki project]<br />
<br />
===Freenet links===<br />
{{Freenet links}}<br />
* [http://localhost:8888/USK@S3OdhajGOBfGUDHjRI9DfRpDU6qvufF0ecms2OEVqQw,5ASb27oiCK7lsdr9Orf8v7JT5FBHvmdvL5B9ikgpolw,AQABAAE/Volodya/-4/ The Official Flog of VolodyA! V A]<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
{{User_en-4}}<br />
{{User_ru}}<br />
{{User sgn-1|ASL}}<br />
{{User_uk-1}}<br />
--></div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=peer_review&diff=21640
peer review
2007-03-13T02:06:41Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: peer review moved to peer review on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Peer review''' is a process used when publishing (making it so other people see it by printing it or posting on a website) documents and in scientific papers where the work is reviewed by the author's peer group (someone in their field). It is a way of checking and reviewing a person's work.<br />
<br />
{{stub}}<br />
<br />
{{Wikipedia|simple:peer review}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Scientific method]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Libertarian_socialism&diff=21636
Libertarian socialism
2007-03-13T02:06:40Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: libertarian socialism moved to libertarian socialism on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>Many [[anarchist]]s, seeing the negative nature of the definition of ''"[[anarchism]],"'' have used other terms to emphasise the inherently positive and constructive aspect of their ideas. The most common terms used are ''"[[free socialism]]", "[[free communism]]", "'''libertarian socialism'''",'' and ''"[[libertarian communism]]"''. For [[anarchist]]s, '''libertarian socialism''', [[libertarian communism]], and anarchism are virtually interchangeable.<br />
<br />
Considering definitions from the '''[[American Heritage Dictionary]]''', we find:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>'''LIBERTARIAN:''' ''one who believes in freedom of action and thought; one who<br />
believes in free will.''<br />
<br />
'''SOCIALISM:''' ''a social system in which the producers possess both political<br />
power and the means of producing and distributing goods.''</blockquote><br />
<br />
Just taking those two first definitions and fusing them yields:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>'''LIBERTARIAN SOCIALISM:''' ''a social system which believes in freedom of action and thought and free will, in which the producers possess both political power and the means of producing and distributing goods.''</blockquote><br />
<br />
(Although we must add that our usual comments on the lack of [[political science|political]] sophistication of [[dictionary|dictionaries]] still holds. We only use these definitions to show that "[[libertarian]]" does not imply "[[free market]]" [[capitalism]] nor "[[socialism]]" state ownership. Other dictionaries, obviously, will have different definitions -- particularly for [[socialism]]. Those wanting to debate dictionary definitions are free to pursue this unending and politically useless hobby but we will not).<br />
<br />
However, due to the creation of the [[Libertarian Party]] in the [[USA]], many people now consider the idea of ''"libertarian socialism"'' to be a contradiction in terms. Indeed, many "[[Libertarians]]" think [[anarchist]]s are just attempting to associate the "anti-libertarian" ideas of "socialism" (as Libertarians conceive it) with [[Libertarian ideology]] in order to make those "[[socialist]]" ideas more "acceptable" -- in other words, trying to steal the "libertarian" label from its rightful possessors.<br />
<br />
Nothing could be further from the truth. [[Anarchist]]s have been using the term "[[libertarian]]" to describe themselves and their ideas since the [[1850s]]. The [[revolutionary anarchist]] [[Joseph Dejacque]] published '''Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement social''' in New York between [[1858]] and [[1861]] [[Max Nettlau]], '''A Short History of Anarchism''', p. 75]. According to [[anarchist historian]] [[Max Nettlau]], the use of the term ''"[[libertarian communism]]"'' dates from November, [[1880]] when a [[France|French]] [[anarchist]] congress adopted it ['''Ibid.''', p. 145]. The use of the term "[[Libertarian]]" by [[anarchist]]s became more popular from the [[1890s]] onward after it was used in [[France]] in an attempt to get round anti-anarchist laws and to avoid the negative associations of the word "[[anarchy]]" in the popular mind ([[Sebastien Faure]] and [[Louise Michel]] published the paper '''Le Libertaire''' -- '''The Libertarian''' -- in [[France]] in [[1895]], for example). Since then, particularly outside [[USA]], it has '''always''' been associated with [[anarchist ideas]] and [[anarchist movements|movements]]. Taking a more recent example, in the [[USA]], [[anarchist]]s organised '''''"[[The Libertarian League]]"''''' in July [[1954]], which had staunch [[anarcho-syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalist]] principles and lasted until [[1965]]. The [[US]]-based [[Libertarian Party|"Libertarian" Party]], on the other hand has only existed since the early [[1970s]], well over 100 years after [[anarchist]]s first used the term to describe their political ideas (and 90 years after the expression "[[libertarian communism]]" was first adopted). It is that party, not the [[anarchist]]s, who have "stolen" the word. Later, in [[An Anarchist FAQ - Section B|Section B]], we will discuss why the idea of a [[libertarian capitalism|"libertarian" capitalism]] (as desired by the [[Libertarian Party]]) is a contradiction in terms. <br />
<br />
As we will also explain in [[An Anarchist FAQ - Section I|Section I]], only a [[libertarian-socialist]] system of ownership can maximise [[individual freedom]]. Needless to say, [[state ownership]] -- what is commonly '''called''' "[[socialism]]" -- is, for [[anarchist]]s, not [[socialism]] at all. In fact, as we will elaborate in [[An Anarchist FAQ - Section H|Section H]], [[state socialism|state "socialism"]] is just a form of [[capitalism]], with no socialist content whatever.<br />
<br />
{{afaq}}<br />
[[Category:Anarchism]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Monetary_system&diff=21638
Monetary system
2007-03-13T02:06:40Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: monetary system moved to monetary system on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:100 kyrgyzstan notes.jpeg|thumb|right|Banknotes of [[Kyrgyzstan]]]]<br />
<br />
The '''monetary system''' is the system of exchange of [[service]]s for some commonly accepted token. Usually, forms of [[property]] for [[currency]] created by a [[bank]].<br />
<br />
== Today's reality ==<br />
<br />
Most of what ordinary people and activists believe about the monetary system is wrong. <br />
<br />
In reality, banks have special powers to [[create money]] by putting funds "on deposit", and to accept currency from others as well, thus having sufficient [[credit]] with the '''central bank''' to satisfy that central bank's demands for [[fractional reserves]] (historically) or [[capital adequacy]] (the system more typically used today).<br />
<br />
The way that the central bank and [[accountant]]s assess the value of various kinds of [[capital]] determines how much '''financial capital''' each is determined to be "worth" for purposes of adequacy assessment. Criticisms of various theories of this tend to say that different kinds are undervalued. For instance, [[Paul Hawken]] claims [[natural capital]] is undervalued while [[Amartya Sen]] says [[individual capital]] is. A great many critics of [[debt]] argue that undervaluing actual productive capital is inevitable as long as [[debt interest]] exists, since it is effectively payment for keeping money liquid. However, in reality, it is the underperforming loans being called in that are causing productive capital to change hands. Only if the new people receiving new loans were doing less social good with them than the people whose loans were being called in, would there be much problem. The real issue is that bankers decided who goes bankrupt.<br />
<br />
Under [[dollar hegemony]], the [[United States]] [[Federal Reserve]] effectively sets the value of all money in the world relative to oil, since only dollars can buy oil - ''this is changing, see [[Iran Oil Bourse]].'' This situation has persisted since 1970 when the US violated the [[Bretton Woods]] agreement that forced the US to [[redeem currency in gold]]. The institutions set up under that agreement (the [[IMF]], [[BIS]] and [[World Bank]]) all persisted but with new agendas controlled by the US government. Collectively, these institutions decide which countries go bankrupt! A new institution, the [[WTO]], was added to limit the power of rival [[trade bloc]]s and ensure that there was a means to punish countries which wished to limit access to their resources or market.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In a [[barter system]] people exchange thing on the basis of the worth of the particular product to each party. However, as the deskilling of the population began to take hold some people began to make only one set of products, this proved to be not very productive, since if you are making [[airplane]]s, you won't be able to exchange them for [[bread]], since nobody would grow enough to pay you. Therefore, some communities began to use some commodity that most everybody used (some used [[gold]], some [[salt]] (hence the word [[salary]]), in [[Hitchhikers Guide to the Gallaxy]] a community used [[leaf|leaves]]).<br />
<br />
Then when [[bank]]s began to open up people would receive a note from the bank stating that they could redeem a certain amount of currency from that bank, and some communities began using those notes. Soon bankers have realised that most notes will never be redeemed, and they have began publishing notes without having the currency to back those notes up. Today's monetary system is based on trusting banks to loan only to those who will generate more money, and pulling back other loans from those who fail to do so. If the [[money supply]] is always expanding, then, this will result in roughly as many losers as winners. When the money supply is not expanding, however, it results in what is commonly called a [[depression]] or [[recession]].<!-- This condition is considered to be absolutely artificial by most [[economist]]s, created only by the refusal to use the powers of a '''central bank''' to issue new currency and back up selected loans or institutions. --><br />
<br />
==Alternatives==<br />
The list of alternatives to the monetary system:<br />
# [[gift economy]]<br />
# [[barter]] (not a very good alternative)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[gold standard]]<br />
* [[wage labour]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Economics]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Anarchy&diff=21634
Anarchy
2007-03-13T02:06:39Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: anarchy moved to anarchy on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>The word '''''"anarchy"''''' is from the [[Greek language|Greek]], [[prefix]] '''an''' (or '''a'''), meaning ''"not," "the want of," "the absence of,"'' or ''"the lack of"'', plus '''archos''', meaning ''"a ruler," "director", "chief," "person in charge,"'' or ''"authority"''.<br />
<br />
Or, as [[Peter Kropotkin]] put it, '''anarchy''' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words meaning '''"contrary to authority"'''. ['''Kropotkin's Revolutionary Pamphlets''', p. 284]<br />
<br />
While the Greek words '''''anarchos''''' and '''''anarchia''''' are often taken to mean ''"having no [[government]]"'' or ''"being without a [[government]]"'', as can be seen, the strict, original meaning of [[anarchism]] was not simply ''"no [[government]]"''. '''''"An-archy"''''' means ''"without a [[ruler]],"'' or more generally, ''"without [[authority]]"'', and it is in this sense that [[anarchist]]s have continually used the word. For example, we find [[Peter Kropotkin|Kropotkin]] arguing that [[anarchism]] ''"attacks not only capital, but also the main sources of the power of capitalism: law, authority, and the State"''. ['''Op. Cit.''', p. 150] For anarchists, '''anarchy''' means ''"not necessarily absence of [[order]], as is generally supposed, but an absence of [[rule]]"''. [[[Benjamin Tucker]], '''Instead of a Book''', p. 13] Hence [[David Weick]]'s excellent summary:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>''"Anarchism can be understood as the '''generic''' social and political idea that expresses negation of '''all''' power, sovereignty, domination, and hierarchical division, and a will to their dissolution. . . Anarchism is therefore more than anti-statism . . . [even if] government (the state) . . . is, appropriately, the central focus of anarchist critique."'' ['''Reinventing Anarchy''', p. 139]</blockquote><br />
<br />
For this reason, rather than being purely [[anti-government]] or [[anti-state]], [[anarchism]] is primarily a [[movement]] against '''''[[hierarchy]]'''''. Why? Because [[hierarchy]] is the organizational structure that embodies [[authority]]. Since the [[state]] is the "highest" form of [[hierarchy]], [[anarchist]]s are, by definition, [[anti-state]]; but this is '''not''' a sufficient definition of anarchism. This means that real [[anarchist]]s are opposed to all forms of [[hierarchical organization]], not only the [[state]]. In the words of [[Brian Morris]]:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>''"The term anarchy comes from the Greek, and essentially means 'no ruler.' Anarchists are people who reject all forms of government or coercive authority, all forms of hierarchy and domination. They are therefore opposed to what the Mexican anarchist Flores Magon called the 'sombre trinity' -- state, capital and the church. Anarchists are thus opposed to both capitalism and to the state, as well as to all forms of religious authority. But anarchists also seek to establish or bring about by varying means, a condition of anarchy, that is, a decentralized society without coercive institutions, a society organized through a federation of voluntary associations."'' [''"Anthropology and Anarchism"'', '''Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed''', no. 45, p. 38]</blockquote><br />
<br />
Reference to "[[hierarchy]]" in this context is a fairly recent development -- the "classical" [[anarchist]]s such as [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]], [[Mikhail Bakunin|Bakunin]] and [[Peter Kropotkin|Kropotkin]] did use the word, but rarely (they usually preferred "[[authority]]", which was used as short-hand for "[[authoritarian]]"). However, it's clear from their writings that theirs was a [[philosophy]] against [[hierarchy]], against any [[inequality]] of [[power]] or [[privileges]] between [[individual|individuals]]. [[Mikhail Bakunin|Bakunin]] spoke of this when he attacked ''"official"'' [[authority]] but defended ''"natural influence"'', and also when he said:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>''"Do you want to make it impossible for anyone to oppress his fellow-man? Then make sure that no one shall possess power."'' ['''The Political Philosophy of Bakunin''', p. 271]</blockquote><br />
<br />
As [[Jeff Draughn]] notes, ''"while it has always been a latent part of the 'revolutionary project,' only recently has this broader concept of anti-hierarchy arisen for more specific scrutiny. Nonetheless, the root of this is plainly visible in the Greek roots of the word 'anarchy'"'''. ['''Between Anarchism and Libertarianism: Defining a New Movement''']<br />
<br />
We stress that this opposition to [[hierarchy]] is, for [[anarchist]]s, not limited to just the [[state]] or government. It includes all [[authoritarian economics|authoritarian economic]] and [[authoritarian society|social relationships]] as well as political ones, particularly those associated with [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[property]] and [[wage labour]]. This can be seen from [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]]'s argument that ''"'''Capital''' . . . in the political field is analogous to '''government''' . . . The economic idea of capitalism . . . [and] the politics of government or of authority . . . [are] identical . . . [and] linked in various ways. . . What capital does to labour . . . the State [does] to liberty . . ."'' [quoted by [[Max Nettlau]], '''A Short History of Anarchism''', pp. 43-44] Thus we find [[Emma Goldman]] opposing [[capitalism]] as it involved [[people]] selling their [[labour]] and so ensuring that ''"the worker's inclination and judgment are subordinated to the will of a master".'' ['''Red Emma Speaks''', p. 36] Forty years earlier [[Mikhail Bakunin|Bakunin]] made the same point when he argued that under the current system ''"the worker sells his person and his liberty for a given time"'' to the [[capitalist]] in exchange for a wage ['''Op. Cit.''', p. 187].<br />
<br />
Thus '''"anarchy"''' means more than just "[[no government]]", it means opposition to all forms of [[authoritarian organization]] and [[hierarchy]]. In [[Peter Kropotkin|Kropotkin]]'s words, ''"the origin of the [[anarchist]] inception of society . . . [lies in] the criticism . . . of the [[hierarchical organization]]s and the [[authoritarian conceptions of society]]; and . . . the analysis of the tendencies that are seen in the progressive movements of mankind."'' ['''Kropotkin's Revolutionary Pamphlets''', p. 158] Thus any attempt to assert that '''anarchy''' is purely [[anti-state]] is a misrepresentation of the word and the way it has been used by the [[anarchist movement]]. As [[Brian Morris]] argues, ''"when one examines the writings of classical anarchists. . . as well as the character of anarchist movements. . . it is clearly evident that it has never had this limited vision [of just being against the state]. It has always challenged all forms of authority and exploitation, and has been equally critical of capitalism and religion as it has been of the state"''. ['''Op. Cit.''', p. 40]<br />
<br />
And, just to [[state]] the obvious, '''anarchy''' does not mean [[chaos]] nor do [[anarchist]]s seek to create [[chaos]] or [[disorder]]. Instead, we wish to create a [[society]] based upon [[individual freedom]] and [[voluntary co-operation]]. In other words, order from the bottom up, not disorder imposed from the top down by authorities.<br />
<br />
However, in anarchist philosophies, ''anarchy'' means an "anarchist society", that is, a society where individuals are free from coercion. Anarchists do not believe, as [[Jean-Francois Revel]] wrote in ''Democracy against Itself'', that "... anarchy leads to despotism ... despotism leads to anarchy ..." [http://www.modulaware.com/a/?m=select&id=0029263875] &ndash; that may or may not be true of "anarchy" in the sense of disorder, but [[anarchist]]s do not believe that it is true of "anarchy" in the sense of [[anarchism]].<br />
<br />
Anarchist theories have a fundamental critique of government, a vision of a society without government, and a proposed method of reaching such a society. The details of the [[politics|political]], [[economics|economic]], and [[society|social]] organization of an anarchist society vary among different branches of anarchist political thought, as do the proposed means to achieve a society organized along those lines. However, there are certain principles shared by all anarchists, most notably the basic principle of ''non-hierarchy'' (in an anarchist society there cannot be any kind of social hierarchy) and its derivatives, such as the principle of ''equal decision-making power'' (all people must have equal decision-making power in an anarchist society; if some have more power than others, then a hierarchy is formed).<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[An Anarchist FAQ - What does "anarchy" mean?]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
===World Wide Web links===<br />
<br />
See also: [[list of anarchist web resources]]<br />
<br />
* [[Anarchist FAQ]] &mdash; large site includes many questions and answers on anarchy and anarchism.<br />
* [http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/anarfaq.htm Anarchist Theory FAQ] - covers the history of anarchism, from a point of view sympathetic to [[anarcho-capitalism]]<br />
* [http://www.g0lem.net/PhpWiki/index.php/CryptoAnarchy Crypto Anarchy]<br />
* <!-- http://unless.freeshell.org/anarchy.html OED definition] non working link<br />
--><br />
* [http://www.anarchy.no The Anarchist International Information Service]<br />
* [http://www.riotfolk.org Riot-Folk!] &mdash; resource for free anarchist music<br />
* [http://www.rebelforums.org/forum/ Rebel Alliance Forum], also harbours a few communists and socialists.<br />
* [http://www.anarchyzero.com AnarchyZERO.com] - a community based on anarchy<br />
* [http://anarchy.byethost11.com Anarchy STRONG] - online anarchist community<br />
* [http://www.anti-state.com anti-state.com] - a community based on free market anarchism<br />
* [http://www.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe5.html Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography]<br />
* [http://www.theanarchistsabode.tk The Anarchists' Abode] - A new Anarchists' Forum, set up to replace the previous Anarchist forums that have closed down...<br />
<br />
===Freenet links===<br />
{{Freenet links}}<br />
* [http://localhost:8888/SSK@xTTbeFRcxoqNRw0Ta9qFS8odG1oPAgM/THE_PRIVATE_KEY_IS_LO1WVCXwCap~yOgRYJqZ0FGUZoQ/6// SSK Anarchy] Freesite allowing everybody to publish new editions.<br />
* [http://localhost:8888/KSK@anarchy Anarchy] Freesite allowing everybody to edit the current edition.<br />
<br />
{{afaq}}<br />
{{wikipedia|Anarchy}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Anarchism]]<br />
[[Category:Forms of government]]<br />
[[Category:Political theories]]<br />
[[Category:Social philosophy]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Anarchie]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=file_sharing&diff=21630
file sharing
2007-03-13T02:06:35Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: file sharing moved to file sharing on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>See also: [[Using_File_Sharing_Networks|Using File Sharing Networks]] | [[How_To_Search|How To Search]] | [[File_Sharing_Protocols|File Sharing Protocols]] | [[File]] | [[Hive]]<br />
<br />
[[Software]] allowing the mutual [[Distribution|distribution]] of [[File|files]] over a [[Network|network]].<br />
# [[File_sharing/Overview|Overview]]<br />
# [[File_sharing/Abstract|Abstract]]<br />
# [[File_sharing/Getting_to_the_point|Getting To The Point]]<br />
# [[File_sharing/Model|Model and History of File Sharing issues]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Catagories of [[Client|clients]]: ====<br />
<br />
# [[Centralize|Centralized]] | [[Centralized_Clients|Centralized Clients]] | [[OpenNap]] | [[OpenNap_Clients|OpenNap Clients]]<br />
# Benefits: Faster searching and downloading<br />
# Negatives: Often more vulnerable to [[Legal|legal]] and [[DDOS]] attacks<br />
<br />
# [[Decentralize|Decentralized]] | [[Decentralized_Clients|Decentralized Clients]] | [[Gnutella]] | [[Gnutella_Clients|Gnutella Clients]]<br />
# Benefits: Usually more reliable and rarely shut down<br />
# Negatives: Generally slower than centralized systems<br />
<br />
# [[Multi-Network]] | [[Multi-Network_Clients|Multi-Network Clients]]<br />
# Benefits: allows connection to more than one network, almost always on the [[Client|client]] side.<br />
# Negatives: often playing catch-up to individual networks' changes and updates.<br />
<br />
# [[Private_File_Sharing_Networks|Private File Sharing Networks]]<br />
<hr /><br />
<br />
== Communities ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== [[Portal|Portals]] ===<br />
<br />
# [[Zeropaid.com]] - Covering file sharing and copyright issues along with new and established clients by popularity, size, [[Platform|platform]], and more.<br />
# [[Slyck.com]] - Covering file sharing and copyright issues along with new and established clients by popularity, size, [[Platform|platform]], and more.<br />
# [http://www.dmusic.com/ Dimension Music] - Dimension is a good source for news on digital music and file sharing in general.<br />
# [http://www.gnutellanews.com GnutellaNews] - News about new [[Gnutella]] [[Clients|clients]] and general [[P2P]]-news. Part of [http://www.dmusic.com/ Dimension Music].<br />
# [http://www.gnutella.co.uk Gnutella.co.uk] - A frequently updated news site specifically for [[Gnutella]] [[Clients|clients]]. Go there if you want to know which ones have been most recently updated.<br />
# [http://www.openp2p.com/ OpenP2P] - O'Reilly's [[Peer-to-Peer]] [[Portal|portal]] with news and papers. Interesting for developers and businesses.<br />
# [http://wmf.editthispage.com/ Hack the Planet] - Wes Felter comments frequently on [[P2P]]-related issues in his [[Weblog|weblog]].<br />
# [http://www.vivahx.com/ Viva HX!] - All the [[Hotline]]-related news you can ask for.<br />
# [[ShareReactor.Com]] - A Web Site that helps download confirmed, public files from one of two networks.<br />
# [[ShareLive.Com]] - A Web Site that helps download confirmed, public files from multiple networks.<br />
# [http://www.mac-p2p.com/ Peer to Peer guide for the Mac] with overview of p2p-clients for Mac[[OS_X|OS X]]<br />
# [http://fileshareworld.com/fileexchange2.shtml Music Target] - [[List]] of file-sharing clients<br />
# [http://www.planetpeer.de Planet Peer] - comprehensive German portal for mainly anonymous file-sharing programs like MUTE, Freenet and Entropy. We are hosting the official MUTE '''Wiki''' also and have a forum which deals with everything concerning issues with anonymous file-sharing tools.<br />
# [http://www.indypeer.org indyPeer] - [[Politics|Political]] [[Audio|audio]] and [[Video|video]] on P2P networks. E.g. drugs, hacktivism, war related material.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== [[Mailing_List|Mailing Lists]] ===<br />
<br />
# [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/decentralization decentralization - Implications of the end-to-end principle] - A mailing list exclusively devoted to the architecture of [[P2p|p2p]]-systems, with a lot of traffic and interesting ideas passed around. Founded by Lucas Gonze, with lots of high-profile subscribers from the [[P2P]] field. Open since July 2000, and still running past Nov 2002.<br />
# [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/the_gdf/ The GDF] - The [[Gnutella]] Developer Forum is a group for discussing extensions of the [[Gnutella]] [[Protocol|protocol]]. It is the largest standards body for the [[Gnutella]] network, and anyone working on a servant should be a member.<br />
# [http://zgp.org/mailman/listinfo/p2p-hackers/ P2P Hackers] - A general [[Mailing_list|mailing list]] about [[Peer-to-peer|peer-to-peer]] software development.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== [[Newsgroup|Newsgroups]] ===<br />
<br />
# news://alt.gnutella<br />
# news://alt.internet.p2p<br />
# news://franklin.oit.unc.edu/bluesky<br />
<hr /><br />
<br />
There are a number of other clients out there in the world. Of note, [[IA|iA]] maintains a partial list of some other [[Client|clients]] which don't look like they've been updated in a while, or for the historical-minded, are confirmed as dead. These are all placed in our [[The_Halls_Of_The_Dead|The Halls Of The Dead]]. Go take a look, as there are a number of clients in there which may do the job you're looking for.<br />
<br />
Heck, maybe a client which was thought to be dead and out of date really isn't! If you confirm that a project has been revived, feel free to write a little note in there, or even to correct things yourself. <hr /><br />
<br />
=== Papers, Articles and Infant Projects ===<br />
<br />
# [http://www.eleves.ens.fr:8080/home/madore/misc/freespeech.html A Method of Free Speech on the Internet: Random Pads] (by David A. Madore) - Discusses how information can be completely separated from its creators by XORing it with chunks of random data. The resulting "pads" can then be distributed across so-called "pad archives". A pad archive neither knows what it is hosting nor does it host provably controversial data, since the data cannot be distinguished from noise. It's mainly a legal question: If the courts would outlaw hosting random data, it wouldn't work. Other than that, it's pretty safe -- interesting read, and there are already quite a lot of pad archives (thanks to [[Slashdot]]).<br />
# [http://david.weekly.org/fexnet.php3 SafeX] - Secure and Anonymous File EXchange. Just a draft with many interesting ideas to use in other projects.<br />
# [[GNUnet]] - Anonymous file sharing implementation for UNIX. The page also features various papers and links to various related systems.<br />
# [http://www.freehaven.net The Free Haven Project] - Similar goals to [[Freenet]], with different solutions. Some interesting papers. Not much code yet.<br />
# [http://oceanstore.cs.berkeley.edu/ OceanStore] - OceanStore is "designed to span the globe and provide continous access to persistent information". "Data is protected through redundancy and cryptographic techniques. To improve performance, data is allowed to be cached anywhere, anytime. Additionally, monitoring of usage patterns allows adaptation to regional outages and denial of service attacks; monitoring also enhances performance through pro-active movement of data. A prototype implementation is currently under development."<br />
# [http://fling.sourceforge.net/ Fling] | [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fling Sourceforge page] - An attempt to provide anonymity on the [[Protocol|protocol]] level (i.e. replace [[TCP/IP]]). Still in the planning stages as of Nov 2002.<br />
# [http://www.exocortex.org/p2p/index.html Ben Houston's P2P Idea Page] - Ben Houston has written a lot of interesting analyses of distributed systems, among them proposals for more efficient, self-organizing and self-optimizing networks.<br />
# [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/eternity/eternity.html The Eternity Service by Ross Anderson] - This paper is a rather simple suggestion for a redundant, [[Anonymous|anonymous]] storage system with payment features.<br />
# [http://www.intermemory.net/ Intermemory Project] - Aims to create "large-scale, self-organized, survivable, available, and secure widely-distributed storage". See papers.<br />
# [http://skuz.net/potatoware/wof/ Who's on First Proposal] - This page introduces the Who's On First (WOF) anonymous network, which is the working title of a proposal for a more flexible and reliable anonymous communication network than that provided by current Type I and II remailers.<br />
# [http://www.sics.se/cna/jetfile.html JetFile] - Proposal for a [[Scalability|scalable]] distributed file system (some parts are centralized).<br />
# [[BBC]]: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3611227.stm File-sharing to bypass censorship]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{infoanarchy2|File_sharing}}</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=War&diff=21626
War
2007-03-13T02:06:34Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: war moved to war on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>:''This article is about the state war, for alternative definitions please see [[war (disambiguation)]]''<br />
<br />
'''War''' is an act of aggression of one [[government]] towards the other in order to better the agressor's position in the [[world]]. Wars are commonly fought over religion, [[land|territory]], [[economy|economic]] domination, etc. There are times when wars are fought simply to get rid of the old [[weapon]]s, because [[millitary industrial complex]] is using up most of the economic resources, and must be used by the government.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[list of wars]]<br />
* [[terrorism]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:War|*]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Susan%27s_Place_Transgender_Wiki&diff=21628
Susan's Place Transgender Wiki
2007-03-13T02:06:34Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: Susan's Place Transgender Wiki moved to Susan's Place Transgender Wiki on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Susan's Place Transgender Wiki''' is a [[wiki]] dedicated to transgender issues.<br />
<br />
==External link==<br />
* http://wiki.susans.org<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wikis]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Punk_rock&diff=21624
Punk rock
2007-03-13T02:06:32Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: punk rock moved to punk rock on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>Punk Rock is a form of music played by punk rockers. The music is typically simple musically and was made popular by bands such as the the commercial bands the Ramones and the Sex Pistols. The Sex Pistols, in fact, wrote a song called "Anarchy in the UK" which helped popularise anarchy for many young music listeners from the late to middle 1970's and beyond. The music was largely an expression of unemployed youth in English speaking countries but spread to French countries as well. The music was typically more nihilistic than anarchistic. Many anarchist youth movement groups and poor musician clubs kept the movement side of this music alive in the 1980's. The music has been thouroughly exploited by main stream media. The Clash were another band that were commercial but were considered by some to much more political and a true left wing music group.<br />
<br />
The Insurrection were a band that formed in response to this music style in Ottawa Canada.</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Political_Freedom&diff=21620
Political Freedom
2007-03-13T02:06:31Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: freedom moved to freedom on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Voice of Freedom|165314|Definitions and Goals}}<br />
<br />
'''Freedom''' is the capacity for self-determination or the expression of the personal or communal will.<br />
<br />
==What freedom is not==<br />
Freedom is not a [[constitutional right|right]], nor is it a [[privilege]]. Rights are the legal barriers for the state from interfering in a person's life, however, these rights can often be suspended under some circumstances (such as [[war]], [[terrorism|terrorist]] attack, or [[natural disaster]]). Privilege is something that is normally practices only by a few persons, at the expense of others.<br />
<br />
==Forms of freedom==<br />
*Freedom to (do something yourself)<br />
**[[freedom of speech]]<br />
**[[freedom of the press]]<br />
**[[freedom of belief|freedom of religion]]<br />
**[[freedom of association]]<br />
**[[freedom of movement]]<br />
**[[freedom of thought]]<br />
:See also [[:Category:Freedoms]]<br />
*Freedom from (having something done against you)<br />
**freedom from [[discrimination]]<br />
**freedom from [[coercion]]<br />
**freedom to live without [[fear]]<br />
**freedom from [[physical violence]]<br />
<br />
==Sayings on freedom==<br />
*"E&lambda;&epsilon;&upsilon;&theta;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; &gamma; &theta;&alpha;&nu;&alpha;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;" (Freedom or Death!)<br/> &mdash;[[Crete|Cretan]] [[war cry|War cry]].<br />
*"Give me Liberty or give me Death!"<br/>&mdash;[[Patrick Henry]]<br />
*"Political Freedom without economic equality is a pretense, a fraud, a lie; and the workers want no lying."<br/>&mdash;[[Mikhail Bakunin]] in [[The Red Association]] ([[1870]])<br />
<br />
==Freedom in other languages==<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="white-space: nowrap"<br />
|-<br />
! Spelling (original) !! [[English language|English]] [[transliteration]] !! [[list of languages|Language]]<br />
|-<br />
! !! '''hooroeah''' !! [[Arabic language|Arabic]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''askatasun''' <br/> '''libertate''' !! !! [[Basque language|Basque]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''frihed''' !! !! [[Danish language|Danish]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''vrijheid''' !! !! [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''frælsi''' !! !! [[Faroese language|Faroese]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''vapaus''' !! !! [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''liberté''' !! !! [[French language|French]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''Freiheit''' !! !! [[German language|German]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''E&#955;&#949;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#962;''' !! '''eleftheria''' !! [[Greek language|Greek]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''libertà ''' !! !! [[Italian language|Italian]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''kebebasan''' !! !! [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''&#33258;&#30001;''' !! '''jiy&#363;''', '''ziyû''' !! [[Japanese language|Jananese]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''libertas''' !! !! [[Latin language|Latin]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''Fräiheet''' !! !! [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''uhuru''' !! !! [[Nigerian pidgin|Nigerian]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''frihet''' !! !! [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''liberdade''' !! !! [[Polish language|Polish]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''liberdade''' !! !! [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''libertate''' !! !! [[Romanica language|Romanica]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''&#1089;&#1074;&#1086;&#1073;&#1086;&#1076;&#1072;''' <br/> '''&#1074;&#1086;&#1083;&#1103;''' !! '''svoboda''' <br/> '''volya''' !! [[Russian language|Russian]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''libertad''' !! !! [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''frihet''' !! !! [[Swedish language|Swedish]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''&#1570;&#1586;&#1575;&#1583;&#1609;''' !! azaadi !! [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Freedoms|*]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Freiheit]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Operating_system&diff=21622
Operating system
2007-03-13T02:06:31Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: operating system moved to operating system on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>An '''operating system''' is a program or group of programs that work together as an interface between the [[hardware]] of a computer system and its user. Operating systems enable users to do various tasks with their computers, from simple mathematical calculations to connecting computers around the world via the [[Internet]]. <br />
<br />
There are very many operating systems in existence, though most computers today use operating systems either derived from [[Microsoft Windows]]/[[DOS]] or [[UNIX]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Operating systems|*]]<br />
[[Category:Computing]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=working_class&diff=21616
working class
2007-03-13T02:06:30Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: working class moved to working class on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>The working class consists of all the people in society who can not get by without selling our time and energy to a boss - by working. I.e. if we do not make large amounts of money from property holdings or owning a business we have to be wage labourers, or in some places in the world rely on state welfare or crime.<br />
<br />
This definition is from the [[libcom.org | libcom.org]] Glossary section.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Economics]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=history&diff=21618
history
2007-03-13T02:06:30Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: history moved to history on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>The simplest way to put it: '''History''' is the study of the [[past time|past]] to understand the [[present time|present]], and predict the [[future time|future]]. People engaged in this study are called "historians".<br />
<br />
A good historian attempts to cover all the aspects of any event. However, in the recent history historian profession is seen as a tool of [[propaganda]], and many facts are not being reported.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Science]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=slavery&diff=21612
slavery
2007-03-13T02:06:29Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: slavery moved to slavery on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>The [[1926 Slavery Convention]] described '''slavery''' as &ldquo;...the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the [[right of ownership]] are exercised...&rdquo; Today slavery is defined in the broader sense of the word to mean any condition when a [[person]] is [[freedom|unfree]].<br />
<br />
There are multiple types of slavery:<br />
# [[chattel slavery]], legalised or pseudolegalised ownership of another [[human]].<br />
# [[wage slavery]], condition when the [[worker]] cannot quit the [[job]] out of the fear of [[starvation]].<br />
# [[serfdom]], condition when the [[peasant]] doesn't control the [[land]] on which one grows [[food]].<br />
# [[prison]], taking away the [[freedom]] as the [[punishment]] for the [[crime]].<br />
# [[military recruitment]], forcing a [[person]] to serve in [[military]].<br />
# [[sex slavery]], forcing a person to perform [[sex]] acts. See also [[rape]] and [[prostitution]].<br />
# slaving, which can mean performing hard tasks (but also [[wage slavery|being bossed around by the employer]]).<br />
# submissiveness, specifically in [[S&M]].<br />
# [[slave (computing)|slave drive or computer]] in [[computing]] reffers to the [[disk drive|drive]] or [[computer]] which is either secondary to or responds to the commands of the [[master (computing)|master]].<br />
<br />
=={{ll|Etymology}}==<br />
The [[word]] &ldquo;slave&rdquo; comes from [[Latin language|Latin]] ''sclavus'' relating to the [[Slavic people]] who were the majority of the slaves during the time the word was coined.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[slave trade]]<br />
<br />
==External link==<br />
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slave Definition of &ldquo;slave&rdquo;] on [[Wiktionary]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Economics]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Songs_of_Innocence&diff=21614
Songs of Innocence
2007-03-13T02:06:29Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: Songs of Innocence moved to Songs of Innocence on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div><[[William Blake]]<br />
<br />
==Text==<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/Introduction|Introduction]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/The Shepherd|The Shepherd]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/The Echoing Green|The Echoing Green]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/The Lamb|The Lamb]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/The Little Black Boy|The Little Black Boy]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/The Blossom|The Blossom]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/The Chimney-Sweeper|The Chimney-Sweeper]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/The Little Boy Lost|The Little Boy Lost]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/The Little Boy Found|The Little Boy Found]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/Laughing Song|Laughing Song]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/A Cradle Song|A Cradle Song]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/The Divine Image|The Divine Image]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/Holy Thursday|Holy Thursday]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/Night|Night]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/Spring|Spring]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/Nurse's Song|Nurse's Song]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/Infant Joy|Infant Joy]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/A Dream|A Dream]]<br />
*[[Songs of Innocense/On Another's Sorrow|On Another's Sorrow]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Books]]<br />
[[Category:Poems]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=economics&diff=21610
economics
2007-03-13T02:06:28Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: economics moved to economics on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Economics''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] &#959;&#943;&#954;&#959;&#962; [''oikos''], 'house', and &#957;&#959;&#956;&#959;&#962; [''nomos''], 'rule', hence ''"household management"'') is a [[social science]] that studies the [[production]], [[distribution (business)|distribution]], [[trade]] and [[consumption]] of [[Good (economics)|goods]] and services. Economics is said to be [[normative]] when it recommends one choice over another, or when a [[subjective]] value judgment is made. Conversely, economics is said to be [[positive (social sciences)|positive]] when it tries objectively to predict and explain consequences of choices, given a set of [[assumption]]s and/or a set of [[observation]]s. The choice of which assumptions to make in building a model as well as which observations to highlight is, however, normative. <br />
<br />
Economics, which focuses on measurable variables, is broadly divided into two main branches: '''[[microeconomics]]''', which deals with individual agents, such as households and businesses, and '''[[macroeconomics]]''', which considers the economy as a whole, in which case it considers [[aggregate supply]] and [[aggregate demand|demand]] for [[money]], [[capital (economics)|capital]] and [[commodity|commodities]]. Aspects receiving particular attention in economics are [[resource allocation]], production, distribution, trade, and [[competition]]. Economic logic is increasingly applied to any problem that involves choice under scarcity or determining economic [[value#Economics|value]]. <br />
<br />
The mainstream economic paradigm is a combination of [[neoclassical economics]] and macroeconomics called the [[neo-classical synthesis]]. Various schools of [[heterodox economics]] seek to explain economic phenomena using different assumptions, formalisms or basic paradigmatic assumptions.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Market-Chichicastenango.jpg|thumb|250px|Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front in [[Chichicastenango]] Market, [[Guatemala]].]]<br />
<br />
== Definitions of economics ==<br />
<br />
Broadly speaking, economics is a social science, and its area of study is human activity involved in meeting needs and wants. However, beyond this there are a range of definitions, past and present which have been applied, first to the term [[political economy]] and then to the modern term economics. [[John Maynard Keynes]] once remarked that "Economics is the science of thinking." Broadly the history of the study moved from the study of "wealth" to "welfare" to the idea studying trade-offs. <br />
<br />
=== Wealth definition ===<br />
<br />
The earliest definitions of political economy were simple, elegant statements defining it as the study of wealth. [[Adam Smith]], generally regarded as the father of economics, author of ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'' (generally known as ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'') defines economics simply as "The science of wealth." Smith offered another definition, "The Science relating to the laws of production, distribution and exchange." Wealth was defined as the specialization of labor which allowed a nation to produce more with its supply of labor and resources. This definition divided Smith and Hume from previous definitions which defined wealth as gold. Hume argued that gold without increased activity simply serves to raise prices.<br />
<br />
[[John Stuart Mill]] defined economics as "The practical science of production and distribution of wealth"; this definition was adopted by the ''Concise Oxford Dictionary''. For Mill wealth is defined as the stock of useful things.<br />
<br />
Definitions in terms of wealth emphasize production and consumption, and do not deal with the economic activities of those not significantly involved in these two processes (for example, retired people, beggars). For economists of this period, non-productive activity is a cost on society. This interpretation gave economics a narrow focus that was rejected by many as placing wealth in the forefront and man in the background; [[John Ruskin]] referred to political economy as a "Bastard science, the science of getting riches."<br />
<br />
=== Welfare definition ===<br />
<br />
Later definitions evolved to include human activity, advocating a shift toward the modern view of economics as primarily a study of man and of human welfare, not of money. [[Alfred Marshall]] in his 1890 book ''Principles of Economics'' wrote, "Political Economy or Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of Life; it examines the part of the individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of material requisites of well-being."<br />
<br />
The welfare definition was still criticized as too narrowly materialistic. It ignores, for example, the non-material aspects of the services of a doctor or a dancer. A theory of wages which ignored all those sums paid for immaterial services was incomplete. Welfare could not be quantitatively measured, because the [[marginal value|marginal]] significance of money differs from rich to the poor (i.e. $100 is relatively more important to the well-being of a poor person than to that of a wealthy person). Moreover, the activities of production and distribution of goods such as alcohol and tobacco may not be conducive to human welfare, but these scarce [[Good (economics)|goods]] do satisfy human wants. <br />
<br />
[[Marxist]] economics still focuses on a welfare definition. In addition several critiques of mainstream economics begin from the argument that current economic theory does not adequately measure welfare, but only monetized activity.<br />
<br />
=== Scarcity definition ===<br />
<br />
This definition allowed a potentially broader field of study, but it, too, has its critics. It is most amenable to those who consider economics a pure science, but others object that it reduces economics merely to a valuation theory. It ignores how values are fixed, prices are determined and national income is generated. It also ignores unemployment and other problems arising due to abundance. This definition cannot apply to such [[John Maynard Keynes|Keynesian]] concerns as cyclical instability, [[full employment]], and [[economic growth]]. <br />
<br />
The focus on scarcity continues to dominate [[neoclassical economics]], which, in turn, predominates in most academic economics departments. It has been criticized in recent years from a variety of quarters, including [[institutional economics]] and [[evolutionary economics]]).<br />
<br />
== Areas of study in economics ==<br />
Economics is usually divided into two main branches:<br />
<br />
* [[Microeconomics]], which examines the economic behavior of individual actors such as businesses, households, and individuals, with a view to understand decision making in the face of scarcity and the consequences of these decisions.<br />
* [[Macroeconomics]], which examines an economy as a whole with a view to understanding the interaction between economic aggregates such as [[measures of national income and output|national income]], [[employment]] and [[inflation]]. Note that [[general equilibrium]] theory combines concepts of a macro-economic view of the economy, but does so from a strictly constructed microeconomic viewpoint.<br />
<br />
Attempts to join these two branches or to refute the distinction between them have been important motivators in much of recent economic thought, especially in the late [[1970s]] and early [[1980s]]. Today, the consensus view is arguably that good macroeconomics has solid microeconomic foundations. In other words, its premises ought to have theoretical and evidential support in microeconomics. Some authors (e.g. [[Kurt Dopfer]] and [[Stuart Holland]]) also argue that '[[mesoeconomics]]', which considers the intermediate level of economic organization such as [[market]]s and other [[institutional]] arrangements, should be considered a third branch of economic study.<br />
<br />
Economics can also be divided into numerous sub-disciplines that do not always fit neatly into the macro-micro categorization. These sub-disciplines include: [[international economics]], [[labour economics]], [[welfare economics]], [[neuroeconomics]], [[information economics]], [[resource economics]], [[ecological economics]], [[environmental economics]], [[managerial economics]], [[financial economics]], [[urban economics]], [[mathematical economics]], [[development economics]], [[industrial organization]], [[retail economics]], [[war economics]], [[public finance]], [[agricultural economics]], [[transport economics]], [[media economics]], [[monetary economics]], [[economic history]], [[economic psychology]], [[economic sociology]], [[economic anthropology]], [[economic archaeology]], and [[economic geography]].<br />
<br />
There are also methodologies used by economists whose underlying theories are important.<br />
* The most significant example may be [[econometrics]], which applies statistical techniques to the study of [[economic data]]. [[Computational economics]] relies on mathematical methods, including econometrics.<br />
* Another trend which is more recent, and closer to microeconomics, is to use [[social psychology]] concepts ([[behavioural economics]]) and methods ([[experimental economics]]) to understand deviations from the predictions of neoclassical economics. <br />
* [[Evolutionary economics]] often deals with the otherwise difficult questions related to the role of 'routines' and 'capabilities' in explaining heterogeneity in firm outcomes. It is arguably an even older theory than biological evolution, and differs from biological evolution in many details. Innovation can be the product of rational thought. Recombination can be continuous and can involve many 'parents'. And selection is not only natural but also rational, since economic agents can decide to abandon an inferior technology or behavior, rather than die with it.<br />
<br />
Other subdivisions are possible. [[Finance]] has traditionally been considered a part of economics &ndash; as its body of results emerges naturally from microeconomics &ndash; but has today effectively established itself as a separate, though closely related, discipline.<br />
<br />
There has been an increasing trend for ideas and methods from economics to be applied in wider contexts. Since economic analysis focuses on decision making, it can be applied, with varying degrees of success, to any field where people are faced with alternatives &ndash; [[education]], [[marriage]], [[health]], etc. [[Public choice theory]] studies how economic analysis can apply to those fields traditionally considered outside of economics. The areas of investigation in economics therefore overlap with other social sciences, including [[political science]] and [[sociology]]. The most prevalent political economy is loosely called [[capitalism]].<br />
<br />
''See [[political economy]] for the study of economics in the context of political science, and [[socioeconomics]] for the study of economics in the context of sociology.''<br />
<br />
== Economic assumptions ==<br />
<br />
=== Supply and demand ===<br />
[[Image:Supply-demand-P.png|thumb|right|240px| The [[supply and demand]] model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and demand. The graph depicts an increase in demand from D<sub>1</sub> to D<sub>2</sub> along with the consequent increase in price and quantity required to reach a new equilibrium point on the supply curve (S).]]<br />
<br />
''Main article: [[Supply and demand]].''<br />
<br />
In [[microeconomics|microeconomic]] [[theory]] '''supply and demand''' attempts to describe, explain, and predict the [[price]] and quantity of goods sold in competitive [[market]]s. It is one of the most fundamental economic [[model (economics)|models]], ubiquitously used as a basic building block in a wide range of more detailed economic models and theories.<br />
<br />
To define, '''Demand is the utility maximizing choice of a consumer'''. It is a strong desire backed by purchasing power with the willingness to purchase within a given period of time. '''Supply on the other hand is the quantity of goods that a producer or a supplier is willing to bring into the market for the purpose of sale, at a given price in a given period of time'''.<br />
<br />
In general, the theory claims that where [[good (economics)|goods]] are traded in a market at a price where consumers demand more goods than businesses are prepared to supply, this shortage will tend to increase the price of the goods. Those consumers that are prepared to pay more will lead to an increase in the market price. Conversely, prices will tend to fall when the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded. This process continues until the market approaches an equilibrium point, a point at which there is no longer any impetus to change. When producers are willing to supply the same quantity as buyers are willing to buy, the market is at equilibrium point where both the buyers as well as the sellers are agreeable to the price level. At this point the market is said to "clear".<br />
<br />
The theory of supply and demand is important in the functioning of a [[market economy]] in that it explains the mechanism by which many decisions about resource allocation are made.<br />
<br />
=== Price ===<br />
''Main Article:'' [[Price]]<br />
<br />
In order to measure the ebb and flow of supply and demand, a measurable value is needed. The oldest and most commonly used is ''price'', or the going rate of exchange between buyers and sellers in a market. Price theory, therefore, charts the movement of measurable quantities over time, and the relationship between price and other measurable variables. In [[Adam Smith]]'s ''[[Wealth of Nations]]'', this was the trade-off between price and convenience. A great deal of economic theory is based around prices and the theory of [[supply and demand]]. In economic theory, the most efficient form of communication comes about when changes to an economy occur through price, such as when an increase in supply leads to a lower price, or an increase in demand leads to a higher price.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Moneybillscoins3.jpg|thumb|right|145px|[[Exchange rate]]s are determined by the relative supply and demand of different [[currency|currencies]] &mdash; an important issue in [[international trade]].]]<br />
<br />
In many practical economic models, some form of "price stickiness" is incorporated to model the fact that prices do not move fluidly in many markets. Economic policy often revolves around arguments about the cause of "economic friction", or price stickiness, and which is, therefore, preventing the supply and demand from reaching equilibrium.<br />
<br />
Another area of economic controversy is about whether price measures value correctly. In mainstream market economics, where there are significant scarcities not factored into price, there is said to be an [[externality|externalization]] of cost. Market economics predicts that scarce goods which are under-priced are over-consumed (See [[social cost]]). This leads into [[public good]]s theory.<br />
<br />
=== Scarcity ===<br />
''Main article: [[Scarcity]]''<br />
<br />
Scarcity is central to economic theory, known more commonly as the [[Economic Problem]], or Basic Economic Problem. Economic analysis is fundamentally about the maximization of something (leisure time, wealth, health, happiness - all commonly reduced to the concept of [[utility]]) subject to constraints. These constraints - or scarcity - inevitably define a trade-off. For example, one can have more money by working harder, but less time (there are only so many hours in a day, so time is scarce). One can have more radishes only at the expense of, for example, fewer carrots (you only have so much land on which to grow food - land is scarce).<br />
<br />
Scarcity is defined as: when the price is zero, the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. Price is a measure of relative scarcity. When the price is rising, the commodity is becoming relatively scarcer. When the price is falling, the commodity is becoming relatively less scarce.<br />
<br />
Adam Smith considered, for example, the trade-off between time, or convenience, and money. He discussed how a person could live near town, and pay more for rent of his home, or live farther away and pay less, "paying the difference out of his convenience".<br />
<br />
[[Image:NYSE-floor.jpg|thumb|right|140px| [[Trade]]s on the floor of the [[New York Stock Exchange]] always involve a face-to-face interaction. There is one podium/desk on the trading floor for each of the exchange's three thousand or so [[stock]]s.]]<br />
<br />
=== Marginalism ===<br />
''Main article: [[marginalism]]''<br />
<br />
In [[marginalism|marginalist economic theory]], the price level is determined by the [[marginal cost]] and [[marginal utility]]. The price of all goods will be the cost of making the last one that people will purchase, and the price of all the employees in a company will be the cost of hiring the last one the business needs. Marginalism looks at decisions based on "the margins", what the cost to produce the next unit is, versus how much it is expected to return in profit. When the marginal return of an action reaches zero, the action stops. Marginal utility is how much more happiness or use a person receives from a purchase in contrast with buying less. Marginal rewards are often subject to [[diminishing returns]]: Less reward is obtained from more production or consumption. For example, the 10th bar of chocolate that a person consumes does not taste as good as the first, and so brings less marginal utility.<br />
<br />
Marginalism became increasingly important in economic theory in the late 19th century, and is a tool which is used to analyze how economic systems will react. Marginal cost of production divides [[cost]]s into "fixed" costs which must be paid regardless of how many of a commodity are produced, and "variable costs". The marginal cost is the variable cost of the last unit. Marginalism states that when the profit from the next unit will be zero, that unit will not be produced.<br />
<br />
The marginalist theory of price level runs counter to the classical theory of price being determined by the amount of labour congealed in a commodity.<br />
<br />
=== Value ===<br />
It could be argued that beneath an economic theory is a theory of [[value#economics|value]]. Value can be defined as the underlying activity which economics describes and measures. It is what is "really" happening.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Us-gold-certificate-1922.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Representative money]] like this [[1922]] [[United States|US]] $100 gold note could be exchanged by the bearer for its face value in [[gold]].]]<br />
<br />
Adam Smith defined "labour" as the underlying source of value, and "the [[labor theory of value]]" underlies the work of [[Karl Marx]], [[David Ricardo]] and many other classical economists. The "labour theory of value" argues that a good or service is worth the labour that it takes to produce. For most, this value determines a commodity's price. This labour theory of price and the closely related [[cost-of-production theory of value]] dominates the work of most classical economists, but those theories are far from the only accepted basis for "value". For example, [[neoclassical economics|neoclassical]] economists and [[Austrian School]] economists prefer the [[marginal theory of value]].<br />
<br />
"Market theory" argues that there is no "value" separate from price, that the market incorporates all available information into price, and that so long as markets are open, that price and the value are one and the same. This theory rests on the idea of the "rational economic actor". This was originally asserted by Mill.<br />
<br />
Another set of theories rest on the idea that there is a basic external scarcity, and that "value" represents the relationship to that basic scarcity. These theories include those based on economics being limited by energy or based on a "gold standard".<br />
<br />
All of these value theories are used in current economic work.<br />
<br />
== Economic language and reasoning ==<br />
Economics relies on rigorous styles of argument. Economic methodology has several interacting parts:<br />
<br />
* Collection of economic data. These data consist of measurable values of price and changes in price, for measurable commodities. For example: the cost to hire a worker for a week, or the cost of a particular commodity, and how much is typically used.<br />
<br />
* Formulation of [[model (economics)|models]] of economic relationships, for example, the relationship between the general level of prices and the general level of employment. This includes observable forms of economic activity, such as [[money]], consumption, preferences, buying, selling, and prices. Some of the models are simple [[accounting]] models, while others postulate specific kinds of economic behavior, such as utility or profit maximization. An example of a model that illustrates both of these aspects is the classical mathematical formulation of the [[Keynesian]] system involving the [[consumption function]] and the [[national income]] identity. This article will refer to such models as ''formal models'', although they are not formal in the sense of [[formal logic]].<br />
<br />
* Production of economic statistics. Taking the data collected, and applying the model being used to produce a representation of economic activity. For example, the "general price level" is a theoretical idea common to macroeconomic models. The specific inflation rate involves taking measurable prices, and a model of how people consume, and calculating what the "general price level" is from the data within the model. For example, suppose that diesel fuel costs 1 euro a litre: To calculate the price level would require a model of how much diesel an average person uses, and what fraction of their income is devoted to this &mdash;but it also requires having a model of how people use diesel, and what other goods they might substitute for it.<br />
<br />
* Reasoning within economic models. This process of reasoning (see the articles on [[informal logic]], [[logical argument]], [[fallacy]]) sometimes involves advanced mathematics. For instance, an established (though possibly unexamined) tradition among economists is to reason about economic variables in two-dimensional graphs in which curves representing relations between the axis variables are parameterized by various indices. A good example of this type of reasoning is exhibited by [[Paul Krugman]]'s online essay, ''There's something about macro''. See also the article [[IS/LM model]]. One critical analysis of economic reasoning is studied in [[Paul Samuelson]]'s thesis, ''Foundations of Economic Analysis'': he identifies a class of assertions called ''operationally meaningful theorems'' which are those that can be meaningfully formulated within an economic model. As usual in science, the conclusions obtained by reasoning have a [[predictive power|predictive]] as well as confirmative (or dismissive) value. An example of the predictive value of economic theory is a prediction as to the effect of current deficits on interest rates 10 years into the future. An example of the confirmative value of economic theory would be confirmation (or dismissal) of theories concerning the relation between marginal tax rates and the deficit.<br />
<br />
Formal modelling is motivated by general principles of consistency and completeness.<br />
<br />
Formal modelling has been adapted to some extent by all branches of economics. It is not identical to what is often referred to as [[mathematical economics]]; this includes, but is not limited to, an attempt to set [[microeconomics]], in particular general equilibrium, on solid [[mathematics|mathematical]] foundations. Some reject mathematical economics: The [[Austrian School]] of economics believes that anything beyond simple logic is often unnecessary and inappropriate for economic analysis. In fact, the entire empirical-deductive framework sketched in this section may be rejected outright by that school. However, the framework sketched here accurately represents the current predominant view of economics.<br />
<br />
== Development of economic thought ==<br />
[[image:Adam_Smith.jpg|thumb|Adam Smith]]<br />
''Main article: [[History of economic thought]]''.<br />
<br />
The term ''[[economics]]'' was coined around [[1870]] and popularized by influential "neoclassical" economists such as [[Alfred Marshall]] <!--the following is, at the very least, a link to a terribly titled article. Can someone please sort this out?-->([[Welfare definition]]), as a substitute for the earlier term [[political economy]], which referred to "the economy of polities" &ndash; competing [[state]]s. The term ''political economy'' was used through the 18th and 19th centuries, with [[Adam Smith]], [[David Ricardo]] and [[Karl Marx]] as its main thinkers and which today is frequently referred to as the "classical" economic theory. Both "economy" and "economics" are derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''oikos-'' for "house" or "settlement", and ''nomos'' for "laws" or "norms".<br />
<br />
Economic thought may be roughly divided into three phases: Premodern ([[ancient Greece|Greek]], [[ancient Rome|Roman]], [[Arab]]), Early modern ([[mercantilist]], [[physiocrats]]) and Modern (since [[Adam Smith]] in the late [[18th century]]). Systematic economic theory has been developed mainly since the birth of the [[modern era]].<br />
<br />
== Schools of economic thought ==<br />
There have been different and competing schools of economic thought pertaining to capitalism from the late 18th century to the early day. Important schools of thought are [[Mercantilism]], [[Kameralism]], [[Physiocracy]], [[Manchester school]], [[Protectionism]], [[Fiscalism]], [[Monetarism]], [[Classical economics]], [[Marxian economics]], [[Keynesian economics]], [[Post-Keynesian economics]], [[Neoclassical economics]], [[Institutional economics]], [[Austrian School]], [[Evolutionary economics]], [[Dependency theory]], [[World systems theory]], and [[New classical economics]].<br />
<br />
=== Modern 'mainstream' economics ===<br />
Most academic economics today begins with the premise that resources are scarce and that it is necessary to choose between competing alternatives. That is, economics deals with [[tradeoff|tradeoffs]]. With scarcity, choosing one alternative implies forgoing another alternative&mdash;the [[opportunity cost]]. The opportunity cost creates an implicit price relationship between competing alternatives. In addition, in both market oriented and planned economies, scarcity is often explicitly quantified by [[price]] relationships.<br />
<br />
Understanding choices by individuals and groups is central. Economists believe that incentives and desires play an important role in shaping [[decision making]]. Concepts from the [[utilitarianism|Utilitarian]] school of [[philosophy]] are used as analytical concepts within economics, though economists appreciate that society may not adopt utilitarian objectives. One example of this is the idea of a [[utility function]], which is assumed to represent how economic agents rank the choices given to them. Then the utility function ranks available choices from best to worst, and the agent gradually learns to choose the best-ranked choice in the [[feasible set]] of his alternatives.<br />
<br />
Most economists also acknowledge the existence of [[market failure]] and many insights from [[Keynesian economics]]. They look to [[game theory]] and [[asymmetric information]] to solve problems on a microeconomic level. Many important insights on collective behavior (e.g. [[emergence]] of [[organization]]s) have been incorporated from [[institutional economics]] via [[new institutionalism]].<br />
<br />
===Neoclassical economics ===<br />
Economists who believe that models based on [[utility maximisation]] are applicable to a wide range of activities, including the very long term and the non-economic, are often referred to as [[neoclassical economics|neoclassical economists]].<br />
<br />
On a microeconomic level, some economists extend economic analysis to all personal decisions. An alternative can be thought of as a [[vector space|vector]] where the entries are answers not only to questions like "How many eggs should I buy?", but also "How many hours should I spend with my kids?", and "How long should I spend brushing my teeth?".<br />
<br />
===Post-Keynesian economics===<br />
An alternative school - one of the successors to the Keynesian tradition with a focus on [[macroeconomics]]. They concentrate on macroeconomic rigidities and adjustment processes, and research microfoundations for their models based on real-life practices rather than simple optimizing models. Generally associated with Cambridge, England and the work of Joan Robinson.<br />
<br />
===New-Keynesian economics===<br />
The other school associated with developments in the Keynesian fashion. These researchers tend to share with other [[Neoclassical]] economists the emphasis on models based on microfoundations and optimizing behavior but focus more narrowly on standard Keynesian themes such as price and wage rigidity. These are usually made to be endogenous features of these models, rather than simply assumed as in older style Keynesian ones. The Nobel prize winners [[Joseph Stiglitz]] and [[George Akerlof]] are generally thought of as New-Keynsians.<br />
<br />
===Other alternatives===<br />
There are many types of economist, and many of them are considerably outside the mainstream. [[Socialist economics]], [[green economics]], [[Austrian economics]], and ''Old [[Keynesian]]'' economics still have many voices in academia.<br />
<br />
== Economics and other disciplines ==<br />
There is some tension between economics and theories of [[ethics]], historically a branch of philosophy, which emphasizes how people ought to conduct ourselves and balances of [[rights]] and [[duties]]. Modern economics deals with this tension explicitly: According to some thinkers such as Mr. John Syko, a theory of economics is also, or implies also, a theory of [[moral reasoning]]. One way economists deal with this is to qualify discussions of [[economic choice]] by noting the qualifier [[ceteris paribus]] ("all other things held constant...") referring to moral or social factors that are (for the sake of argument) held equivalent for all choices that one might make.<br />
<br />
''For exploration of this issue, see the [[moral purchasing]] article.''<br />
<br />
Another premise is that economics fits within a finite ecosystem where there are at least some abundant resources. For instance, when fuelling a fire, people are usually concerned with finding the wood, and not with finding the air to burn it with. Economics explicitly does not deal with free abundant inputs &ndash; one criticism is that it often conflicts with [[Ecological_economics|ecology's]] view of what affects what. Human beings are, according to ecologists, merely one species participating in a vast [[energy economics|energy system]] on this planet &ndash; economy is a subset of ecology that deals with just one species' habits and wants.<br />
<br />
''See [[nature's services]] for the economic view of ecology and [[green economics]] for the view in which economics is a subset of ecology.''<br />
<br />
A third premise is that economics suggests [[market form]]s and other means of distribution of scarce goods that affect not just "desires and wants" but also "needs" and "habits". Much of so-called economic "choice" is involuntary, certainly given the [[conditioning]] that people have to expect certain [[quality of life]]. This leads to one of the most hotly debated areas in economic policy: namely, the effect and efficacy of welfare policies. [[Libertarians]], view this as a failure to respect economic reasoning. They argue that redistribution of wealth is morally and economically wrong. And [[socialists]] view it as a failure of economics to respect society. They argue that disparities of wealth should not have been allowed in the first place. This led to both [[19th century]] [[labour economics]] and [[20th century]] [[welfare economics]] before being subsumed into [[human development theory]].<br />
<br />
The older term for economics, ''[[political economy]]'', is still often used ''instead of'' '''economics''', especially by certain economists such as [[Marxists]]. Use of this term often signals a basic disagreement with the terminology or paradigm of market economics. Political economy explicitly brings political considerations into economic analysis and is therefore openly [[normative]], although this can be said of many economic recommendations as well, despite claims to being [[positive]]. Some mainstream universities (such as the [[University of Toronto]] and many in the [[United Kingdom]]) have a "political economy" department rather than an "economics" department.<br />
<br />
[[Information theory]] has been applied to economics since the work of [[Ronald Coase]] in the 1930s. However, with [[Herbert Simon]] and [[John von Neumann]] in the 1950s, it gathered a more specific [[formalism]] as part of [[game theory]]. This emphasizes that the decision-making process itself is costly.<br />
<br />
Marxist economics generally denies the trade-off of time for money. In the Marxist view, concentrated control over the means of production is the basis for the allocation of resources among classes. Scarcity of any particular physical resource is subsidiary to the central question of power relationships embedded in the means of production.<br />
<br />
The question of the environment is viewed, in the traditional economic framework, as being related to the externalization of costs. That is, market economics assumes that underpriced goods are overconsumed. Externalization of cost, in this view, will be corrected by pricing the overconsumed resources at their true social marginal cost. See [[Pigovian tax]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{portalpar|Business and Economics}}<br />
<br />
;Microeconomics<br />
:[[Microeconomics]] | [[supply and demand|Supply and Demand]] | [[Consumer theory|Consumer Theory]] | [[production, costs, and pricing|Production theory]] | [[Experimental economics]] | [[Behavioural economics]] | [[General equilibrium]] | [[Industrial organization]] | [[New institutionalism]] | [[Financial economics]] | [[Managerial economics]] | [[International trade]] | [[Labour market|Labour economics]] | [[Development economics]] | [[Environmental economics]] | [[Welfare economics]] | [[Public choice theory]] | [[Public good]]s | [[Transport economics]] | [[Health economics]] | [[Marginal demand]] | [[Political psychology]]<br />
<br />
;Macroeconomics<br />
:[[Macroeconomics]] | [[Keynesian economics]] | [[Phillips curve]] | [[IS/LM model]] | [[Aggregate demand]] | [[Economic policy]] | [[Stabilization policy]] | [[Monetary policy]] | [[Monetarism]] | [[Fiscal policy]] | [[Economic growth]] | [[Purchasing power parity]] | [[Business cycle]] | [[Austrian School]] | [[New Keynesian economics]] | [[Gold standard]] | [[Supply side economics]] | [[Ricardan equivalence hypothesis]]<br />
<br />
;Methodology<br />
:[[Cycles]] | [[Econometrics]] | [[Game Theory]] | [[Mathematical economics]] | [[Evolutionary economics]] | [[Institutional economics]]<br />
<br />
;Related fields<br />
:[[History of Economic Thought|History of economic thought]] | [[Economic history]] | [[Praxeology]] | [[Political economy]] | [[Political science]] | [[Economic geography]] | [[Finance]] | [[Operations research]] | [[Economic anthropology]] | [[Public finance]] | [[Home economics]] | [[Neuroeconomics]] | [[Entrepreneurial Economics]] <br />
<br />
;Criticism<br />
:[[Post Autistic Economics]]<br />
:[[Steve Keen]] | [[Paul Ormerod]]<br />
<br />
;Selected topics<br />
:[[Barter economy]] | [[Commercialism]] | [[Communism]] | [[Capitalism]] | [[Command economy]] | [[Coordinatorism]] | [[Deregulation]] | [[Economic indicator]] | [[Exploitation]] | [[Freiwirtschaft]] | [[Georgism]] | [[Gift economy]] | [[Inclusive Democracy]] \ [[Informal economy]] | [[Labour theory of value]] | [[Laissez-faire]] | [[Market economy]] | [[Marxism]] | [[Mutualism (economic theory)|Mutualism]] | [[Nationalization]] | [[Natural capitalism]] | [[Network effect]] | [[Participatory economics]] | [[Planned economy]] | [[Privatization]] | [[Real wage]] | [[Regulation]] | [[Socialism]] | [[Socialist economics]] | [[Stock market]] | [[Syndicalism]] | [[Synthetic economies]] | [[Taxation]] | [[Welfare]]<br />
<br />
*[[Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel]]<br />
*[[List of accounting topics]]<br />
*[[List of business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business topics]]<br />
*[[List of business law topics]]<br />
*[[List of economic geography topics]]<br />
*[[List of economic systems]]<br />
*[[List of economics consultancies and think tanks]]<br />
*[[List of economics topics]]<br />
*[[List of economists]]<br />
*[[List of finance topics]]<br />
*[[List of human resource management topics]]<br />
*[[List of information technology management topics]]<br />
*[[List of international trade topics]]<br />
*[[List of management topics]]<br />
*[[List of marketing topics]]<br />
*[[List of production topics]]<br />
*[[List of publications in economics]]<br />
*[[List of scholarly journals in economics]]<br />
*[[List of university economics departments]]<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*''[http://www.bartleby.com/10/ An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations]'' by [[Adam Smith]] (abridged version) (Originally published in 1776)<br />
*''[http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/islm.html There's Something About Macro]'' by [[Paul Krugman]] - a brief introduction to macroeconomics.<br />
*''[http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy744.html Nature of Things]'' by [[Jean-Baptiste Say]] - an essay in which Say claims that economics isn't an ethical system that one can simply refute on the basis that one doesn't accept its ''values'': it is a collection of theories and models that explain inductively found principles.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
;General information<br />
{{sisterlinks|Economics}}<br />
{{wikibookspar|Wikiversity|School of Economics}}<br />
*[http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/ecalendar/ U.S. Economic Calendar]<br />
*{{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Economics/|Economics}}<br />
*[[wikibooks:Economics|Economics textbooks]] on [[wikibooks:Main_Page|Wikibooks]]<br />
*[http://www.economist.com/research/Economics/ The Economist's Economics A-Z]<br />
<br />
;Institutions and organizations<br />
*[http://www.bls.gov Bureau of Labor Statistics] - from the American Labor Department<br />
*[http://www.cepr.net/ Center for Economic and Policy Research (USA)]<br />
*[http://www.nber.org/ National Bureau of Economic Research (USA)] - Economics material from the organization that declares Recessions and Recoveries.<br />
*[http://www.ncee.net/ National Council on Economic Education (USA)]<br />
*[http://www.oecd.org/statistics/ Organization For Co-operation and Economic Development (OECD) Statistics]<br />
*[http://unstats.un.org/unsd United Nations Statistics Division]<br />
*[http://www.bea.doc.gov US Department of Commerce Economics Statistics]<br />
*[http://www.worldbank.org/data/ World Bank Data]<br />
*[http://www.wto.org World Trade Organization]<br />
<br />
;Study resources<br />
* [http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/newbooks.htm A guide to several online economics textbooks]<br />
*[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv2-06 ''Dictionary of the history of Ideas''] - History of Economics<br />
*[http://www.economyprofessor.com/ Economic Theories and Theorists at EconomyProfessor.com] - An index of all theories and theoreticians throughout the history of economic thought.<br />
* [http://www.eco.nm.ru/ Introduction to Economics] - By Vladimir Boutiaga<br />
*[http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=4091 Economics For The Citizen] - By [[Walter E. Williams]]<br />
*[http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/thought.htm Schools of Thought] &ndash; Compare various economic schools of thought on particular issues<br />
*[http://www.tutor2u.net/ Tutor2u.net] - A comprehensive source of study notes, designed particularly for [[United Kingdom|UK]] students. Winner of the BETT Award for UK Online Learning Resource of the Year in 2003. <br />
* [http://economics.about.com Economics at About.com] - A set of economics resources for students.<br />
*[http://www.bized.ac.uk Bized] - A UK-based portal site for Economics and Business Studies designed mainly for [[United Kingdom|UK]] students.<br />
* [http://www.introecon.com ''Introduction to Economic Analysis''] - A complete introductory economics textbook under [[Creative Commons]] license by R. [[Preston McAfee]].<br />
<br />
;Economists<br />
*[http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/ Paul Krugman website at Princeton.edu] - official website of well-known economist [[Paul Krugman]].<br />
*[http://www.johnkay.com John Kay] - official website of the UK economist John Kay, author of ''Everlasting Light Bulbs'' and ''The Truth about Markets''<br />
<br />
;Publications<br />
*[http://www.yaleeconomicreview.com Yale Economic Review]<br />
*[http://www.aeaweb.org/ae American Economic Review]<br />
<br />
;Miscellaneous<br />
* [http://www.ericdigests.org/1998-1/economic.htm Recent Trends in Economic Education. ERIC Digest.]<br />
*[http://english.historia.se Historicalstatistics.org] - Links to historical economic statistics for different countries and regions<br />
* [http://www.ericdigests.org/1999-4/economics.htm National Voluntary Content. ERIC Digests.]<br />
*[http://www.stlouisfed.org/ St Louis Federal Reserve] Gateway to the [[Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis]], including working papers, links to lectures and other material.<br />
*[http://xlab.berkeley.edu/ XLab] - UC Berkeley Experimental Social Science Laboratory: Human Subject Research in Economics<br />
*[http://www.DKEI.com/ Daniel Knowles Economic Institute] - Advanced studies and theories.<br />
<br />
<!-- If you have an interest in the Economics and Business section of Wikipedia, drop by at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Business and Economics]]. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Economics|*]]<br />
{{Social sciences-footer}}<br />
<br />
[[af:Ekonomie]]<br />
[[ar:اقتصاد]]<br />
[[zh-min-nan:keng-chè-haÌk]]<br />
[[bg:Икономика (наука)]]<br />
[[be:Ðканоміка]]<br />
[[bn:অরà§à¦¥à¦¨à§€à¦¤à¦¿]]<br />
[[br:Armerzh]]<br />
[[bs:Ekonomija]]<br />
[[ca:Economia]]<br />
[[ceb:Ekonomiks]]<br />
[[cs:Ekonomie]]<br />
[[cy:Economeg]]<br />
[[da:Økonomi]]<br />
[[de:Wirtschaftswissenschaft]]<br />
[[et:Majandusteadus]]<br />
[[eo:Ekonomiko]]<br />
[[es:EconomÃa]]<br />
[[el:Οικονομικά]]<br />
[[fa:اقتصاد]]<br />
[[fr:Économie]]<br />
[[fy:Ekonomy]]<br />
[[ga:EacnamaÃocht]]<br />
[[gl:EconomÃa]]<br />
[[he:כלכלה]]<br />
[[hr:Ekonomija]]<br />
[[hu:közgazdaságtan]]<br />
[[ia:Economia]]<br />
[[id:Ekonomi]]<br />
[[io:Ekonomiko]]<br />
[[it:Economia]]<br />
[[ja:経済å¦]]<br />
[[jv:Ekonomi]]<br />
[[km:សáŸážŠáŸ’ឋកិច្ច]]<br />
[[ko:ê²½ì œí•™]]<br />
[[lb:Economie]]<br />
[[lt:Ekonomika]]<br />
[[lv:Ekonomika]]<br />
[[mk:Економија]]<br />
[[mg:Toe-Karena]]<br />
[[nl:Economie]]<br />
[[no:Økonomi]]<br />
[[oc:Economia]]<br />
[[nds:Wertschap]]<br />
[[pl:Ekonomia]]<br />
[[pt:Economia]]<br />
[[ro:Economie]]<br />
[[ru:Ðкономика]]<br />
[[simple:Economics]]<br />
[[sl:ekonomija]]<br />
[[fi:Taloustiede]]<br />
[[sr:Економија]]<br />
[[sv:Nationalekonomi]]<br />
[[th:เศรษà¸à¸¨à¸²à¸ªà¸•à¸£à¹Œ]]<br />
[[tl:Ekonomiya]]<br />
[[tr:Ä°ktisat]]<br />
[[vi:Kinh tế há»c]]<br />
[[zh:ç»æµŽå¦]]<br />
<br />
{{wikipedia|Economics}}</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Internet_Relay_Chat&diff=21606
Internet Relay Chat
2007-03-13T02:06:27Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: Internet Relay Chat moved to Internet Relay Chat on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''IRC''' (Internet Relay Chat) is a popular chat system based on a [[client-server]] protocol. Users are distinguished by nickname (''nick'') and are allowed to send each other messages, privately or via public chat rooms (''channels''). Each user can join more than one channel at a time.<br />
<br />
The success of [[IRC network]]s is largely due to the flexibility of the protocol, its ability to handle thousands of simultaneously active users and channels.<br />
<br />
==General overview==<br />
<br />
IRC gets its name from the way servers relay messages from a connected user to other servers in the same IRC network. While some small IRC networks consist of only one server, large networks can be made up of tens of servers. Actual chat takes place in channels. A channel name is usually prefixed by a # (hash) sign.<br />
<br />
IRC channels are usually open to any users who join them, and channels dedicated to popular topics may have many participants. This is in contrast to [[instant messaging]] programs such as [[AOL Instant Messenger|AIM]] and [[ICQ]], which offer connections between individual users.<br />
<br />
A channel is overseen by one or more "channel operators," or "ops," who can change different channel modes, channel topics, set or deset ops and voice status on other users, and kick and ban users. Politics among channel administration is usually very high, and this often leads to arguments, takeover attempts, or simply the creation of "rival" channels.<br />
<br />
IRC channels and nicknames are not permanent and only exist while in use. Many IRC networks offer services for channel owners and users to register their channels and nicks to prevent them from being "stolen" from them. These services have names such as ChanServ and NickServ, and are operated by sending messages to these automated nicks.<br />
<br />
Certain priviliged users, such as channel operators and server administrators, can [[censorship|censor]] or otherwise perform actions limit to the freedom of users:<br />
* '''kick''': expelling a user from a given channel<br />
* '''ban''': excluding users, identified by nickname or [[hostname]], from a given channel<br />
* '''K-line''': preventing a class of users (identified by their hostname or [[IP number]]) from connecting to a given server.<br />
<br />
IRC protocol is based on a [[centralized network|centralized]] or semi-centralized network, with [[unencrypted connections]]: this means that the activity of end users can be [[privacy|supervised]] by the same owners of the servers composing the network.<br />
<br />
==Security risks==<br />
<br />
IRC, like many early Internet protocols, was not designed with privacy in mind. Many commands allow one to request information about other channels and users. One can request a list of all users in a channel without actually entering the channel, for instance. Another command returns information on individual users, including the name they put into their client, the server they are connected to, their IP address, and their DNS hostname. A user's DNS hostname usually gives the user's Internet Service Provider and often includes the geographical area in which he lives. Other commands can retrieve the name and version of the IRC client another user is running, and the local time from that user's computer.<br />
<br />
A tiny majority of IRC servers do mask IP addresses or hostnames from other users. Some do this through "virtual hosts," which display a vanity false hostname in place of a user's actual hostname. Others explicitly protect a user's IP address and hostname from other users.<br />
<br />
In any case, most clients also support "direct client communications" (DCC) features. These bypass the IRC network and establish a direct link between two users' computers. This reveals each other's IP addresses to one another.<br />
<br />
The best way to ensure one's privacy on IRC is to connect through a trusted proxy that supports ports 6666 or 6667, which IRC uses. If a trusted public proxy can not be found, running a [[Tor]] client on one's own computer might be a good alternative.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.irchelp.org #IRChelp Homepage] - Contains lots of IRC guides for beginners and experts alike. <br />
* [http://www.irc.org/ IRC.org] - Contains some early history about IRC.<br />
<br />
{{boywiki|Internet_Relay_Chat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:IRC]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=art&diff=21608
art
2007-03-13T02:06:27Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: art moved to art on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Wenuszmf.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Venus de Milo]] exhibited in the [[Louvre]] museum, [[France]].]]<br />
By its original and broadest definition, '''''[[art]]''''' (from the [[Latin]] ''ars'', meaning "skill" or "craft") is the product or process of the effective application of a body of knowledge, most often using a set of skills; this meaning is preserved in such phrases as "[[liberal arts]]" and "[[martial arts]]". However, in the modern use of the word, which rose to prominence during the [[Renaissance]], ''art'' is commonly understood to be the process or result of making material works (or '''artwork''') which, from concept to creation, adhere to the "[[creativity|creative]] impulse"&mdash;that is, art is distinguished from other works by being in large part unprompted by necessity, by biological drive, or by any undisciplined pursuit of [[recreation]]. By both definitions of the word, artistic works have existed for almost as long as [[human]]kind, from early [[pre-historic art]] to [[contemporary art]].<br />
<br />
The '''creative arts''' are a collection of disciplines whose principal purpose is in the output of material that is compelled by a personal drive and echoes or reflects a message, mood, and [[symbolism]] for the viewer to interpret. As such, the term ''art'' may be taken to include forms as diverse as [[prose]] [[writing]], [[poetry]], [[dance]], [[acting]], [[music]], [[sculpture]] and [[painting]]. In addition to serving as a method of pure creativity and self-expression, the purpose of works of art may be to communicate ideas, such as in politically-, religiously-, and philosophically-motivated art, to create a sense of [[beauty]] (see ''[[aesthetics]]'' and ''[[fine art]]'') or pleasure, or to generate strong [[emotion]]s; the purpose may also be seemingly nonexistent.<br />
<br />
As a form of [[culture|cultural]] expression, art may be defined by the pursuit of [[diversity]] and the usage of [[narrative]]s of liberation and exploration (i.e. [[art history]], [[art criticism]], and [[art theory]]) to mediate its boundaries. This distinction may be applied to objects or performances, current or historical, and its prestige extends to those who made, found, exhibit, or own them. Other than originality, there are no widely agreed-upon criteria for what is or isn't considered "art", and there are many divergent definitions of ''art'' to seek more specific requirements.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The word ''art'' derives from the [[Latin]] ''ars'', which roughly translates to "skill" or "craft", and derives in turn from an [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European root]] meaning "arrangement" or "to arrange". This is the only near-universal definition of art: that whatever is described as such has undergone a deliberate process of arrangement by an agent. A few examples where this meaning proves very broad include artifact, artificial, artifice, [[artillery]], [[Medicine|medical]] arts, and [[military]] arts. However, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its [[etymology|etymological]] roots.<br />
<br />
==Art forms==<br />
[[Image:MonaLisa sfumato.jpeg|thumb|250px|Detail of[[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s [[Mona Lisa]], showing the painting technique of ''[[sfumato]]'']]There are a variety of arts, including visual arts and design, [[decorative art]]s, [[plastic arts]], and the [[performing arts]]. Artistic expression takes many forms: [[painting]], [[drawing]], [[printmaking]], [[sculpture]], [[music]], [[literature]], and [[architecture]] are the most widely recognised forms. However, since the advent of [[modernism]] and the technological revolution, new forms have emerged. These include [[photography]], [[film]], [[animation]], [[video art]], [[installation art]], [[conceptual art]], [[performance art]], [[community arts]], [[land art]], [[fashion]], [[comics]], [[computer art]], [[art intervention]] and, most recently, [[video game theory|video games]].<br />
<br />
Within each form, a wide range of [[genre]]s may exist. For instance, a painting may be a [[still life]], a [[portrait]], or a [[Landscape art|landscape]] and may deal with [[History painting|historical]] or domestic subjects. In addition, a [[work (fine arts)|work of art]] may be representational or abstract.<br />
<br />
Most forms of art fit under two main categories: [[fine arts]] and [[applied art]]s, though there is no clear dividing line. It has been proposed that each of the fine arts deal specifically with a main characteristic or trait as follows: literature is related to words; painting is related to colors; architecture to the line; sculpture to the shape or form; dance to movement and music to sound. Of all these music is the only that has the quality of invisibility. In the visual arts, the term ''fine arts'' most often refers to painting and sculpture, arts which have little or no practical function and are valued in terms of the visual pleasure they provide or their success in communicating ideas or feelings. Other visual arts typically designated as fine arts include printmaking, drawing, photography, film, and video, though the tools used to realize these media are often used to make applied or commercial art as well. Architecture typically confounds the distinctions between fine and applied art, since the form involves designing structures that strive to be both attractive and functional. The term ''applied arts'' is most often used to describe the design or decoration of functional objects to make them visually pleasing. Artists who create applied arts or crafts are usually referred to as [[design]]ers, [[artisan]]s, or craftspeople.<br />
<br />
==Defining art==<br />
There is often confusion about the meaning of the term ''art'' because multiple meanings of the word are used interchangeably. Individuals use the word ''art'' to identify painting, as well as singing.<br />
<br />
===Characteristics of art===<br />
There follow some generally accepted characteristics of art; after this there is some lengthier discussion of several of those facets perceived as universal or central to art:<br />
<br />
* encourages an intuitive understanding rather than a rational understanding, as, for example, with an article in a scientific journal;<br />
* was created with the intention of evoking such an understanding, or an attempt at such an understanding, in the audience;<br />
* was created with no other purpose or function other than to be itself (a radical, "pure art" definition);<br />
* elusive, in that the work may communicate on many different levels of appreciation; one may take the example of [[Gericault]]'s ''[[Raft of the Medusa]]'', in the case of which special knowledge concerning the shipwreck the painting depicts is not a prerequisite to appreciating it, but allows the appreciation of Gericault's political intentions in the piece;<br />
* in relation to the above, the piece may offer itself to many different interpretations, or, though it superficially depicts a mundane event or object, invites reflection upon elevated themes;<br />
* demonstrates a high level of ability or fluency within a medium; this characteristic might be considered a point of contention, since many modern artists (most notably, conceptual artists) do not themselves create the works they conceive, or do not even create the work in a conventional, demonstrative sense (one might think of [[Tracey Emin]]'s controversial ''My Bed'');<br />
* the conferral of a particularly appealing or aesthetically satisfying structure or form upon an original set of unrelated, passive constituents.<br />
<br />
===Skill===<br />
[[Image:Michelangelo Buonarroti 017.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Adam]]. Detail from [[Michelangelo]]'s fresco in the ''[[Capella Sistina]]'' ([[1511]])]]Art can connote a sense of trained ability or mastery of a [[Recording medium|medium]]. An example of this is the contemporary young master Josignacio, creator of [[Plastic Paint Medium]]. It can also simply refer to the developed and efficient use of a [[language]] so as to convey meaning, with immediacy and or depth.<br />
<br />
A common view is that the epithet 'art' (particular in its elevated sense) requires a certain level of creative expertise by the artist, whether this be a demonstration of technical ability (such as one might find in many works of the [[Rennaissance]] or in the plays of [[Shakespeare]]) or an originality in stylistic approach, or a combination of these two.<br />
<br />
For example, a common contemporary criticism of some [[modern art|modern]] painting occurs along the lines of objecting to the apparent lack of skill or ability required in the production of the artistic object. One might take [[Tracey Emin]]'s ''My Bed'' or [[Damien Hirst|Hirst's]] ''The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living'', as examples of pieces wherein the artist exercised little to no traditionally recognised sets of skills. In the first case, Emin simply slept (and engaged in other activities) in her bed before placing the result in a gallery. She has, however, been insistent that there is a high degree of selection and arrangement in this work, which includes objects such as underwear and bottles around the bed. In the second case, Hirst came up with the conceptual design for the artwork. Although he physically participated in the creation of this piece, he has left the eventual creation of many other works to employed artisans. These approaches are exemplary of a particular kind of contemporary art: [[conceptual art]].<br />
<br />
The exclusionary view that art requires a certain skill level to produce is often described as a [[lay critique]]. It derives from the fact that in [[Western culture]] at least, art has traditionally been pushed in the direction of [[representation (arts)|representationalism]], the literal presentation of reality through literal images. On the other hand, criticism has often been brought to bear on modern artists for having no creative involvement whatsoever in their creations: one might take Hirst's work again as emblematic of this approach. It may be further noted that certain forms of art outside a Western tradition, such as [[Islamic]] geometric designs and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]], [[Buddhist]] or [[Hindu]] [[mandalas]] and [[Celtic knotwork]], though they are non-representational, still require a measure of skill and certain creative involvement in their execution.<br />
<br />
===Judgments of value===<br />
[[Image:Aboriginal holllow log tomb.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Aboriginal hollow log tombs . National Gallery, [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]]]Somewhat in relation to the above, the word ''art'' is also used to apply judgments of value, as in such expressions as "that meal was a work of art" (the cook is an artist), or "the art of deception," (the highly attained level of skill of the deceiver is praised). It is this use of the word as a measure of high quality and high value that gives the term its flavor of subjectivity.<br />
<br />
Making judgments of value requires a basis for criticism: at the simplest level, a way to determine whether the impact of the object on the senses meets the criteria to be considered ''art'', whether it is perceived to be attractive or repellent. Though perception is always colored by experience, and thus a reaction to art on these grounds is necessarily subjective, it is commonly taken that that which is not aesthetically satisfying in some fashion cannot be art. However, "good" art is not always, or even regularly, aesthetically appealing to a majority of viewers. In other words, an artist's prime motivation need not be the pursuit of the aesthetic, and art often depicts terrible images made for social, moral, or thought-provoking reasons; for example, [[Francisco Goya]]'s painting depicting the Spanish shootings of [[3rd of May]] [[1808]] is a graphic depiction of a firing squad executing several pleading civilians, yet at the same time, the horrific imagery demonstrates Goya's keen artistic ability in composition and execution, and his fitting social and political outrage. Thus the debate continues as to what mode of aesthetic satisfaction, if any, is required to define 'art'.<br />
<br />
The assumption of new values or the rebellion against accepted notions of what is aesthetically superior need not occur concurrently with a complete abandonment of the pursuit of that which is aesthetically appealing. Indeed, the reverse is often true, that in the revision of what is popularly conceived of as being aesthetically appealing allows for a re-invigoration of aesthetic sensibility, and a new appreciation for the standards of art itself. Countless schools have proposed their own ways to define quality, yet they all seem to agree in at least one point: once their aesthetic choices are accepted, the value of the work of art is determined by its capacity to transcend the limits of its chosen medium in order to strike some universal chord, or by the rarity of the skill of the artist, or in its accurate reflection in what is termed the ''[[zeitgeist]]''.<br />
<br />
===Communicating emotion===<br />
Art appeals to human emotions. It can arouse [[aesthetic]] or [[morality|moral]] feelings, and can be understood as a way of communicating these feelings. [[artist]]s have to express themselves so that their public is aroused, but they do not have to do so consciously. Art explores what is commonly termed as ''[[human condition|the human condition]]''; that is, essentially, what it is to be human, and art of a superior kind often brings about some new insight concerning humanity (not always positive) or demonstrates a level of skill so fine as to push forward the boundaries of collective human ability.<br />
<br />
This is not to say that technical skill is a necessary prerequisite of art, but rather that a high degree of skill goes some way in conferring a judgement of high standard upon an artist or artwork.<br />
<br />
===Creative impulse===<br />
From one [[Perspective (visual)|perspective]], art is a generic term for any product of the [[creative impulse]], out of which sprang all other human pursuits &mdash; such as [[science]] via [[alchemy]], and [[religion]] via [[shamanism]]. The term 'art' offers no true definition besides those based within the cultural, historical and geographical context in which it is applied. Though to the artists themselves, the impulse to create is undeniable; an artist can no more deny that impulse than he/she could ignore breathing (one might compare [[Kandinsky]]'s [[inner necessity]] to this popular view). It is because of the overbearing need to create, in the face of financial ruin, public obscurity or political opposition, that artists are typically conceived of as unstable, even crazy, or misguided.<br />
<br />
==Differences in defining art==<br />
[[Image:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]]: detail from [[Raphael]]'s ''[[The School of Athens]]'' [[fresco]].]]Definitions of art and [[aesthetic]] arguments usually proceed from one of several possible perspectives. Art may be defined by the intention of the artist, as in the writings of [[John Dewey|Dewey]]. Art may be seen as being in the response/emotion of the viewer, as [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]] claims. In [[Arthur Danto|Danto's]] view, it can be defined as a character of the item itself or as a function of an object's context.<br />
<br />
===Plato===<br />
For [[Plato]], art is a pursuit whose adherents are not to be trusted; given that their productions imitate the sensory world (itself an imitation of the divine world of forms) art necessarily is an imitation of an imitation, and thus is hopelessly far from the source of the truth. Plato, it may be noted, barred artists from access to his ideal city, in his [[Republic]].<br />
<br />
===Aristotle===<br />
Aristotle saw art in less of a bad light; though he shared Plato's poor opinion of it, he nevertheless thought that art might serve the purpose of emotional catharsis. That is, by witnessing the sufferings and celebrations of actors onstage onlookers might vicariously experience these same feelings themselves, and thereby purge such negative feelings.<br />
<br />
===Institutional definition===<br />
Many people's opinions of what art is would fall inside a relatively small range of accepted standards, or "institutional definition of art" ([[George Dickie]] 1974). This derives from education and other social factors. Most people did not consider the depiction of a [[Brillo|Brillo Box]] or a store-bought [[urinal]] to be art until [[Andy Warhol]] and [[Marcel Duchamp]] (respectively) placed them in the context of art (i.e., the [[art gallery]]), which then provided the association of these objects with the values that define art (Although, strictly speaking, Warhol's artwork was not an actual Brillo box but an ''exact replica'' of one - so it met the traditional criterion of skill at the very least).<br />
<br />
Most viewers of these objects initially rejected such associations, because the objects did not, themselves, meet the accepted criteria. The objects needed to be absorbed into the general consensus of what art is before they achieved the near-universal acceptance as art in the contemporary era. Once accepted and viewed with a fresh eye, the smooth, white surfaces of Duchamp's urinal are strikingly similar to classical marble sculptural forms, whether the artist intended it or not. This type of recontextualizing provides the same spark of connection expected from any traditionally created art. It should be noted, however, that Duchamps act might be as readily interpreted as a demonstration of the (not always beneficial) power of artistic institutions, rather than the universal art potentially inherent in all objects.<br />
<br />
The placement of an object in an artistic context is not taken as a universal standard of art, but is a common characteristic of [[conceptual art]], prevalent since the 1960s; notably, the [[Stuckist]] art movement criticises this tendency of recent art.<br />
<br />
==Related issues==<br />
===Social criticism===<br />
[[Image:VersaillesCourHonneur.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Versailles: [[Louis Le Vau]] opened up the interior court to create the expansive entrance ''[[cour d'honneur]],'' later copied all over Europe]]Art is often seen as belonging to one social class and excluding others. In this context, art is seen as a high-status activity associated with wealth, the ability to purchase art, and the leisure required to pursue or enjoy it. The [[Palace of Versailles|palaces of Versailles]] or the [[Hermitage]] in [[St. Petersburg]] with their vast collections of art, amassed by the fabulously wealthy royalty of Europe exemplify this view. Collecting such art is the preserve of the rich, in one viewpoint.<br />
<br />
Before the [[13th century]] in [[Europe]], artisans were considered to belong to a lower [[caste]], since they were essentially manual labourers. After Europe was re-exposed to [[Renaissance Classicism|classical culture]] during the [[Renaissance]], particularly in the [[nation-state]]s of what is now Italy ([[Florence]], [[Siena]]), artists gained an association with high status. However, arrangements of "fine" and expensive goods have always been used by institutions of power as marks of their own status. This is seen in the 20th and [[21st century]] by the commissioning or purchasing of art by big businesses and corporations as decoration for their offices.<br />
<br />
===Utility===<br />
There are many who ascribe to certain arts the quality of being non-[[utilitarianism|utilitarian]]. This fits within the "art as good" system of definitions and suffers from a class prejudice against labor and utility. Opponents of this view argue that all human activity has some utilitarian function, and these objects claimed to be "non-utilitarian" actually have the rather mundane and banal utility of attempting to mystify and codify unworkable justifications for arbitrary social hierarchy. It might also be argued that non-utilitarian is, in this context, a mis-usage; that art is not in and of itself, useless, but rather that it particularly use does not manifest itself in any traditionally demonstrable way (though advances in neuroscience may arguably enable the isolation of those associated cortices of the brain concerned with the creation or appreciation of art).<br />
<br />
Art is also used by art therapists and some psychotherapists and clinical psychologists as [[art therapy]]. The end product is not the principal goal in this case; rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Graffiti Panorama rome.jpg|thumb|600px|center|[[Grafitti]]]]The "use" of art from the artist’s standpoint is as a means of expression. When art is conceived as a device, it serves several context and perspective specific functions. From the artist’s perspective it allows one to symbolize complex ideas and emotions in an arbitrary language subject only to the interpretation of the self and peers.<br />
<br />
In a social context, it can serve to soothe the soul and promote popular morale. In a more negative aspect of this facet, art is often utilised as a form of propaganda, and thus can be used to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood (in some cases, artworks are appropriated to be used in this manner, without the creator's initial intention).<br />
<br />
From a more anthropological perspective, art is a way of passing ideas and concepts on to later generations in a (somewhat) universal language. The interpretation of this language is very dependent upon the observer’s perspective and context, and it might be argued that the very subjectivity of art demonstrates its importance in providing an arena in which rival ideas might be exchanged and discussed, or to provide a social context in which disparate groups of people might congregate and mingle.<br />
<br />
===History of art===<br />
[[Image:kandinsky white.jpg|right|thumb|200px|"On White II", by [[Kandinsky]] [[1923]]]]<br />
{{main|History of Art}}<br />
<br />
The term '[[art history]]' typically refers to a historical examination of the various trends of the visual arts through certain periods of human history. It may also be taken to encompass a study of the theories of art, which may or may not include an examination of their historical context.<br />
<br />
===Symbols===<br />
{{main|Symbols}}<br />
<br />
Much of the development of individual artist deals with finding principles for how to express certain ideas through various kinds of [[symbolism]]. For example, [[Vasily Kandinsky]] developed his use of [[color]] in [[painting]] through a system of stimulus response, where over time he gained an understanding of the [[emotions]] that can be evoked by color and combinations of color. Contemporary artist [[Andy Goldsworthy]], on the other hand, chose to use the medium of found natural objects and materials to arrange temporary sculptures.<br />
<br />
==Cultural differences of art==<br />
Several genres of art are grouped by cultural relevance, examples can be found in terms such as:<br />
<br />
*[[African art]]<br />
*[[American craft]]<br />
*[[Western art]]<br />
*[[Islamic art]]<br />
*[[Eastern art|Asian art]] as found in:<br />
**[[Buddhist art]]<br />
**[[Indian art]]<br />
**[[Chinese art]]<br />
**[[Art and architecture of Japan|Japanese art]]<br />
**[[Tibetan art]]<br />
**[[Thai art]]<br />
**[[Laotian art]]<br />
**[[Korean art]]<br />
**[[Aboriginal art]]<br />
*[[Visual arts of the United States]]<br />
*[[List of Latin American artists]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{portal}}<br />
* [[Aesthetics]], the philosophy of [[beauty]]<br />
* [[Art criticism]]<br />
* [[Art groups]]<br />
* [[Art history]]<br />
* [[Art sale]]<br />
* [[Art school]]<br />
* [[Art styles, periods and movements]]<br />
* [[Art techniques and materials]]<br />
* [[Art theft]]<br />
* [[Artist]]<br />
* [[Artist collective]]<br />
* [[Definition of music]]<br />
* [[Applied art]]<br />
* [[Fine art]]<br />
* [[Modern art]]<br />
* [[Nudity in art]]<br />
* [[Psychedelic art]]<br />
* [[:Category:Aesthetics|Philosophy of art]]<br />
* ''[[What Is Art?]]''<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [[Peter Magyar]], ''Thought palaces.'' Amsterdam: Architectura & Natura Press, 1999<br />
* [[Aristotle]], ''Metaphysics''<br />
* [[Plato]], ''Theory of forms''<br />
* [[Carl Jung]], ''Man and his Symbols''<br />
* [[Gyorgy Doczi]], ''The Power of Limits''.<br />
* [[Benedetto Croce]], ''Aesthetic as Science of Expression and General Linguistic, 1902''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{sisterlinks|Arts}}<br />
===Resources===<br />
* [http://www.art.net/ Art.Net] - [[Art.Net|Art on the Net]] online [[artist collective]]<br />
* [http://www.deviantart.com DeviantArt.com] - online art gallery<br />
* [http://www.artlex.com ArtLex.com] - Dictionary of art terms<br />
* [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/ Artcyclopedia.com] - Reference site<br />
* [http://art.on-topic.net/art_terms_by_name/ Art.on-topic.net] Art Topic Reference site<br />
* [http://www.art-atlas.net Art-Atlas.Net] The International Art Directory<br />
* [http://www.nelepets.com/art The Art Millennium] - Comprehensive Art Encyclopedia<br />
* [http://www.all-art.org History of Art] - World History of Art<br />
* [http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHLinks.html witcombe.sbc.edu] - Collection of art links<br />
* [http://www.hamiltonelectronics.com/hma/ Hamilton Museum of Art] - Online Educational Art Museum<br />
* [http://www.ijele.com Ijele.com] - Art eJournal of the African World<br />
<br />
===Professional links===<br />
* [http://www.TheDirectorsForum.Org/ The Art Museum Partnership]<br />
* [http://www.aam-us.org/ American Association of Museums]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Art| ]]<br />
[[Category:Top 10| Art]]<br />
<br />
[[ar:ÙÙ†]]<br />
[[an:Arte]]<br />
[[ast:Arte]]<br />
[[bs:Umjetnost]]<br />
[[br:Arz]]<br />
[[bg:ИзкуÑтво]]<br />
[[ca:Art]]<br />
[[cs:UmÄ›nÃ]]<br />
[[co:Arte]]<br />
[[da:Kunst]]<br />
[[de:Kunst]]<br />
[[et:Kunst]]<br />
[[el:ΤÎχνη]]<br />
[[es:Arte]]<br />
[[eo:Arto]]<br />
[[eu:Arte]]<br />
[[fa:هنر]]<br />
[[fr:Art]]<br />
[[fy:Keunst]]<br />
[[fur:Art]]<br />
[[gl:Arte]]<br />
[[hi:कला]]<br />
[[hr:Umjetnost]]<br />
[[io:Arto]]<br />
[[id:Seni]]<br />
[[ia:Arte]]<br />
[[os:Ðивад]]<br />
[[it:Arte]]<br />
[[he:××ž× ×•×ª]]<br />
[[ka:ხელáƒáƒ•áƒœáƒ”ბáƒ]]<br />
[[kw:Art]]<br />
[[sw:Usanifu]]<br />
[[ku:Huner]]<br />
[[lad:Arte]]<br />
[[la:Ars]]<br />
[[lb:Konscht]]<br />
[[lt:Menas]]<br />
[[li:Kuns]]<br />
[[hu:Művészet]]<br />
[[mk:УметноÑÑ‚]]<br />
[[mi:Toi]]<br />
[[ms:Seni]]<br />
[[nah:Toltecayotl]]<br />
[[nl:Kunst]]<br />
[[ja:芸術]]<br />
[[nap:Arte]]<br />
[[no:Kunst]]<br />
[[nn:Kunst]]<br />
[[nds:Kunst]]<br />
[[pl:Sztuka]]<br />
[[pt:Arte]]<br />
[[ro:Artă]]<br />
[[ru:ИÑкуÑÑтво]]<br />
[[scn:Arti]]<br />
[[simple:Art]]<br />
[[sk:Umenie]]<br />
[[sl:Umetnost]]<br />
[[sr:УметноÑÑ‚]]<br />
[[sh:Umetnost]]<br />
[[fi:Taide]]<br />
[[sv:Konst]]<br />
[[th:ศิลปะ]]<br />
[[vi:Nghệ thuáºt]]<br />
[[tr:Sanat]]<br />
[[yi:×§×•× ×¡×˜]]<br />
[[zh:艺术]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Template:stub&diff=21602
Template:stub
2007-03-13T02:06:26Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: Template:stub moved to Template:stub on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div><div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub">''This article is a [[Anarchopedia:Find or fix a stub|stub]]. You can [[Anarchopedia:Find or fix a stub|help]] Anarchopedia by [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} expanding it]''.</div><br />
<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Earth&diff=21604
Earth
2007-03-13T02:06:26Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: Earth moved to Earth on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Earth''' is a [[planet]] of the [[Solar system]]. Earth is moving around the [[star]] with the official name [[Sol]] but commonly reffered to as the [[Sun]]. Earth has one physical [[satellite]] with the name [[Luna]] (usually referred to as "the [[Moon]]"), however, it is argued that Earth and Moon are actaully a single system, since they both revolve around the common center of mass, rather than one around the other.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Earthlights (NASA & NOAA).jpeg|thumb|400px|right|Image of Earth from [[cosmos]], showing the [[human]] population's effect on the planet through the [[light pollution]].]]<br />
<br />
3/4 of Earth surface is [[water]]. [[human|Humans]] live in the rest 1/4 and have polluted it so much that it is doubtful whether [[future]] [[generation]]s will be able to live normally.<br />
<br />
There are many [[society|societies]] on Earth, most notable are these of [[human]]s, [[ant]]s, [[bee]]s etc.<br />
<br />
Earth is 1 [[astronomic unit|AU]] away from the Sun.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Planets]]<br />
[[zh:地çƒ]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=rune&diff=21600
rune
2007-03-13T02:06:25Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: rune moved to rune on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>==Runes and their meaning==<br />
===A===<br />
[[Image:Rune_A.png]]<br />
<br />
Inspiration.<br />
<br />
===B===<br />
[[Image:Rune_B.png]]<br />
<br />
Fruitfullness.<br />
<br />
===C===<br />
[[Image:Rune_CKQ.png|same for K and Q]]<br />
<br />
Clarity.<br />
<br />
===D===<br />
[[Image:Rune_D.png]]<br />
<br />
Transformation.<br />
<br />
===E===<br />
[[Image:Rune_E.png]]<br />
<br />
Assimilation.<br />
<br />
===F===<br />
[[Image:Rune_F.png]]<br />
<br />
Accomplishment.<br />
<br />
===G===<br />
[[Image:Rune_G.png]]<br />
<br />
Partnership.<br />
<br />
===H===<br />
[[Image:Rune_H.png]]<br />
<br />
Tests and challenges.<br />
<br />
===I===<br />
[[Image:Rune_I.png]]<br />
<br />
Suspension.<br />
<br />
===J===<br />
[[Image:Rune_JY.png|same for Y]]<br />
<br />
Gradual success.<br />
<br />
===K===<br />
:see [[rune#C|C]]<br />
<br />
===L===<br />
[[Image:Rune_L.png]]<br />
<br />
The flow of feelings and [[emotion]]s.<br />
<br />
===M===<br />
[[Image:Rune_M.png]]<br />
<br />
Assimilation.<br />
<br />
===N===<br />
[[Image:Rune_N.png]]<br />
<br />
Patience.<br />
<br />
===O===<br />
[[Image:Rune_O.png]]<br />
<br />
Parting.<br />
<br />
===P===<br />
[[Image:Rune_P.png]]<br />
<br />
Choices, the inner child.<br />
<br />
===Q===<br />
:see [[rune#C|C]]<br />
<br />
===R===<br />
[[Image:Rune_R.png]]<br />
<br />
Life direction.<br />
<br />
===S===<br />
[[Image:Rune_S.png]]<br />
<br />
Regeneration.<br />
<br />
===T===<br />
[[Image:Rune_T.png]]<br />
<br />
Conquest.<br />
<br />
===U===<br />
[[Image:Rune_U.png]]<br />
<br />
Inner strength.<br />
<br />
===V===<br />
:varries, either [[rune#U|U]] or [[rune#W|W]]<br />
<br />
===W===<br />
[[Image:Rune_W.png]]<br />
<br />
Joyfullness.<br />
<br />
===X===<br />
[[Image:Rune_X.png|Runes [[rune#C|C]] and [[rune#S|S]] together.]]<br />
<br />
===Y===<br />
:see [[rune#J|J]]<br />
<br />
===Z===<br />
[[Image:Rune_Z.png]]<br />
<br />
Protection.</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Direct_action&diff=21598
Direct action
2007-03-13T02:06:23Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: direct action moved to direct action on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Direct action''' is a method and a theory of stopping objectionable practices or creating more favorable conditions using immediately available means, such as [[strike action|strikes]], [[boycott|boycotts]], [[workplace occupation]]s, [[sit-ins]], or [[sabotage]], and less oppositional methods such as establishing [[social centers|radical social centres]], although these are often [[squat|squatted]]. Direct actions are often (but not always) [[civil disobedience]]. Those employing direct action aim to either<br />
*obstruct another agent or organization from performing some objectionable practice<br />
*act with whatever resources and methods are within their power, either on their own or as part of a group, in order to solve problems<br />
This method and theory is ''direct'' in that it seeks immediate remedy for perceived ills, as opposed to ''indirect'' tactics such as [[election|electing]] representatives who promise to provide remedy at some later date.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The theory of direct action developed primarily in the context of labor struggles. In his [[1920]] book, ''[[Direct Action (Mellor book)|Direct Action]]'', [[William Mellor]] placed direct action firmly in the struggle between worker and employer for control "over the economic life of society." Mellor defined direct action "as the use of some form of economic [[power (sociology) | power]] for securing of ends desired by those who possess that power." Mellor considered direct action a tool of both owners and workers. For this reason he included within his definition [[Lockout (industry)|lockout]]s and [[cartel]]s, as well as strikes and sabotage. <br />
<br />
By the middle of the [[20th century]], the sphere of direct action had undoubtedly expanded, though the meaning of the term had perhaps contracted. Most campaigns for social change -- notable those seeking [[suffrage]], improved working conditions, [[civil rights]], an end to [[abortion]], and environmental protection -- employ at least some types of violent or [[non-violence|non-violent]] direct action.<br />
<br />
==Nonviolent direct action==<br />
<br />
[[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s teachings of [[Satyagraha]] (or ''truth force'') have inspired many practitioners of nonviolent direct action (NVDA), who often view it as a tool that the less powerful can use against those with more power. In [[1963]], civil rights leader, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] described the goal of NVDA in his ''[[Letter from Birmingham Jail]]'': ''"Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored."''<br />
<br />
The [[Nuclear disarmament|anti-nuclear movement]] has deployed NVDA: for instance, during the [[1980s]] many groups which opposed the introduction of [[Cruise missile]]s into the [[United Kingdom|UK]] employed tactics such as breaking into and occupying [[United States|US]] air bases, blocking roads in order to prevent the movement of military convoys, disruption of building works related to military projects and so forth. Many groups also set up semi-permanent '[[peace camp]]s' outside air bases such as [[Molesworth peace camp|Molesworth]] and [[Greenham Common peace camp|Greenham Common]].<br />
<br />
[[Animal rights]] groups such as the [[Animal Liberation Front]] (ALF) have also used the tactics of NVDA in the past, such as breaking into laboratories where animal experiments are carried out and physically removing&mdash;"liberating"&mdash;the animals from the premises (although it is arguably cruel to release these tame animals into the wild). The ALF have largely abandoned their commitment to nonviolence in more recent years, primarily turning to arson, intimidation and destruction of private property. <br />
<br />
===Other examples===<br />
* [[Angle-Grinder Man]]<br />
<br />
==Direct action and [[anarchism]]==<br />
<br />
As a principle, direct action is central to many strands of anarchist theory, especially [[anarcho-syndicalism]] and [[anarcho-pacifism]]. <br />
<br />
"Direct Action" has also served as the moniker of at least two [[terrorist]] groups, the [[France|French]] ''[[Action Directe (gang)|Action Directe]]'' and the [[Canada|Canadian]] group more popularly known as the [[Squamish Five]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[civil disobedience]]<br />
*[[direct democracy]]<br />
*[[dual power]]<br />
*[[flash mob]]<br />
*[[general strike]]<br />
*[[greenpeace]]<br />
*[[nonviolence]]<br />
*[[sabotage]] and/or [[ecotage]] ([[monkey wrench]])<br />
*[[tree sitting]]<br />
*[[Pagan activism]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.activistmagazine.com ACTivist Magazine]<br />
* [http://www.actupny.org/documents/CDdocuments/CDindex.html Civil Disobedience Manual from ACT-UP/NY]<br />
* [http://ruckus.org Ruckus]<br />
* [http://www.direct-action.info direct-action.info] aims "to challenge vicious and violent protest" and "to defend the human rights of protestors and their targets"<br />
* [http://www.greenpeace.org.au/getactive/happen/nvda.html Greenpeace encourages its activists to use Non-Violent Direct Action]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Anarchism]]<br />
[[Category:Activism]]<br />
[[Category:Labour]]<br />
<br />
{{wikipedia|Direct action}}<br />
[[fr:Action directe (théorie politique)]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=localhost&diff=21596
localhost
2007-03-13T02:06:23Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: localhost moved to localhost on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''localhost''' is the [[computer network|network]] refference to the [[computer]] which is doing the refferencing. It is commonly associated with the [[IP address]] of 127.0.0.1.<br />
<br />
{{stub}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Computing]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Brazil&diff=21592
Brazil
2007-03-13T02:06:22Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: Brazil moved to Brazil on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Brazil''' or '''Brasil''' is an area in [[South America]] which suffers from having a [[government]].</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Poland&diff=21594
Poland
2007-03-13T02:06:22Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: Poland moved to Poland on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>==Name==<br />
<br />
Poland's official name in Polish is ''Rzeczpospolita Polska''. The names of the country, ''Polska'', and of the nationality, the Poles, are of Slavic origin. Their name derives from the tribal name ''Polanie'' - people living around Lake Gopło - the cradle of Poland mentioned as ''Glopeani'' having 400 strongholds ''circa'' 845 (Bavarian Geographer). Common opinion holds that the name ''Polska'' comes from the Slavic ''Polanie'' tribe who established the Polish state in the 10th century (Greater Poland). The conventional etymology of the ethnic name of the Poles relates it to these Polish ''Polanie'', "dwellers of the field"; ''pole'', "field", analogous to Russian ''polyî'', "open land", from Indo-European ''pelè-'', "flat" + ''-anie'', "inhabitants", analogous to Latin ''-anus'', "originating from" (please compare Yuriev-Polsky). In old Latin chronicles the terms ''terra Poloniae'' (land of Poland) or ''Regnum Poloniae'' (kingdom of Poland) appear.<br />
<br />
This is an informative source as to the origins of the name Poland, in Polish: Polska. The quoted text is taken from '''"Geographica's Pocket: World Reference"''' located on page 549. ISBN 1-55192-413-7. The text reads that "'''...In the seventh and eighth centuries AD, Slavic peoples from the south-known as Polonie, or plain-dwellers-occupied most of Poland. In the tenth century their king was converted to Christianity."''' To be accurate we must confess, that ruler which was first converted to Christianity wasn't a king at all - it is said he was only a prince (we are talking about Mieszko I). Poles belong as a separate category in the Lechitic subgroup of the West-Slavic people. From the source, listed above, there is shown a connection between the people of the South-West Slavic group (such as Serbs) and Poles. This is because the Polanie could be descendants of West-Slavs from the South like Serbs, as the above source states. <br />
<br />
Parallel to this terminology, another one, '''Lechia''', came into use, thought to derive from the tribe name ''Lędzianie''. It gave rise to an alternative name for "Pole": ''Lęch'', ''Lęchowie'' in Old Church Slavonic, ''Lechia'', ''Lechites'' in Latin, ''Lach'' in Ruthenian, ''Lyakh'' in Russian, as well as to old German ''Lechien'', Hungarian ''Lengyelorszag'', ''Lengyel'', Lithuanian ''Lenkija'', ''lenkas'' and Turkish ''Lechistan'' (from Persian ''Lehestan'').<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century. In the 12th century Poland fragmented into several smaller states, which were later ravaged by the Mongol armies of the Golden Horde in 1241. In 1320 Władysław I became the King of the reunified Poland. His son Kazimierz Wielki repaired the Polish economy, built new castles and won the war against the Russian dukedom (Lwów became a Polish City).<br />
<br />
This is a source stating that the Black Death (1347-1351) did not come to Poland. Here is the source [1] : "One of the greatest calamities in European history began in 1347 when bubonic plague struck, brought to Italy, it is thought, by a group of Genoese returning home through Sicily and Pisa from Kaffa in the Crimea. Their fortress there had been besieged by Mongol invaders who had suddenly begun to die of a disease that caused black, blood-oozing swellings and immense pain....By 1351, it had spread over most of Europe. The only areas which escaped were Milan, Poland, Belgium, eastern Germany and part of southwest France."<br />
<br />
Under the Jagiellon dynasty, Poland forged an alliance with its neighbour [[Lithuania]]. A golden age occurred in the 16th century during its union (Lublin Union) with Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The citizens of Poland took pride in their ancient freedoms and Sejm parliamentary system, although the szlachta monopolised most of the benefits as most of Poles since the middle of the fourteenth century were serfs. Landowners gained almost unlimited ownership over serfs. Since that time Poles have regarded freedom as their most important value. Poles often call themselves the nation of the free people.<br />
<br />
In the mid-17th century a [[Sweden|Swedish]] invasion rolled through the country in the turbulent time known as "The Deluge" (potop). Numerous wars against the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Russia]], [[Cossacks]], [[Transylvania]] and Brandenburg-Prussia ultimately came to an end in 1699. During the following 80 years, the waning of the central government and deadlock of the institutions weakened the nation, leading to anarchistic tendencies and a growing dependency on Russia. In Polish Democracy every member of parliament was able to break any work or project by shouting 'Liberum Veto' during the session. Russian tsars took advantage of this unique political vulnerability by offering money to Parliamentary traitors, who in turn would consistently and subversively block necessary reforms and new solutions.<br />
<br />
The Enlightenment in Poland fostered a growing national movement to repair the state, resulting in what is claimed to be the first modern written constitution in [[Europe]], the Constitution of May 3 in 1791. The process of reforms ceased with the partitions of Poland between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793 and 1795 which ultimately dissolved the country. Poles resented their shrinking freedoms and several times rebelled against their oppressors (see List of Polish Uprisings).<br />
<br />
Napoleon recreated a Polish state, the Duchy of Warsaw, but after the Napoleonic wars, Poland was split again by the Allies at the Congress of Vienna. The eastern part was ruled by the Russian tsar as a Congress Kingdom, and possessed a liberal constitution. However, the tsars soon reduced Polish freedoms and Russia eventually de facto annexed the country. Later in the 19th century, Austrian-ruled Galicia became the oasis of Polish freedom.<br />
<br />
During [[World War I]] all the Allies agreed on the restitution of Poland that [[United States]] President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed in point 13 of his Fourteen Points. Shortly after the surrender of Germany in November 1918, Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita Polska). A new threat, Soviet aggression, arose in the 1919 (Polish-Soviet War), but Poland succeeded in defending its independence.<br />
<br />
The Second Polish Republic lasted until the start of World War II when [[Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]] invaded Poland. Warsaw surrendered on September 28, 1939. The eastern part of the [[German]] occupied zone was transformed into the General Government area, and the western part was just incorporated to German Reich. Of all the countries involved in the war, Poland lost the highest percentage of its citizens: over 6 million perished, half of them Polish Jews. At its conclusion, Poland's borders shifted westwards, pushing the eastern border to the Curzon line and the western border to the Oder-Neisse line. After the shift, Poland emerged 20% smaller by 77,500 km² (29,900 mi²); although the important cities of Gdańsk, Szczecin and Wrocław were all incorporated into its post-war borders. The shift also involved the migration of millions of people – Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, Jews. As a result of these events, Poland became, for the first time in history, an ethnically unified country. A Polish minority is still present in neighbouring countries of [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]] and [[Lithuania]], as well as in other countries (see Poles article for the population numbers). The largest number of ethnic Poles outside of the country can be found in the [[United States]].<br />
<br />
The [[Soviet Union]] instituted a new communist government in Poland, analogous to much of the rest of the [[Eastern Bloc]]. Military alignment within the Warsaw Pact throughout the [[Cold War]] was also part of this change. In 1948 a turn towards Stalinism brought in the beginning of the next period of totalitarian rule. The People's Republic of Poland (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) was officially proclaimed in 1952. In 1956 the régime became more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. In 1970 the government was changed. It was a time when the economy was more modern, and the government had large credits. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union, "[[Solidarity]]", which over time became a political force. It eroded the dominance of the Communist Party; by 1989 it had triumphed in parliamentary elections, and Lech Wałęsa, a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The [[Solidarity]] movement greatly contributed to the soon-following collapse of [[Communism]] all over [[Eastern Europe]].<br />
<br />
A shock therapy program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in [[Central Europe]]. Despite a temporary slump in social and economic standards, there were numerous improvements in other human rights (free speech, functioning democracy and the like). Poland was the first post-communist country to regain pre-1989 GDP levels. Poland joined the [[NATO]] alliance in 1999 along with the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Hungary]]. [[Polish]] voters then said yes to the EU in a referendum in June 2003. Poland joined the [[European Union]] on 1 May 2004.<br />
<br />
==Anarchist History==<br />
<br />
A Short History of Polish Anarchism<br />
<br />
The movement developed at the end of the 19th century under the influence of anarchist ideas coming from [[Western Europe]] and [[Russia]]. However, these ideas were not uniform.<br />
<br />
We can distinguish the ideas of the controversial [[Niechayev]], valiant [[Bakunin]], [[anarcho-communist]] [[Kropotkin]], and [[pacifist]] [[Leo Tolstoy]].<br />
<br />
The first and the most significant anarchist group in Poland during the Russian rule, was organised in 1903 in Bialystok.<br />
<br />
This group mainly consisted of people of Jewish nationality. In the next years such groups appeared in other cities: Warsaw, Lodz, Kielce, Siedlce and other. The Russian revolution of 1905 and the "bloody sunday" in Petersburg strengthened the activity of all groups.<br />
<br />
Besides active propaganda, they began to make acts of terror, such as: assasinating police officers or owners of large factories, robbing banks, etc...<br />
<br />
Today, most polish anarchists reject such acts of terror. But one should realise the extent of the cruelty and despotism of the Tsar's power at the beginning of this century. Young anarchists were often executed without a trial. The police very often fired to the demonstrating workers.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, anarchists in Poland began to be influenced by materials propagating [[anarcho-syndicalism]]. The followers of this idea rejected [[terrorism]] because it was anti-social and because it disrupted the anarchist movement. Instead, they organised revolutionary trade-unions and propaganda activity.<br />
<br />
The most significant Polish theorists of Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism were: [[Edward Abramowski]], [[Waclaw Machajski]], professor [[Zielinski]] and [[Augustyn Wroblewski]].<br />
<br />
[[E. Abramowski]] (1868-1918) called himself a "state-rejecting socialist", but we should keep in mind that in those days "socialism" meant something else than to day. [[Abramowski]] wrote such works as: "Ethics and the Revolution", "The Republic of Friends", and "The General Conspiracy against the State".<br />
<br />
His alternative for the state were voluntary unions, organised on the principle of interest and mutual services, and associated in cooperatives. These unions would be the main basis of individual freedom, providing welfare, justice, fraternity and order. They would rise from below, spontaneously, without any compulsion. Such unions, associated in cooperatives, should constitute a community without any power and police. The lack of these institutions doesn't mean that chaos will enter into human life. On the contrary, it would emancipate energy and creativity that are now limited by the system.<br />
<br />
The example expanding social conciousness during the first "[[Solidarity]]" period, following the inroduction of the martial law of 13 December 1981 shows how huge are the potential abilities of people who feel that they can change life and reality.<br />
<br />
But let's get back to [[Abramowski]]. Being strongly influenced by [[Leo Tolstoy]], he also called to refuse to pay taxes and to do the military service. Although he was opposed to the catholic church, he often referred to christ's teachings which were, according to him, against the state and power.<br />
<br />
[[Abramowski]] also condemned the "state socialism". He thought that it that the "policy of modern socialism is not the policy of freedom". Socialism is a strenthening of the state's power, whose aim is contrary to individual freedom, and tends to secularise every sphere of human life."<br />
<br />
Another significant Polish anarchist was [[Waclaw Machajski]], born in 1876. He began as an active member of the Polish Socialist Party, but later on he turned his back on the intelligentsia. He came to think that all the evil in the world came from the ideologies created by the intelligentsia. He argued that the working class could only be freed by the destruction of the state.<br />
<br />
In the years 1920-1939, anarcho-syndicalist ideas influenced a lot the activity of the Union of Trade-Unions (Z.Z.Z.) which wanted to join the [[IWA]]. During [[World War II]], members of the Union created ZSP, the [[Union of Polish Syndicalists]], which took active part in fighting the fascist occupants. It published secretly a newspaper called "[[The Syndicalist]]".<br />
<br />
After the war, the anarchist ideas came back to life during the 80's, when the [[Movement of Alternative Society]] was founded. Soon after that, in many cities of Poland, small groups of anarchists appeared. All of them took part in the resistance against the communist regime.<br />
<br />
As weapons, besides stones and [[Molotov cocktail]]s, they used sense of humor, irony, and laughter, making happenings and street performances. The most known of this kind of groups were: Pomaranczowa Alternatywa ([[The Orange Alternative]]), [[Klub Sigma]], [[Miedzymiastowka Anarchistyczna]]... Many of those groups are still active within the [[Anarchist Federation]].<br />
<br />
The anarchosyndicalist section of the [[Anarchist Federation]] has published in the 80's a newspaper called "[[Kombinat]]" (The Factory), and today the [[Anarchist Workers' Initiative]] (Anarchistyczna Inicjatywa Robotnicza - AIR) is publishing a newspaper called "Direct Action" which is distributed to workers in many cities.<br />
<br />
"[[Solidarity]]", which at the beginning, in 1981, had a syndicalist program has recently become just another political party with no interest in the workers' freedom. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Credits==<br />
<br />
* Name and History are seeded with information from [http://en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]<br />
* Anarchist History taken from [http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/world/eu/poland/history.html A Short History of Polish Anarchism]<br />
<br />
==Active Groups==<br />
<br />
* ABC/ACK - www.ack.most.org.pl <br />
- ACK Warszawa - po box 30; 02-741 Warszawa 121. biuletyn@ack.w.pl<br><br />
- ACK Poznan - po box 5; 60-966 Poznan 31. sanch@poczta.wp.pl<br><br />
- ACK Bialystok - po box 43; 15-662 Bialystok 26.<br><br />
- ACK Slupsk - po box 65; 76-200 Slupsk 12. bifa@polbox.com<br><br />
- ACK Trojmiasto - pomierz@friko2.onet.pl<br><br />
- ACK Wroclaw - S.A.K.A. ul. Jagielonczyka 10D; 50-240 Wroclaw. pbn@poprostu.pl<br><br />
- ACK Lublin - Piotr Hiller, ul. Cwiklinskiego 2/30; 20-067 Lublin. cqkier@poczta.onet.pl<br><br />
- ACK Lodz - CIL, Po BOX 203, 90-950, Lodz 1; falodz@poczta.onet.pl <br><br />
* Anarchist Library - ul.Pulaskiego 21a; Poznan.<br />
* [http://www.red-rat.w.interia.pl/atak.html A-TAK] - anarchist magazine from Krakow; atak@poprostu (contact); atak.dystrybucja@wp.pl (distro); <br />
* “A-zine†- an anarchist publication in english contains articles of polish anarchist groups. L.Akai, po box 227; 00-987 Warszawa 4. cube@zigzag.pl<br />
* “BUNKIER†(“B 48â€) - underground concert/party space; ul. Wschodnia 48; Torun; dr.ozdzu@interia.pl<br />
* “C-4†- alternative culture centre in Lodz (ul.Weglowa 4).<br />
* “Czarny Blok†(“Black Blocâ€) - anarchist publication in polish; po box 43; 15-662 Bialystok 26.<br />
* [http://www.decentrum.prv.pl “De Centrumâ€] - anarchist squat in Bialystok, adress: ul.Czestochowska 14/2; <br />
* EMANCYPUNX - anarcha-feminist group; po box 145; 02-792 Warszawa 78.<br />
* [http://www.fa.most.org.pl/index_eng.php?go=adressen FA (Anarchist Federation)] - federation of polish anarchists consisting of many local groups.<br />
* [http://www.foodnotbombs.prv.pl Food Not Bombs]<br />
- FNB-Gdansk - po box 118; 80-470 Gdansk 45. <br><br />
- FNB-Olsztyn - edelweiss@o2.pl. <br><br />
- FNB-Rzeszow - ul.Kustronia 6/48; 35-303 Rzeszow; tel.602769138. <br><br />
- [http://www.food.gliwice.com FNB-Gliwice] - “S.E.K.W. Krzykâ€; po box 2; 44-101 Gliwice.<br> <br />
* “FREEDOM†- Centre of Animation an Alternative Culture / Anarchist Centre & Collective; ul. Jagielonczyka 10D; Wroclaw. freedom69@go2.pl<br />
* Grupa Anarchistyczna “Solidarnosc†(Anarchist Group “Solidarityâ€) - po box 12; 60-975 Poznan 61.<br />
* [http://www.alter.most.org.pl/infoshop “INFOSZOPâ€] - infoshop / anarchist & feminist library / info cafe in Warsaw; ul.Lotewska 11; Saska Kepa; Warszawa. Open: Monday-Thursday 18°°-20°°, Saturday 13°°-17°°, Sunday 14°°-17°°; ; tel. +48 503676482<br />
* Inicjatywa Pracownicza FA / IP-FA (Workers Initiative of FA) - federation of groups linked to FA focusing on support for workers; <br><br />
- IP-FA / Szczecin - Dominik Sawicki, po box 53; 70-474 Szczecin 34. <br><br />
- IP-FA / Silesia - po box 2; 44-100 Gliwice; inicjatywa_silesia@hoga.pl <br><br />
* KOLEKTYW AUTONOMISTOW (Collective of Autonomists) - group of activist po box 13; 87-116 Torun 17; michoo77@poczta.onet.pl<br />
* “KROMERA†- squat/culture centre; ul.Kromera 6a; Wroclaw.<br />
* LETS - Local Economy Trade System<br />
- LETS in Krakow. testcyf@kr.edu.pl<br><br />
- LETS in Poznan. lets@poland.com<br><br />
* “LITTLE MARY†- anarchist squat in Czestochowa; ul.Warszawska 249/25;<br />
* “Mac Pariadka†- anarchist magazine in polish; pariadka@polbox.com<br />
* [http://www.pilon.prv.pl “PILONâ€] - underground bar/caffe open Mo-Sa from 6pm; adress: ulica Bulwar Filadelfijski - Torun (under the only one car bridge in the city). pilon@poczta.onet.pl <br />
* [http://www.antifa-wildeast.prv.pl RAAF (Radical Anti-Fascist Action)] - ; po box 43; 15-662 Bialystok 26. pkropotkin@wp.pl<br />
* “Radical Cheer Leaders†- anarchist female cheer leaders team based in Warszawa. Contact through Emancypunx.<br />
* “ROZBRAT†- squat / anarchist centre, ul.Pulaskiego 21a; Poznan.<br />
* S.E.K.W. “KRZYK†- squat / anarchist centre, po box 2; 44-101 Gliwice (ul.Sienkiewicza 25; tel.+48 504878370).<br />
* “streFA†- infoshop in Szczecin; ul.Domanskiego 1c, tel.504935357.<br />
* “SZWEJK†- anti-military service; ul.Pulaskiego 21a; po box 5; 60-966 Poznan 31<br />
* “TEKNO COLLECTIVE†- underground techno crew from Torun; sadi@poczta.onet.pl<br />
* [http://www.wiedzma.most.org.pl WIEDZMA ( the WITCH )] - anarcha feminist group; PO BOX 3321-500 BIALA PODLASKA; POLAND; witchgrrrl@poczta.onet.pl ; <br />
* “YA BANDA†- anarchist samba band Milanowek/Warszawa. olga23@go2.pl<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.abb.hardcore.lt Abolishing the Border from Below]<br />
* [http://www.alter.most.org.pl/fa/ Alter-EE]<br />
* [http://www.fa.most.org.pl/index_eng.php?go=adressen Anarchist Federation]<br />
* [http://poland.indymedia.org/pl/index.shtml Poland Indymedia]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Philippines&diff=21590
Philippines
2007-03-13T02:06:21Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: Philippines moved to Philippines on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Republic of the Philippines''' is a country of [[South East Asia]], located in the western [[Pacific Ocean]] some 1,210 km (750 mi) from mainland [[Asia]]. It consists of the 7,107 Philippine Islands and forms in physical geography a part of the [[Malay Archipelago]]. Three hundred years as a [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colony]] (1565-1898) and five decades as an [[United States|American]] [[protectorate]] (1898-1946) have been the greatest foreign influences on Philippine culture. It is, with [[East Timor]], one of the two predominantly [[Catholic]] nations in Southeast Asia and one of the most westernized, a unique blend of East and West.<br />
<br />
The Philippines was the most developed country in Asia immediately following [[World War II]], but has since lagged behind other countries because of poor economic growth, government confiscation of wealth, widespread corruption, and neo-colonial influences. Currently, the country attains a moderate economic growth, buoyed by remittances by its large, diasporic overseas Filipino workforce, booming [[information technology]], albeit in a constricted IT category&mdash;call center services outsourced from the United States&mdash;and cheap but highly unionized labor in other sectors. The country's major problems include an ongoing [[Muslim]] separatist movement in southern [[Mindanao]], [[communist]] insurgencies in rural areas ([[New People's Army]]), historically inconsistent government policies, and environmental degradation due to rainforest depletion and marine and coastal pollution.<br />
<br />
The country suffers from overpopulation due to having a high birth rate, which is far above the replacement rate and until recently was one of the highest in all of Asia. The government and the [[Catholic]] church have clashed over the issue of different methods for population control - artificial (contraceptives, sterilization, etc.) vs. natural methods (abstinence and spacing) respectively.<br />
<br />
The Philippine Islands lie between 116° 40' and 126° and 34' E. longitude, and 4° 40' and 21° 10' N. latitude. It is bordered on the east by the [[Philippine Sea]], on the west by the [[South China Sea]], and on the south by the [[Celebes Sea]]. The island of [[Borneo]] lies a few hundred kilometers to the southwest and [[Taiwan]] directly north. The [[Moluccas]] and [[Celebes]] are farther south and on the eastern side of the [[Philippine Sea]] is [[Palau]].<br />
{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"<br />
|+<big><big>'''Republika ng Pilipinas<br>Republic of the Philippines'''</big></big><br />
| align="center" colspan="2"|<br />
{| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;"<br />
| width="130px"| [[Image:Philippines flag large.png|125px|Flag of the Philippines]] || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Philippine coat-of-arms.png|100px|The Philippines: Coat of Arms]]<br />
|-<br />
| width="130px"| ([[Flag of the Philippines|National Flag]]) || style="text-align:center; width:130px;" | ([[Coat of Arms of the Philippines|National Coat of Arms]])<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center style="vertical-align: top;" colspan=2 | <small>''[[National motto]]: Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa<br>([[Filipino language|Filipino]]: For Love of God, People, Nature and Country)''</small><br />
|-<br />
| align=center colspan=2 style="background: #ffffff;" | [[image:LocationPhilippines.png|Location of the Philippines]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Official language]]s''' || [[Filipino language|Filipino]] and [[English language|English]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Manila]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''Largest city''' || [[Quezon City]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[President of the Philippines|President]]''' || [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Area]]''' <br>&nbsp;- Total <br>&nbsp;- % water<br />
|[[List of countries by area|Ranked 71st]] <br>[[1 E11 m2|300,000 km²]] <br>0.6%<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Population]]''' <br>&nbsp;- Total ([[2004]]) <br>&nbsp;- [[Population density|Density]]<br />
|[[List of countries by population|Ranked 12th]] <br>86,241,697 <br>276/km&sup2;<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Independence]]'''<br />
|Declared (from Spain): [[June 12]], [[1898]] (Official)<br/><br />
Declared from the United States: [[July 4]], [[1946]] (Recognized)<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]]''' (2003) <br/> &nbsp; - Total <br/> &nbsp; - Total <br/> &nbsp; - GDP/capita <br/> &nbsp; - GDP/capita<br />
| <br> $352.18 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|24th]]) (PPP) <br/> $80.57 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|43rd]]) (nominal) <br/> $4,321 ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|97th]]) (PPP) <br/> $989 ([[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|118th]]) (nominal)<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Currency]]''' || [[Philippine Peso|Philippine peso]] (''piso'') = 100 centavos (''sentimos'')<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Time zone]]''' || [[UTC]] +8<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[National anthem]]''' || [[Lupang Hinirang]] (Land of the Morning)<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Top-level domain|Internet TLD]]''' || [[.ph]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[List of country calling codes|Calling Code]]''' || +63<br />
|}<br />
==History==<br />
''Main article: [[History of the Philippines]]''<br />
<br />
Human fossil records indicate that the Philippines may have been inhabited for thousands of years. Its aboriginal population, collectively known as the [[Negrito]]s or Aetas, crossed prehistoric land or ice bridges to eventually settle in the islands' lush forests. Other migrants from the [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[Indonesia]]n archipelago, and from [[Indochina]] and [[Taiwan]], settled around the turn of the first millennium.<br />
<br />
[[Chinese]] merchants arrived in the 8th century. The rise of powerful [[Buddhist]] kingdoms precipitated trade with the Indonesian archipelago, India, Japan and Southeast Asia. Factional fighting among the kingdoms of Southeast Asia weakened their strength. In the meantime, the spread of [[Islam]] through commerce and proselytism, much like [[Christianity]], brought traders and missionaries into the region; Arabs set foot in Mindanao in the 14th century. When the first [[Europe]]ans arrived, led by [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in [[1521]], there were [[raja]]hs as far north as [[Manila]], who historically were tributaries of the kingdoms of Southeast Asia. However, the islands were essentially self-sufficient and self-ruling.<br />
<br />
The [[Spain|Spanish]] claimed and colonized the islands in the 16th century and named it "Las Islas Filipinas" after King [[Philip II of Spain|Felipe II]]. Roman [[Catholicism]] was immediately introduced and would come to be adopted by most of the population, through missionary work, as well as the Laws of the Indies and several restrictive edicts. Some resistance came from tribal groups in the highlands and the Muslim separatism--a trend that rages on today. Sporadic rebellions and violence erupted in the coastal populations throughout the next three centuries in response to colonial abuses and lack of reforms. The new territory was ruled from [[New Spain]] ([[Mexico]]) and a burgeoning [[Manila Galleon]] or Manila-Acapulco galleon trade began in the 16th century.<br />
<br />
Serious challenges to Spanish rule began in 1761 when Spain involved herself in the Seven Years War (1756-1763) declaring war on Great Britain. In 1762, colonial forces of the British East India Company captured Manila after a fierce struggle. In accordance with the Treaty of Paris (1763) ending the war between Great Britain against Spain and France, The Philippines was returned to Spain. Defeat from the hands of British however, inspired resistance from Filipino rebels such as Diego Silang who in 1762 expelled the Spanish from the coastal city of Vigan. The Spanish, tied down by fighting with the British and the rebels during the Seven Years War were unable to control the raids of the Moros of the south on the Christian communities of the Visayan Islands and Luzon. Thousands of Christian Filipinos were captured as slaves, and Moro raids continued to be a serious problem through the remainder of the century. The Chinese community, resentful of Spanish discrimination, for the most part enthusiastically supported the British, providing them with laborers and armed men who fought de Anda in Pampanga. <br />
<br />
After Spanish rule was restored, José Basco y Vargas one of the ablest of Spanish administrators, was the governor from 1778 to 1787, and he implemented a series of reforms designed to promote the economic development of the islands and make them independent of the subsidy from New Spain. In 1781 he established the Economic Society of Friends of the Country, which, throughout its checkered history extending over the next century, encouraged the growth of new crops for export--such as indigo, tea, silk, opium poppies, and abaca (hemp)--and the development of local industry. A government tobacco monopoly was established in 1782. The monopoly brought in large profits for the government and made the Philippines a leader in world tobacco production.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Jose_Rizal.jpg|left|frame|Dr. Jose Rizal]]<br />
The islands' economy began to open up during the [[19th century]]. The rise of an ambitious, more nationalistic Filipino middle class, consisting of educated native Filipinos, Philippine-born Spaniards and creoles, Spanish mestizos and an economically entrenched Chinese mestizo community, signaled the end of complete domination by the Spanish. Enlightened by the [[Dr. José Rizal#Legacy|Propaganda Movement]] to the injustices of the Spanish colonial government, they clamored for independence. [[José Rizal]], the most famous propagandist, was arrested and executed in [[1896]] for acts of subversion. Soon after, the [[Philippine Revolution]] broke out, pioneered by the [[Katipunan]], a secret revolutionary society founded by [[Andres Bonifacio]] and later led by [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]. The revolution nearly succeeded in ousting the Spanish by [[1898]].<br />
<br />
That same year Spain and the [[United States]] fought the [[Spanish-American War]], after which Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the United States for US $20 million. The Filipinos had by then declared independence, and this led to the [[Philippine-American War]] that officially ended in [[1901]], though sporadic fighting continued until [[1913]]. The islands were made a U.S. territory with little self-government until 1935, when their status was upgraded to that of a U.S. Commonwealth. Independence was finally granted in [[1946]], after the [[Japan]]ese had occupied the islands during [[World War II]]. The following period was marred by post-war problems; civil unrest during the unpopular [[dictatorship]] of [[Ferdinand Marcos]], ousted in [[1986]]; and later, the continuing problem of communist insurgency and [[Muslim]] separatism.<br />
<br />
== Politics ==<br />
''Main article: [[Politics of the Philippines]]''<br />
<br />
'''National Government.''' The government of the Philippines, loosely patterned after the [[Government of the United States|American system]], is organized as a [[Republic|representative republic]], with the [[President of the Philippines|President]] functioning as both [[head of state]] and [[head of government|government]], as well as being the commander-in-chief of the [[Military of the Philippines|armed forces]]. The president is elected by popular vote to a term of 6 years, during which he or she appoints and presides over the [[cabinet]].<br />
<br />
The bicameral Philippine [[legislature]], the [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]], consists of the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] and the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]]; members of both are elected by popular vote. There are 24 senators serving 6 years in the Senate while the House of Representatives consists of no more than 250 congressmen each serving 3-year terms.<br />
<br />
The judiciary branch of the government is headed by the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]], which has a Chief Justice as its head and 14 Associate Justices, all appointed by the president.<br />
<br />
'''International Relations.''' The Philippines is a founding and prominent member of the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN). It is also an active participant of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), a member of the [[Group of 24]] and one of the 51 founding members of the [[United Nations]] on [[October 24]],[[1945]].<br />
<br />
The Philippines is currently in a dispute with [[Taiwan]], [[China]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Malaysia]] over the [[oil]]- and [[natural gas]]-rich [[Spratly Islands]] and with [[Malaysia]] over [[Sabah]]. The Sultan of [[Sulu]], who received the territory as a gift after having helped the Sultan of [[Brunei]] defeat a rebellion, has given the [[Philippine]] Government power to reclaim his lost territory. To this day, the Sultan of Sulu's family still receives "rental" monies from the Malaysian Government.<br />
<br />
<br />
See also:<br />
* [[President of the Philippines]]<br />
* [[Foreign relations of the Philippines]]<br />
* [[Constitution of the Philippines]]<br />
<br />
== Regions and Provinces ==<br />
[[Image:Ph_general_map.png|thumb|250px|Map of the Philippines]]<br />
''Main articles: [[Regions of the Philippines|Regions]] and [[Provinces of the Philippines]]''<br />
<br />
'''Local Government.''' The Philippines is divided into a hierarchy of local government units (LGUs) with the [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]] as the primary unit. As of 2002, there are 79 provinces in the country. Provinces are further subdivided into [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]] and [[Philippine municipality|municipalities]], which are in turn, composed of [[barangay]]s. The barangay is the smallest local government unit.<br />
<br />
All provinces are grouped into 17 [[Regions of the Philippines|regions]] for administrative convenience. Most government offices establish regional offices to serve the constituent provinces. The regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao|Muslim Mindanao]] and [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera]] regions, which are autonomous.<br />
<br />
Go to the articles on the [[Regions of the Philippines|regions]] and [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] to see a larger map showing the locations of the regions and provinces.<br />
<br />
===Regions===<br />
* [[Ilocos Region]] (Region I)<br />
* [[Cagayan Valley]] (Region II)<br />
* [[Central Luzon]] (Region III)<br />
* [[CALABARZON]] (Region IV-A) '''&sup1;''' '''&sup2;'''<br />
* [[MIMAROPA]] (Region IV-B) '''&sup1;''' '''&sup2;'''<br />
* [[Bicol Region]] (Region V)<br />
* [[Western Visayas]] (Region VI)<br />
* [[Central Visayas]] (Region VII)<br />
* [[Eastern Visayas]] (Region VIII)<br />
* [[Zamboanga Peninsula]] (Region IX)<br />
* [[Northern Mindanao]] (Region X)<br />
* [[Davao Region]] (Region XI)<br />
* [[SOCCSKSARGEN]] (Region XII) '''&sup1;'''<br />
* [[Caraga]] (Region XIII)<br />
* [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] (ARMM)<br />
* [[Cordillera Administrative Region]] (CAR)<br />
* [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]] (NCR) (''Metro Manila'')<br />
<br />
'''&sup1;''' Names are capitalized because they are [[acronym]]s, containing the names of the constituent provinces or cities (see [[Acronyms in the Philippines]]).<br />
<br />
'''&sup2;''' These regions formed the former [[Southern Tagalog]] region, or Region IV.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
''Main article: [[Geography of the Philippines]]''<br />
[[Image:Manila_Skyline.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Manila]], Philippines]]<br />
The Philippines constitute an [[archipelago]] of 7,107 islands with a total land area of approximately 300,000 km&sup2;. The islands are commonly divided into three major groups: [[Luzon]] (Regions I to V + NCR & CAR), [[Visayas]] (VI to VIII), and [[Mindanao]] (IX to XIII + ARMM). The busy port of [[Manila]], on [[Luzon]], is the country's [[capital]] and second-largest [[city]] after [[Quezon City]].<br />
<br />
The local [[climate]] is hot, humid, and tropical. The average yearly temperature is around 26.5° Celsius. Filipinos generally recognise three seasons: ''Tag-init'' or ''Tag-araw'' (the hot season or summer from March to May), ''Tag-ulan'' (the rainy season from June to November), and ''Taglamig'' (the cold season from December to February).<br />
<br />
Most of the mountainous islands used to be covered in tropical [[rainforest]]s and are volcanic in origin. The highest point is [[Mount Apo]] on Mindanao at 2,954 m. Many [[volcano]]es in the country, such as [[Mount Pinatubo]], are active. The country is also astride the [[typhoon]] belt of the Western Pacific and is struck by about 19 typhoons per year.<br />
<br />
See also [[Ecoregions of the Philippines]]<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
[[Image:Php_bill_100_front.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The [[Philippine peso]], the nation's currency.]]<br />
''Main article: [[Economy of the Philippines]]''<br />
<br />
In [[1998]] the Philippine economy &#8212; a mixture of [[agriculture]], light industry, and supporting services &#8212; deteriorated as a result of spillover from the [[Asian financial crisis]] and poor weather conditions. Growth fell to 0.6% in 1998 from 5% in [[1997]], but recovered to about 3% in [[1999]] and 4% in [[2000]]. The government has promised to continue its economic reforms to help the Philippines match the pace of development in the newly industrialised countries of [[East Asia]]. Heavy debt (public debt at 77% of GDP), is hampering efforts to improve the economic situation. Budget allocation for servicing of debt is higher than the budget for the Department of Education and for the military combined.<br />
<br />
The strategy includes improving [[infrastructure]], overhauling the [[tax]] system to bolster government revenues, furthering deregulation and [[privatisation]] of the economy, and increasing trade integration with the region. Prospects for the future depend heavily on the economic performance of the two major trading partners, the [[United States]] and [[Japan]], and a more accountable administration and consistent government policies.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
''From the article: [[Demographics of the Philippines]]''<br />
<br />
According to Philippine government statistics and current census data, some 95% of the population is ethnically [[Malay people|Malay]], descendants of immigrants from the [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[Indonesia]], who arrived long before the Christian era. The most significant non-native ethnic minority are the [[Ethnic Chinese|Chinese]], who have played an important role in commerce since the 9th century when they first arrived in the Philippines for trade. [[Mestizo#The_Philippines|Mestizos]], those of mixed race, form a tiny but economically and politically important minority. Small communities of [[expatriates]], and [[Negrito]] forest tribes that inhabit the more remote areas of Mindanao, constitute the remainder.<br />
<br />
The people of the Philippines are collectively known as ''Filipinos''. Throughout the colonial era the term "Filipino" originally referred to the [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Spain|Spanish]]-[[mestizo]] minority. The definition, however, was later changed to include the entire population of the Philippines regardless of ethnic origin. In Filipino slang the noun becomes ''Pinoy'', a backformation of [''pili'']PINO'''Y'''. The feminine form is ''Filipina'' and ''Pinay'' respectively.<br />
<br />
The Philippines is the most ethnically diverse country in Asia. While in recent decades the government has worked to make the country more culturally homogenous, this is made difficult by the linguistic diversity of its inhabitants. A majority of the population is divided among eight major [[Malay people|Malay]]-based ethnic groups, that as stated above constitute approximately 95 percent of the population. The largest groups are the Cebuanos (24%), Tagalogs (24%), and Ilokanos (11%), with the Pangasinense, Kapampangan, Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), Waray-Waray, and Bisaya making up the rest.<br />
<br />
The remaining 10 percent includes minority groups in the highland regions and the ethnic Filipino Muslims of Mindanao, as well as small foreign communities. The Aeta or Negritos, once active for thousands of years in the islands, have vanished into the interior rainforests. Their fate mirrors many indigenous groups around the world such as the Australian Aborigines and Native Americans. Many Aeta Filipinos were absorbed by the invading ethnic-Malay Filipinos or isolated by systematic displacement.<br />
<br />
In the 100 years since the [[Demographics_of_the_Philippines#1903_census|1903 Census of the Philippines]], the population has grown by a factor of eleven.<br />
<br />
See also: <br />
* [[Religion in the Philippines]]<br />
<br />
==Languages==<br />
<br />
Foreign languages spoken include; [[English language|English]]; [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]], [[Hokkien (dialect)|Hokkien]] and [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]]) among members of the Chinese and Chinese-Filipino communities, in their [[Chinatown]]s and community-based schools where the medium of instruction is in bilingual Mandarin/English; [[Arabic language|Arabic]] among some members of the [[Muslim]] population; and Spanish among the Spanish-Filipino mestizo families.<br />
<br />
Spanish was the official language of the Philippines for 422 years,begining from 1565.It ceased to be the official language in 1987 and has now decline due to the lack of interest in promoting the language in schools and the public with (2,658 speakers, 1990 Census).With this, only the Spanish-Filipino mestizo community continue to speak the original official language of the country.In recent years up until 1998 with the Philippines celebrating it's 100 years of independence from Spain.The Spanish Language is slowly coming back to the islands with the Philippines resurrecting it's closer ties with Spain. The sole existing Spanish-Asiatic creole language, [[Chabacano]], is spoken by numbers in the south-western region of Mindanao.<br />
<br />
Since [[1939]], in an effort to develop national unity, the government has promoted the use of the official national language, [[Filipino language|Filipino]], which is based on [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]. Filipino is taught in all schools and is gaining acceptance, particularly as a second language for a diverse population. [[English language|English]], which was introduced under U.S. rule, is treated as the second official language and is used extensively in government, education and commerce.<br />
<br />
See also: <br />
* [[Languages of the Philippines]]<br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
''Main article: [[Culture of the Philippines]]''<br />
<br />
[[Image:phil_jeepney.jpg|frame|Philippine [[Jeepney]]]]<br />
<br />
The culture of the Philippines is blended with Spanish and Native Malay influences.<br />
But Throughout Filipino history, no distinct national cultural identity was shaped. The reason for this was partly due to the existence of an exorbitant number of languages spoken throughout the country, estimated today to be around 80 distinct languages, in addition to each of their many different dialects. The isolation between neighbouring populations &#8212; whether from village to village or island to island &#8212; also greatly contributed to this lack of a unified identity.<br />
<br />
After the arrival of the Spanish, Catholic missionaries employed indigenous peoples as translators, creating a bilingual class known as ladinos. These individuals, notably poet-translator [[Gaspar Aquino de Belen]], produced devotional poetry written in the Roman script, primarily in the Tagalog language. [[Pasyon]] is a narrative of the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ begun by Gaspar Aquino de Belen. Later, the Spanish ballad of chivalry, the corrido, provided a model for secular (nonreligious) literature. Verse narratives, or komedya, were performed in the [[regional language]]s for the illiterate majority. They were also written in the Roman alphabet in the principal languages and widely circulated.<br />
<br />
In addition, the classical literature ([[José Rizal]], [[Pedro Paterno]]) and historical documents (national anthem, Constitución PolÃtica de Malolos), were written in Spanish, which ceased to be an official language. The Philippine writers, [[Claro M. Recto]] among the more prominent, continued writing in Spanish until [[1946]]. <br />
<br />
The Philippines has many national heroes. Considered the first to repel western aggression was [[Lapu-Lapu]] of [[Mactan]] Island, who killed [[Ferdinand Magellan]]. [[Dr. José Rizal]] (born June 19, 1861, in the town of Calamba, Laguna), "Pride of the Malay Race" Philippine National Hero, mastered 22 languages including [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Latin language|Latin]], [[Malayan language|Malayan]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], and other native [[dialect]]s; he was an architect, artist, educator, economist, ethnologist, scientific farmer, historian, inventor, journalist, linguist, musician, mythologist, nationalist, naturalist, novelist, ophthalmic surgeon, poet, propagandist, sculptor and sociologist. The first Asian Secretary-General for the United Nations General Assembly was a Filipino - [[Carlos Pena Romulo]]. In more recent times, the Philippines has produced major sports heroes, such as [[Manny Pacquiao]] of [[boxing]] fame, and multi-champion [[billiards]] player Efren "Bata" Reyes. <br />
<br />
Baroque Churches of the Philippines and Historic Town of [[Vigan]] are the cultural World Heritage Sites. However, during World War II, much of the city of [[Intramuros]] was destroyed but rebuilt in postwar time. Other World Heritage Sites include "The Rice Terraces" of the Cordillera, considered the 8th wonder of the world.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Communications in the Philippines]]<br />
* [[Hispanic culture in The Philippines]]<br />
* [[Military of the Philippines]]<br />
** [[Military history of the Philippines]]<br />
* [[Transportation in the Philippines]]<br />
* [[Holidays in the Philippines]]<br />
* [[List of Philippine-related topics]]<br />
* [[List of Philippine companies]]<br />
<br />
==Associations==<br />
The Philippines is a member of the following associations:<br />
*[[Asian Development Bank]]<br />
*[[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]]<br />
*[[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]]<br />
*[[Latin Union]]<br />
*[[United Nations]] (founding member)<br />
*[[Non-Aligned Movement]]<br />
<br />
See also:<br />
*[[Foreign relations of the Philippines]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
===Official websites===<br />
* [http://www.gov.ph www.gov.ph] - Government portal<br />
* [http://www.op.gov.ph www.op.gov.ph] - Office of the President<br />
* [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph www.supremecourt.gov.ph] - Supreme Court<br />
* [http://www.wowphilippines.com.ph www.wowphilippines.com.ph] - Department of Tourism<br />
<br />
===News websites===<br />
* [http://www.inq7.net Philippine Daily Inquirer and GMA News]<br />
* [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com ABS-CBN News]<br />
* [http://www.mb.com.ph The Manila Bulletin Online]<br />
* [http://www.manilatimes.net The Manila Times Online]<br />
* [http://www.malaya.com.ph Malaya]<br />
* [http://pcij.org/ Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism]<br />
* [http://www.filipinoreporter.com The Filipino Reporter Online]<br />
<br />
===Other websites===<br />
* [http://www.los-indios-bravos.com/ The Filipino Solidarity Project]Non-profit non-commercial site devoted to fostering historical, political, cultural and social awareness<br />
* [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/rp.html CIA World Factbook - ''Philippines'']<br />
* [http://www.alleba.com Alleba.com] - WWW Virtual Library of the Philippines<br />
* [http://www.imagesphilippines.com Images Philippines] - Pictures and Photographs of and about the Philippines<br />
* [http://www.manilamail.com ManilaMail] - a reference point for understanding the Philippines and Filipinos<br />
* [http://s6.invisionfree.com/Filipino_Community/index.php?act=idx Filipino Community Forum] - Filipino Community Forum for Filipinos around the world<br />
{{Southeast_Asia}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Philippines|*]]<br />
[[Category:Southeast Asian countries]]<br />
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]<br />
[[Category:ASEAN member states]]<br />
<br />
[[af:Filippyne]]<br />
[[ca:Filipines]]<br />
[[da:Filippinerne]]<br />
[[de:Philippinen]]<br />
[[et:Filipiinid]]<br />
[[es:Filipinas]]<br />
[[eo:Filipinoj]]<br />
[[fr:Philippines]]<br />
[[he:&#1492;&#1508;&#1497;&#1500;&#1497;&#1508;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501;]]<br />
[[it:Filippine]]<br />
[[lv:Filip&#299;nas]]<br />
[[lt:Filipinai]]<br />
[[ms:Filipina]]<br />
[[nds:Philippinen]]<br />
[[nl:Filippijnen]]<br />
[[ja:&#12501;&#12451;&#12522;&#12500;&#12531;]]<br />
[[no:Filippinene]]<br />
[[pl:Filipiny]]<br />
[[pt:Filipinas]]<br />
[[ru:&#1060;&#1080;&#1083;&#1080;&#1087;&#1087;&#1080;&#1085;&#1099;]]<br />
[[simple:Philippines]]<br />
[[sl:Filipini]]<br />
[[fi:Filippiinit]]<br />
[[sv:Filippinerna]]<br />
[[tl:Pilipinas]]<br />
[[th:&#3611;&#3619;&#3632;&#3648;&#3607;&#3624;&#3615;&#3636;&#3621;&#3636;&#3611;&#3611;&#3636;&#3609;&#3626;&#3660;]]<br />
[[uk:&#1060;&#1110;&#1083;&#1110;&#1087;&#1110;&#1085;&#1080;]]<br />
[[zh:&#33778;&#24459;&#23486;]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=GNU/Linux&diff=21588
GNU/Linux
2007-03-13T02:06:20Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: GNU/Linux moved to GNU/Linux on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''GNU/Linux''' is a [[Unix]]-like [[operating system]] composed of the [[Linux kernel]] developed by [[Linus Torvalds]] and the [[GNU]] userland as well as any other programs that organizations and individuals choose to distribute the operating system with. It should be noted that "Linux" is really just a [[kernel]] rather than an operating system. There is no single GNU/Linux operating system, but rather distributions (aka "distros") of GNU/Linux that are created and maintained by many different organizations and individuals. Some popular distributions of GNU/Linux are [[Fedora]], [[Debian]], [[Ubuntu]], [[Mandriva]], [[Gentoo]], and [[Slackware]]. <br />
<br />
GNU/Linux is [[free software]]. Most distributions are free to use, modify, and redistribute without restrictions other than those set forth in the [[GPL]] (such as the requirement to keep it free software). Many promote the use of Linux over proprietary operating systems such as [[Microsoft]] [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[Apple]] [[Mac OS]] because of it's technical superiority (security, reliability) and freedom. <br />
<br />
Some argue that the [[free software movement]] that drives the development of GNU/Linux distributions is [[anarchist]] in nature. <br />
<br />
== Anarchist Linux distributions==<br />
*The most anarchistic distribution seems to be [[Debian]] because it is non-commercial and depends heavily on its community. Other suggestions?<br />
* idea: [[Black Flag Linux]]<br />
<br />
==Trivia==<br />
*[[Anarchopedia]] runs on Linux.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://kernel.org/ Linux kernel website]<br />
*[http://www.gnu.org/ GNU website]<br />
*[http://distrowatch.com/ Distrowatch] Linux distribution database<br />
*[http://www.desktoplinux.com/articles/AT6185716632.html Reincarnating a discarded laptop with Linux] (article how to generally install Linux on old Laptops, nice!)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Operating systems]]<br />
[[Category:Free software]]<br />
[[de:Linux]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&diff=21586
Karl Marx
2007-03-13T02:06:19Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: Karl Marx moved to Karl Marx on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Karl Marx.jpg|thumb|right]]<br />
<br />
'''Karl Marx''' ([[May 05]], [[1818]] - [[March 14]], [[1883]]) was born in the city of Trier in Rheinish [[Prussia]]. His family was Jewish, but converted to Protestanism in [[1824]]. The family was [[petty-bourgeois]]; his father was a lawyer. After graduating from a [[high school|Gymnasium]] in Trier, Marx entered the [[university]], first at [[Bonn]] and later in [[Berlin]], where he read [[law]], majoring in [[history]] and [[philosophy]]. He concluded his university course in [[1841]], submitting a [[doctoral thesis]] on the philosophy of [[Epicurus]]. At the time Marx was a [[Hegel]]ian idealist in his views. In Berlin, he belonged to the circle of [[Left Hegelians]] (with [[Bruno Bauer]] and others) who sought to draw [[atheist]]ic and [[revolution]]ary conclusions from Hegel’s philosophy. [[Ludwig Feuerbach]] began to criticize theology, particularly after [[1836]], and he began his turn to [[materialism]], which in [[1841]] gained ascendancy in his philosophy (The Essence of Christianity).<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
After graduating from university, Marx moved to Bonn, hoping to become a lecturer. However, the [[reactionary]] policy of the [[government]] made Marx abandon the idea of an academic career, after [[Ludwig Feuerbach]] had been deprived of his chair in [[1832]] (and who was not allowed to return to the university in [[1836]]); and in [[1841]] the government had forbade the young Professor Bruno Bauer to lecture at Bonn.<br />
<br />
At the begining on [[1842]], some radical bourgeois in the Rhineland ([[Cologne]]), who were in touch with the Left Hegelians, founded a paper in opposition to the [[Prussia]]n government, called the [[Rheinische Zeitung]]. Marx and Bruno Bauer were invited to be the chief contributors, and in [[October]] 1842 Marx became editor-in-chief and moved from Bonn to Cologne.<br />
<br />
The newspaper’s revolutionary-democratic trend became more and more pronounced under Marx’s [[editor]]ship, and the government first imposed double and triple [[censorship]] on the paper, and then on [[January 01]], [[1843]] suppressed it. Marx was forced to resign the editorship before that date, but his resignation did not save the paper, which suspended publication in [[March]] 1843. Of the major articles Marx contributed to Rheinische Zeitung, Engels notes, an article on the condition of peasant winegrowers in the Moselle Valley. Marx’s journalistic activities convinced him that he was insufficiently acquainted with [[political economy]], and he zealously set out to study it.<br />
<br />
In 1843, Marx married, at [[Kreuznach]], a [[child]]hood friend he had become engaged to while still a student. His [[wife]] came from a [[bourgeois]] family of the Prussian [[nobility]], her elder brother being Prussia’s Minister of the Interior during an extremely reactionary period — [[1850]][[1850s|-]][[1858|58]].<br />
<br />
In the autumn of 1843, Marx went to [[Paris]] in order to publish a radical [[journal]] abroad, together with [[Arnold Ruge]]. Only one issue of this journal, Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, appeared. Publication was discontinued owing to the difficulty of [[secrecy|secretly]] distributing it in [[Germany]], and to disagreement with Ruge. Marx’s articles in this journal showed that he was already a revolutionary who advocated "merciless criticism of everything existing", and in particular the "criticism by [[weapon]]", and appealed to the masses and to the [[proletariat]].<br />
<br />
Also in 1843, Feuerbach wrote his famous Principles of the Philosophy of the Future. "One must have experienced for oneself the [[liberation|liberating]] effect" of these [[book]]s, Engels subsequently wrote. "We [i.e., the Left Hegelians] all became at once Feuerbachians."<br />
<br />
==Engels==<br />
In September [[1844]], [[Frederick Engels]] came to Paris for a few days, and from that time on became Marx’s closest [[friend]]. Shortly after meeting, Marx and Engels worked together to produce the first mature work of Marxism — [[The German Ideology]]. In this work, largely produced in response to Feuerbach’s materialism, Marx and Engels set down the foundations of Marxism with the materialistic conception of history, and broke from Left Hegelian idealism with a critique against Bruno Bauer and [[Max Stirner]]. "The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways;" Marx wrote in an outline for the begining of the book, "the point is to change it."<br />
<br />
In the mid to late-[[1840s]] both Marx and Engels took a most active part in the then seething life of the revolutionary groups in Paris (of particular importance at the time was [[Proudhon]]'s doctrine), which Marx criticized in his [[Poverty of Philosophy]], ([[1847]]).<br />
<br />
==Political exile==<br />
At the insistent request of the Prussian government, Marx was banished from Paris in [[1845]], considered by both governments a dangerous revolutionary. Marx then moved to Brussels. In the spring of [[1847]] Marx and Engels joined a secret [[propaganda]] society called the [[Communist League]]. Marx and Engels took a prominent part in the League’s Second Congress ([[London]], [[November]] [[1847]]), at whose request they drew up the [[Communist Manifesto]], which appeared in [[February]] [[1848]]. This work outlines a new world-conception based on materialism. This document analyzes the realm of social life; the theory of the [[class struggle]]; the tasks of the Communists; and the revolutionary role of the proletariat — the creators of a new, communist society.<br />
<br />
On the outbreak of the [[Revolution of February 1848]], Marx was banished from [[Belgium]]. He returned to Paris, whence, after the [[March Revolution]], he went to Cologne, Germany, where [[Neue Rheinische Zeitung]] was published from [[June 01]] [[1848]] to [[May 19]] [[1849]], with Marx as editor-in-chief. The victorious counter-revolution first instigated court proceedings against Marx (he was acquitted on [[February 09]], 1849), and then banished him from Germany ([[May 16]], 1849). First Marx went to Paris, where he was again banished after the demonstration of [[June 13]], [[1849]], and then went to London, where he lived until his [[death]].<br />
<br />
Marx’s life as a political exile was an extremely difficult one, as the correspondence between Marx and Engels clearly reveals. [[poverty|Poverty]] weighed heavily on Marx and his family; had it not been for Engels’ constant and selfless financial aid, Marx would not only have been unable to complete [[Das Kapital|Capital]] but would have inevitably have been crushed by [[hunger]] and [[malnutrition]].<br />
<br />
The revival of the democratic movements in the late [[1850s|fifties]] and in the [[1860s|sixties]] thrusted Marx back into political work. In 1864 ([[September 28]]) the [[International Working Men’s Association]] — the [[First International]] — was founded in London. Marx was the author of its first address and of a host of resolutions, declaration and [[manifesto]]s. All the various forms of socialism ([[Mazzini]], [[Proudhon]], [[Bakunin]], liberal [[trade-unionism]] in Britain, [[Lassallean]] deviations to the right, etc.) of the time were all united in the IWMA. In combating the theories of all these sects and schools, Marx here hammered out [[uniformity|uniform]] tactics for his form of struggle of the working in the various countries.<br />
<br />
Following the downfall of the [[Paris Commune]] ([[1871]]) — of which Marx gave an analysis of these events in [[The Civil War In France]], 1871 — and the dispute between Marx and Bakunin in the International, the organization could no longer exist in [[Europe]]. After the Hague Congress of the International ([[1872]]), the General Council of the International had played its historical part, and now made way for a period of a far greater development of the labor movement in all countries in the world, a period in which the movement grew in scope, and mass socialist working-class parties in individual national states were formed.<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Marx’s health became undermined by his strenuous work in the International and his still more strenuous writings and organizing. He continued work on the refashioning of political economy and on the completion of Capital, for which he collected a mass of new material and studied a number of languages ([[Russian language|Russian]], for instance; Marx was fully fluent in [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], and [[English language|English]]). However, ill-health prevented him from completing the last two volumes of Capital (which Engels subsequently put together from Marx’s notes).<br />
<br />
Marx’s wife died on [[December 02]], [[1881]], and on [[March 14]], [[1883]], Marx passed away peacefully in his armchair. He lies buried next to his wife at Highgate Cemetery in London.<br />
<br />
[[Category:People]]<br />
[[Category:Marxism]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Switzerland&diff=21584
Switzerland
2007-03-13T02:06:19Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: Switzerland moved to Switzerland on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Switzerland''' or the '''Confoederatio Helvetica''' is a portion of central [[Europe]], a [[nation]] or group of [[state]]s. As nations go, it is known for causing fewer problems for those outside its borders than most.<br />
<br />
That is, known for safe-harboring the money of the troublemakers from everywhere else (as the [[nazi]])<br />
<br />
[[Category:Countries]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=North_America&diff=21582
North America
2007-03-13T02:06:18Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: North America moved to North America on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''North America''' is a [[continent]], the northern portion of [[America]]. <br />
<br />
Political divisions of North America include:<br />
== [[Canada]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Mexico]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[United States of America]] ==<br />
The United States of America is run by conservative leader, George W. Bush.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
[[Capital punishment]] - [[Energetical waste]] - [[Environment and International treaties]] - [[Prisoners (war and politic)]] - [[Vote irregularity]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Continents]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=sex&diff=21580
sex
2007-03-13T02:06:18Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: sex moved to sex on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Sex''' is something that occupies the minds and time of a lot of people all over the world all the time. Yet, in many modern societies in this wide world, sex is looked upon as something problematic and unwanted, even though it is very evidently the very foundation of advanced life as we know it. The question that arises is as such: Why? What is it with sex that pisses people off so much? What is it that drives people with power to control what people do in their own bedroom?<br />
<br />
"Sex" here is used in a broad sense, to mean all sexual interactions, from touching and kissing to masturbation and sexual intercourse, homo-, bi- and hetero-sexual.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Sex is... ==<br />
Sex is by many considered one of the best things in the world. This is grounded in the biological ''need'' for sex, it is what brings offspring into the world. Sex is also an important ''social'' tool, and in many species (including humans) it is used for [[social sex|bonding]]. The basic argument is that ''because sex is a neccessity for life, it is made to feel good''. (For how this has happened, see [[evolution]] or [[creation]].)<br />
<br />
== Physical Reactions to Sex ==<br />
When the body is touched or kissed, the skin will send nervous signals to the brain. These signals will then be interpreted, ''usually as signals expressing pleasure'', in turn causing the brain to release small amounts of [[endorphine]]s, giving a pleasurable sensation that encourages further activity. This will usually take place in both the toucher and the touchee. Some areas of the body are particularly sensetive to being touched and kissed, including (but not limited to) lips, neck and shoulders, breasts and sexual organs. Areas and sensitivity varies however, both between sexes and between individuals.<br />
<br />
== Mental Reactions to Sex ==<br />
While the signals sent by the body when touched are usually pleasurable in nature, how the brain interprets these signals may vary. The reasons for variation can include things like relationship to protagonist, timing, location, stress and other factors. Additionally, people who have a strong negative relationship to sex in general (e.g., some [[rape]] victims) may also interpret signals differently.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sexuality]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=anonymity&diff=21578
anonymity
2007-03-13T02:06:17Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: anonymity moved to anonymity on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Voice of Freedom|83514|Anonymity, promoting Free Speech, opposing Censorship}}<br />
<br />
'''Anonymity''' is the state of not being identifiable. The possibility of being anonymous is often considered a cornerstone of democracy, since without it there is the possibility that nobody will dare to give opposing views, or to vote differently from the majority.<br />
<br />
For [[boylover]]s, anonymity is often considered extra important, as vigilantes and hostile "[[child advocate]]s" watch the online discussion boards routinely, attempting to discern enough information about each participant to be able to attain identifiable information. Such information may then be used to [[Outing|out]] the boylover to his local community, to plant false rumours about him, or even physically attack or otherwise harass him.<br />
<br />
== Social aspects of anonymity ==<br />
<br />
For boylovers, protecting anonymity is mainly about being careful of what personal information to disclose when communicating with fellow boylovers. <br />
*On public [[Online_message_board|discussion board]]s or [[IRC|chat]] rooms, you should never give out your '''real name''' or initials, but instead use a [[nickname|pseudonym]] which you do not use in other contexts. <br />
*Also do not disclose personal '''telephone numbers''' or your street '''address'''. <br />
*Depending on the size of the '''country''' or '''city''' you live in, you should also be careful in disclosing them. <br />
*Many would advice against disclosing your '''age'''; most agree that exact birth dates should not be given, which would also mean you should for instance not post about today being your birthday, while some also advice against giving your age away. For instance, instead of saying you are 21 years old, say you are in your early twenties.<br />
*It may in some cases be necessary to ask for help in such a way that the question would give away information you would not otherwise have given. In such cases, many boards allow you to use a temporary '''"throw-away" pseudonym''' such that nobody knows it is you who asks.<br />
<br />
When communicating with other boylovers privately, e.g. over [[e-mail]], good judgement is needed to decide how much more information to disclose. One should, however, try to disclose information only on a need-to-know basis. Remember that in most cases, you cannot know the true motivation of the person on the other end, and some vigilantes may be very patient. Both parties should respect each other's anonymity and not expect any disclosure beyond need.<br />
<br />
== Technological measures ==<br />
<br />
Technology can be some help in retaining anonymity, but it is important to understand that technology alone cannot help if you do not observe the social aspects discussed above. Once these are in place, you can begin to evaluate the technology side of anonymity.<br />
<br />
=== E-mail ===<br />
<br />
You should never use your [[real life]] e-mail address in boylove contexts, as this will make you very easy to identify. Additionally, there are numerous free mail offerings available, but most of them will give away your [[IP address]] to those who receive e-mail from you. Instead, you can sign up to one of the [[free e-mail services]] that focus on anonymity.<br />
<br />
If you are comfortable with computers and software, you can look into setting up [[PGP]] or [[GNU Privacy Guard]] to encrypt your e-mail and protect against forgery. You can also look into the anonymous remailer systems called [[Mixmaster]] and [[Mixminion]]. These offer very good anonymity (effectively making it impossible to trace the e-mails you send back to you), but are relatively hard to set up correctly.<br />
<br />
=== Tor ===<br />
<br />
Tor, "The onion router," is a free software product sponsored by [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]. Tor acts as a [[proxy]] running on your computer. You can connect to this proxy with many kinds of networking applications to make your communications very hard to trace back to you.<br />
<br />
Tor is very useful in combination with [[IRC]] chat clients such as [[mIRC]] or [[X-chat]]. IRC has traditionally been problematic with regards to anonymity because any other IRC user can see which IP address you connect from. When connecting through Tor, you are assigned one of several hundred Tor IP addresses at random, hiding your actual address. You can now chat without worrying about your anonymity.<br />
<br />
Another useful application of Tor is web browsing. Tor allows you to browse sensitive web content without those who run the servers being able to find your IP address. Some web sites may have blocked requests from Tor (especially for posting) because of abuse, but many allow it, often specifically to allow anonymous use.<br />
<br />
You can use any web browser in combination with Tor. It is recommended to set up [[Privoxy]] in conjunction with Tor for an extra layer of privacy (see [http://tor.eff.org/cvs/tor/doc/tor-doc-win32.html#privoxy this page] for how to set it up on Windows systems). If you have a recent version of [[Mozilla Firefox]], you may skip Privoxy and use Tor as a SOCKS5 proxy directly (use "localhost" for host and "9050" for port), but this has been shown to be less secure with many other browsers (since they leak DNS queries).<br />
<br />
As the Tor developers still have not released a "final" version, Tor may still contain critical bugs. You should always make sure that you have the latest version installed. It can be retrieved from [http://tor.eff.org the Tor homepage].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Hush Mail]]<br />
* [[browser security]]<br />
* [[how to stay anonymous]]<br />
<br />
{{anonymity}}<br />
<br />
{{boywiki|Anonymity}}</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Society&diff=21574
Society
2007-03-13T02:06:16Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: society moved to society on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>Society is a group of individual organisms that cooperate and live together. Usually it happens for evolutionary reasons (societies can ensure longer live spans for their member than individual life).<br />
<br />
==Human society==<br />
[[Human]]s have an awful society full of [[war]], [[murder]], [[greed]], [[disagreement]]s, [[lie]]s, [[stupidity]], [[irrationality]], [[ignorance]], [[crime]], [[thieves]], [[negativity]], unfair [[competition]], [[deception]], [[egoism]], [[delusion]], lack of advanced [[technology]] and lack of [[science]] and lack of [[scientific thought]] and lack of [[understanding]] of the [[scientific method]] and with no [[spiritual]] [[values]] and with no real [[spirituality]] and no belief in the [[Cosmic]] etc., etc., etc. However, it is doubtful as to whether any other extraterrestrial species behaved itself any better at our stage of development, or indeed at any time.<br />
<br />
==Hominid societies==<br />
<br />
==Animal societies==<br />
<br />
See also: [[animals versus humans]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=police&diff=21576
police
2007-03-13T02:06:16Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: police moved to police on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:HLS_Demo_2003Dec06_01_Cops.jpeg|thumb|right|[[United Kingdom|British]] police at the [[demonstration]] against [[Hungtinton Life Sciences]] on [[2003]] [[December 06]]]]<br />
<br />
'''Police''' is the entity of a [[government]] which ensures that [[law]]s are being obeyed. Police normally falls into [[executive branch]] of a state, but in some countries more powers are given to them.<br />
<br />
Police is commonly present at [[demonstration]]s and any large gatherings such as [[sport]] events and public [[holiday]] celebrations.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Police|*]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=God&diff=21570
God
2007-03-13T02:06:07Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: God moved to God on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>God may or may not exist.<br />
<br />
1 ''No human can accurately give a [[definition]] for God.''<br />
<br />
2 There is nothing that could prove to a human that [[anything]] exists (except their own [[conciousness]])<br />
<br />
3 ''Therefore there is nothing that could prove to a human that God exisits''<br />
<br />
4 There is also nothing that could disprove God exists<br />
<br />
5 ''God could be an invisible pink unicorn for all you know''<br />
<br />
6 Stop asking questions and start giving answers<br />
<br />
7 Seven has been a very naughty boy and shan't be allowed to take part in this list<br />
<br />
8 ''Why?''<br />
<br />
9 Why not?<br />
<br />
10 ''We will never know the truth until we are free''</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Talk:God&diff=21572
Talk:God
2007-03-13T02:06:07Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: Talk:God moved to Talk:God on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>==Rewrite==<br />
I think i'll rewrite this article when i'll have a chance... i think there is a lot that actually can be said about god, God, or Goddesses... and currently it's just a joke article. [[User:Beta_M|Beta_M]] (VolodyA!&nbsp;V&nbsp;Anarhist) <sup>[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:User_talk:Beta_M|action=edit&section=new}} Talk]</sup> {{{1|10:47}}}</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=anarchist_black_cross&diff=21566
anarchist black cross
2007-03-13T02:05:30Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: anarchist black cross moved to anarchist black cross on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:prison abolition}}<br />
<br />
The '''Anarchist Black Cross''' (or ABC) is an [[anarchism|anarchist]] [[politics|political]] [[Prison abolition movement|Prison Abolition]] organization, first started in [[Russia]] as the '''Anarchist Red Cross''', a support organization for [[political prisoner]]s. During the [[Russian Civil War]] ([[1918]]-[[1920|20]]), the group's name was changed, so as to avoid confusion with the [[Red Cross]]. The Black Cross declined in influence during the [[Great Depression]]; however, during the [[1960s]], it was reformed in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and, during the [[1980s]], expanded into [[North America]]. The group is notable for its efforts at providing [[prison]]ers with political [[literature]], but it also organises material and legal support for [[class struggle]] prisoners worldwide. It commonly contrasts itself with [[Amnesty International]], which organisation is concerned mainly with [[prisoner of conscience|prisoners of conscience]], whereas the ABC openly supports those who have committed crimes in furtherance of revolutionary aims that anarchists accept as legitimate.<br />
<br />
==Quotes==<br />
<br />
* "We believe, as most Anarchists do, that [[prison]]s serve no useful function and should be abolished along with the [[state|State]]. We believe in the abolition of both the prison system and the [[society]] which creates it. We believe in direct resistance to achieve a stateless and [[social class|class]]less society. We share a commitment to [[revolution]]ary Anarchism. We see a real need for Anarchists to be [[military|militantly]] organized."<br />
<br />
* "When power is challenged, be it in [[South Africa]], occupied [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Chile]], [[Ireland]] or [[Canada]], it inevitably turns to violent repression and political imprisonment to maintain itself."<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Anarchist Black Cross Network]]<br />
* [[Anarchist Black Cross Federation]]<br />
* [[anarchist symbolism]]<br />
* [[Amnesty International]]<br />
* ''[[Black Flag (newspaper)|Black Flag]]''<br />
* [[prison abolition movement]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
===World Wide Web links===<br />
* [http://www.anarchistblackcross.org/ Anarchist Black Cross Network]<br />
* [http://abcf.net/ Anarchist Black Cross Federation]<br />
* [http://www.contrapoder.org.ve/link.htm List of ABCs]<br />
<br />
====Activist prisoners' resources====<br />
* [http://www.prisonactivist.org/ Prison Activist Resource Center]<br />
* [http://justicedenied.org/ Justice Denied, The Magazine for the Wrongly Convicted]<br />
* [http://www.spiritoffreedom.org.uk/ Earth Liberation Prisoners]<br />
* [http://www.thejerichomovement.com/ The Jericho Movement]<br />
* [http://www.november.org/ Anti-"Drug War" Publication]<br />
<br />
===Freenet link===<br />
{{Freenet links}}<br />
* [http://127.0.0.1:8888/SSK@J3GtFnEi8b~ko6mGvvXdrQoZ3D4PAgM,hhWspr43hLbvnrlkwxtDLg/ABC_NoJail/5// Anarchist Black Cross on Freenet]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Anarchist organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Prison abolition]]<br />
<br />
[[de:ABC]]</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=Talk:anarchist_black_cross&diff=21568
Talk:anarchist black cross
2007-03-13T02:05:30Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: Talk:anarchist black cross moved to Talk:anarchist black cross on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>==Freenet link==<br />
Whats the meaning of the remark under "Freenet link"? I don't understand the connection to the topic. --[[User:X|X]] 06:06, 12 April 2006 (UTC)<br />
: The same connection as [[World Wide Web]] links, this is a resource that a person might need to check out if they are using [[freenet]]. {{User:Beta_M/sig}}</div>
Willy on Wheels
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Rev_22&diff=21560
User talk:Rev 22
2007-03-13T02:05:06Z
<p>Willy on Wheels: User talk:Rev 22 moved to User talk:Rev 22 on wheels: Anarchy Rules!!!</p>
<hr />
<div>All the vandalism on this wiki has been cleaned up. Thanks for your help. [[User:Guanaco|Guanaco]] 00:25, 6 April 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:No problem. It was a pleasure, but I am a bit saddened by the fact that the vandal to normal user ratio is so disproportionate in this Wiki. Perhaps there is someone wanting to destroy every potential Wikipedia competitor. [[User:Rev 22|Rev 22]] 00:33, 6 April 2006 (UTC)<br />
::I doubt it. It's probably the same people who vandalize Wikipedia. [[User:Guanaco|Guanaco]] 00:42, 6 April 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Thanks for sysop-status, but i had already developer-status ;) --[[User:X|X]] 06:48, 12 April 2006 (UTC)<br />
:Well, we are anarchists, so we have to make sure that power is equally distributed :) [[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 17:17, 12 April 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Please look at italian anarchopedia. --[[User:X|X]] 06:52, 21 April 2006 (UTC)<br />
:I did. Anything new? I see that someone has corrected the ortography on the main page.<br />
:I'll try to be more active on [[ita:]]. [[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 10:35, 21 April 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
==meta access (en:/En:)==<br />
Here is a list from meta...<br />
<br />
En:Argentina (2001-2002)<br />
En:Arguments concerning the method of historical materialism<br />
En:Arguments surrounding the issue of the state<br />
En:Colleen Bevis Elementary School<br />
En:Cranberry Elementary School<br />
En:Earth<br />
En:Europe<br />
En:Examples of organizations with anarchist qualities<br />
En:Fifth Grade<br />
En:Free Software Movement<br />
En:Green anarchism<br />
En:Hans Bakker<br />
En:Kettle Falls Elementary School<br />
En:Miyayke Elementary School<br />
En:North America<br />
En:Opposition to authority<br />
En:Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis<br />
En:Society<br />
En:The Dispossessed<br />
En:Wikipedia<br />
En:a<br />
En:anarchist social organization<br />
En:anarchists<br />
En:anarchize<br />
En:anarcho-capitalism<br />
En:anarcho-syndicalism<br />
En:anarchy<br />
En:animals versus humans<br />
En:ant<br />
En:basis for unity<br />
En:dictionary<br />
En:documentation: Introduction<br />
En:examples of organizations with anarchist qualities<br />
En:fifth grade<br />
En:history of anarchism<br />
En:insect<br />
En:large public wiki<br />
En:libertarian socialism<br />
En:love<br />
En:major conflicts within anarchist thought<br />
En:opposition to authority<br />
En:point of view<br />
En:political science<br />
En:priestly hierarchy<br />
En:property<br />
En:sex<br />
En:socialism<br />
En:society<br />
En:spider<br />
En:troll (word)<br />
En:types of anarchism<br />
En:vile mailing list<br />
En:wage labor<br />
<br />
have fun or somebody with sql-access copys this ;) --[[User:X|X]] 22:35, 10 May 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Well thanks for the list but I don't think I can do anything about this now.<br />
:I think more articles are missing (those starting with "en:", not "En:", like "en:green syndicalism")<br />
:~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 22:45, 10 May 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
Oh yes:<br />
<br />
en:1998 <br />
en:Actual languages at anarchopedia<br />
en:Anarchism.net<br />
en:Anarchism in Action: Methods, Tactics, Skills, and Ideas (site)<br />
en:Anarchopedia<br />
en:Anarchy Archives (site)<br />
en:Black Crayon (site)<br />
en:Black bloc<br />
en:Blues<br />
en:C:/DOS C:/DOS/RUN RUN/DOS/RUN<br />
en:Christian anarchism<br />
en:Christiania<br />
en:Colleen Bevis Elementary School<br />
en:Cranberry Elementary School<br />
en:Disinfopedia <br />
en:Earth<br />
en:Europe<br />
en:Free Software Movement<br />
en:Freetown-Lakeville Middle School <br />
en:Full Nice Handbag Co<br />
en:GFDL corpus access provider<br />
en:George W. Bush <br />
en:Government of Argentina (2001-2002)<br />
en:Hans Bakker<br />
en:Historical examples of societies successfully organized according to anarchist principles <br />
en:Hungarian Revolution (1956)<br />
en:Indymedia<br />
en:Infoshop (site)<br />
en:Internet forum<br />
en:Internet troll <br />
en:Kettle Falls Elementary School<br />
en:Miyayke Elementary School<br />
en:North America<br />
en:Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis<br />
en:Social Anarchism (site)<br />
en:Socialist Workers Party (USA)<br />
en:Spanish Revolution (1936-1939)<br />
en:Syd Barrett<br />
en:Templates <br />
en:The Dispossessed <br />
en:The Insane<br />
en:Trolls<br />
en:Voline (site)<br />
en:Voluntaryist (site)<br />
en:Wiki en:Wikinfo <br />
en:Wikipedia<br />
en:Winona LaDuke <br />
en:Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities<br />
en:a<br />
en:agriculture<br />
en:anarcha-feminism<br />
en:anarchist organizations<br />
en:anarchist sites <br />
en:anarchist social organization<br />
en:anarchists<br />
en:anarchize <br />
en:anarcho-capitalism<br />
en:anarcho-communism<br />
en:anarcho-individualism<br />
en:anarcho-pacifism<br />
en:anarcho-primitivism<br />
en:anarcho-punk<br />
en:anarcho-syndicalism<br />
en:anarchy<br />
en:animals versus humans<br />
en:ant<br />
en:arguments concerning the method of historical materialism<br />
en:arguments surrounding the issue of the state<br />
en:b <br />
en:basis for unity<br />
en:c <br />
en:christian anarchism<br />
en:collectivism<br />
en:conceptions of an anarchist society<br />
en:counterculture<br />
en:crypto-anarchism<br />
en:d <br />
en:dictionary <br />
en:documentation: Introduction<br />
en:driven off by trolls<br />
en:e <br />
en:ecological anarchism<br />
en:economics<br />
en:electronic mailing list<br />
en:examples of organizations with anarchist qualities<br />
en:f <br />
en:feminist anarchism<br />
en:fifth grade<br />
en:green anarchism<br />
en:green syndicalism <br />
en:group entity<br />
en:h <br />
en:history of anarchism<br />
en:hominid personhood<br />
en:how to organize an anarchist group en:human <br />
en:individualism<br />
en:insect<br />
en:languages<br />
en:large public wiki<br />
en:libertarian municipalism<br />
en:libertarian socialism<br />
en:love<br />
en:major conflicts within anarchist thought <br />
en:mathematics<br />
en:modern anarchism<br />
en:mutualism (social theory)<br />
en:newsgroup <br />
en:no confusion with group entity<br />
en:opposition to authority <br />
en:origins of anarchism<br />
en:other anarchist traditions with respect to private property<br />
en:pacifism <br />
en:person <br />
en:point of view<br />
en:points of political commonality<br />
en:political economy <br />
en:political science<br />
en:positive brand management <br />
en:postanarchism<br />
en:power structure<br />
en:power structure in Wells<br />
en:precursors of anarchism<br />
en:priestly hierarchy<br />
en:primitivism<br />
en:private property<br />
en:property<br />
en:reflexive design <br />
en:schools of anarchist thought<br />
en:sex<br />
en:sexual relations<br />
en:socialism<br />
en:society<br />
en:spider<br />
en:surrealism<br />
en:symbols of anarchy and anarchism<br />
en:syndicalism<br />
en:technological anarchism<br />
en:the anarcho-capitalist perspective: private property<br />
en:troll-friendly<br />
en:troll-sysop struggle<br />
en:troll (word)<br />
en:types of anarchism <br />
en:vile mailing list<br />
en:violence and non-violence<br />
en:wage labor<br />
en:wage labor (anarcho-capitalist POV)<br />
<br />
I'm sorry. Have more fun! :) --[[User:X|X]] 23:09, 10 May 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
note for sether: <br />
<br />
try this sql-querry on meta:<br />
<code>select cur_text from cur where cur_title='en:1998'</code><br />
if it works then you get the content of the article «1998»<br />
--[[User:X|X]] 00:15, 11 May 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Sether is actually [[User:Olive]]. ~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 00:19, 11 May 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
---<br />
<br />
== Thanks for moving ==<br />
<br />
Hi, just wanted to thank you for moving [[infoAnarchy]] content here... I don't have enought time to currently do that, but i can help you with integrating that content (see what i've already done) like fixing links and making everything conform to our standards. &nbsp;~&nbsp;[[User:Beta_M|Beta_M]] (VolodyA!&nbsp;V&nbsp;Anarhist) <sup>[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:User_talk:Beta_M|action=edit&section=new}} Talk]</sup> {{{1|08:04}}}<br />
:I'm still not sure how much content to move. I have recovered approximately 700 articles, but probably some are already gone from Google's cache. Also I 'm not sure how many should be imported. Also it's possible that infoAnarchy wiki returns up (it has been up and down a number of times in the past months). ~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 11:57, 23 June 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Hello, are,...==<br />
you aware of the wikicrash?<br />
<br />
I've posted about it on my page.<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 21:18, 18 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Hello, I noticed that Wikipedia went down, fortunately it didn't affect us, but we have had our own downtimes too (I remember two in the recent months). I didn't have time to research why it happened, so thank you for posting about it... ~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 22:18, 18 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Please,==<br />
<br />
what is the distinction between<br />
<br />
< http://meta.anarchopedia.org/index.php/Main_Page >,<br />
<br />
& < http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php/Main_Page >??<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 21:18, 18 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Well, meta-Anarchopedia can be used for coordination between individuals and communities of different anarchopedias, while eng.anarchopedia is the English language wiki or encyclopedia. There is also a chatroom (#anarchopedia @ irc.indymedia.org) which is used for General Meetings and coordination. ~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 22:18, 18 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
::Okay,<br />
<br />
< http://irc.indymedia.org > redirects as<br />
<br />
< http://chat.indymedia.org >; but, then, what?<br />
<br />
Since what you said above, I could not otherwise interpret, is this it?:<br />
<br />
< http://chat.indymedia.org/?chans=anarchopedia >?<br />
<br />
I'm not qute sure what is involved in "coordination between,...". Does that mean, as in, synchronizing article content?<br />
<br />
Is there any way to apply to have a disability anarchopedia, a disability wiki?<br />
<br />
Thank You.<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 02:22, 19 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
I've noticed that these are not reserved;<br />
<br />
have you considered them?:<br />
<br />
<br />
< http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php/User:Rev >;<br />
<br />
< http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php/User:rev >;<br />
<br />
< http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php/User_talk:rev_22 >.<br />
<br />
Thank You.<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 21:46, 18 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Thanks, I will redirect them, at least until someone else claims them. ~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 22:18, 18 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==::Okay,==<br />
<br />
< http://irc.indymedia.org > redirects as<br />
<br />
< http://chat.indymedia.org >; but, then, what?<br />
<br />
Since what you said above, I could not otherwise interpret, is this it?:<br />
<br />
< http://chat.indymedia.org/?chans=anarchopedia >?<br />
<br />
I'm not qute sure what is involved in "coordination between,...". Does that mean, as in, synchronizing article content?<br />
<br />
Is there any way to apply to have a disability anarchopedia, a disability wiki?<br />
<br />
Thank You.<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 06:08, 19 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
This morning, wikipedia & wiktionary had had their crash; I do believe that anar. has had its crash during the past hour, or so.<br />
<br />
Thank You.<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 06:08, 19 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
Hi Hopiakuta, I'll try to explain better... it appears you located the channel, to connect to it you can either use the web interface (in http://chat.indymedia.org) or use a program like [[mIRC]] [http://www.mirc.com] (the preferred way).<br />
<br />
Coordination actually means several things, synchronizing articles in different languages is just one. Coordination is or is supposed to be the social part of the activity on Anarchopedia. There are anarchists who prefer to work alone but most today (even perhaps some who prefer to label themselves as anarcho-capitalist) are social anarchists, which means that they try to involve themselves in different ways in society and try to reform it. It is ok to see Anarchopedia as "just a wiki", but for some like me it is or should be part of a continued effort to bring about positive changes in society.<br />
<br />
You can propose to create a "disability anarchopedia" hosted by Anarchopedia servers on meta-Anarchopedia or during one of our general meetings (but the date for next meeting has not been set, yet). [[User:Beta M]] for example started the [[Free Self-Defence wiki]], which is hosted by Anarchopedia servers. My personal preferences however is to work on a generalist encyclopedia; here isn't a strict "neutrality" policy like on Wikipedia, so it is possible to write articles on the same topic even from radically different perspectives (an example is the [[anarcho-capitalism]] article).<br />
<br />
About the downtime, I didn't notice it... how long did the problem last? If it happens again, you can report it on the Anarchopedia's chatroom. Some person with shell-access to Anarchopedia servers could figure what the problem is and try to fix it. ~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 14:44, 19 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
While I was writing, did you update a weblink?<br />
<br />
Was red, went blue; sort of similar to my [[varicose]] which change back-&-forth.<br />
I do want further guidance, regarding "[[meta]]", please.<br />
<br />
::I created a very small article article for "[[Free Self Defence wiki]]", maybe it was it. About meta-anarchopedia, it is similar in purpose to http://meta.wikimedia.org/. It is a place where you can write multilanguage pages, start multi-lingual projects, discuss with other anarchopedians, or write articles about the organization of Anarchopedia in any language. ~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 17:36, 19 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
You & I have written much in the past few days. I, generally, let the software do the "Rev 22".<br />
<br />
I have a [[Post Office Box]] number, which can be represented as "#0022", or "#22", et al. [[Bishop Desmond Tutu]]; [[ballet tutu]].<br />
<br />
Instead of [[screenname]] [[user:hopiakuta]] | [[user:Hopiakuta]], would you prefer to say "Don"? Please see where I've listed "paper-name".<br />
<br />
::OK I will try to memorize it... maybe it would help if you tell me how to pronounce. ~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 17:36, 19 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
As for the<br />
<br />
==anar.-crash:==<br />
<br />
I do not know more precise timing, other than that hour, as per [[timestamp]].<br />
<br />
I do not know of any other crash-check than just [[click]]ing, or pushing [[enter]]|[[return]]. If there is another method, I do wish that I would learn it.<br />
<br />
Thank You.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 16:21, 19 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::This is the ordinary method, it should suffice... ~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 17:36, 19 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==While==<br />
posting, more than half of the time, on this website, I do get something similar to:<br />
<br />
<br />
Database error<br />
From Anarchopedia<br />
Jump to: navigation, search<br />
A database query syntax error has occurred. This may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was: <br />
(SQL query hidden)<br />
from within function "WatchedItem::addWatch". MySQL returned error "1048: Column 'wl_notificationtimestamp' cannot be null (localhost)".<br />
Retrieved from "http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php/User_talk:Rev_22"<br />
<br />
That does truly [ [[internet]]- ] [[bug]] me.<br />
<br />
<br />
I'm an [[amateur etymologyst]]|[[amateur etymologist]], [[linguistic]]s, word-study,...<br />
<br />
I'm an [[amateur entomologist]], [[insect]]-study,...<br />
<br />
[[Drumroll, please]],......<br />
<br />
« Words really [[bug]] me. »<br />
<br />
Okay, sorry f/ the [[pun]]s; but, [[internet bug]]s sometimes get me into pun-ishment, due to the insect-inside.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 16:43, 19 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Hehe, well, seriously, this is a known bug, it happens when you post on a user page or when you use the "watch this page" button. The bug was also present in meta anarchopedia but was fixed. Hope it gets soon fixed here, too. ~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 17:36, 19 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== insect-inside ; killer-pun ==<br />
Regarding [[meta]]-[[guide|guidance]] [[!!!!]],<br />
<br />
& [[pronunciation]],<br />
<br />
&,...<br />
<br />
Explicitly:<br />
<br />
physical-disability; <br />
<br />
emotional-disability; <br />
<br />
cognitive-disability.<br />
<br />
My [[finger]]s [[scream]]: "sleep ; no more pain, please." Or, "[[dye|die]]" [the pain [[mighty mini moose|might]] stop].<br />
<br />
How about some [[telephonic]] [[substitution]] f/ some o' the [[wordier]] issues??<br />
<br />
Thank You.<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 19:41, 19 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
Again:<br />
<br />
Database error<br />
From Anarchopedia<br />
Jump to: navigation, search<br />
A database query syntax error has occurred. This may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was: <br />
(SQL query hidden)<br />
from within function "WatchedItem::addWatch". MySQL returned error "1048: Column 'wl_notificationtimestamp' cannot be null (localhost)".<br />
Retrieved from "http://eng.anarchopedia.org/index.php/User_talk:Rev_22"<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 19:42, 19 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
[[correction [[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 21:50, 19 August 2006 (UTC)]]<br />
<br />
===="Rev Bem":====<br />
<br />
<br />
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev_Bem >;<br />
<br />
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry%27s_Andromeda >;<br />
<br />
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_%28television%29 >;<br />
<br />
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_%28TV_series%29 >;<br />
<br />
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Stait >;<br />
<br />
<br />
< http://akas.imdb.com/title/tt0213327/combined#comment >;<br />
<br />
< http://akas.imdb.com/name/nm0821609 >;<br />
<br />
< http://akas.imdb.com/find?s=all&q=stait >.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 00:33, 20 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
As for explaining my name in detail, maybe there would be a time when you would feel better about [[telephone]]s.<br />
<br />
Or, maybe, I might write a [[longform]] [[autobiography]], where I could explain the pronunciation, & how it has become what it is.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
As for [[meta]], please say whom I might apply-to, how.<br />
<br />
Thank you.<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 00:33, 20 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
Hello DonFphrnqTaub,<br/><br />
meta-anarchopedia is just a wiki like this one... if you want you can detail your projects in an article there or here on eng.anarchopedia, or just go ahead with your articles or content and explain later, you can move about as you prefer. [[User:Millosh]] is currently the owner of the server, so you can ask to him directly if you want to create a separate disability wiki, or you can also propose it as a topic for our next general meeting. Thank you for the links, never watched the Andromeda series so far. interesting to read about sci-fi ;). ~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 12:23, 20 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Thank You; eventually, I hope to try that.<br />
<br />
I'm [[alliterate]]!!!!:<br />
<br />
anarchopedia ~ Andromeda ~ {then Atlantis [Stargate_Atlantis]}<br />
<br />
Rev 22 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Rev Bem<br />
<br />
My favorite reason for the show, usually:<br />
<br />
< http://akas.imdb.com/name/nm0230693 >;<br />
<br />
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexa_Doig >;<br />
<br />
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rommie >;<br />
<br />
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Lam >.<br />
<br />
<br />
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 >;<br />
<br />
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis >.<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 01:43, 21 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Dear Rev 22,==<br />
Dear Rev 22,<br />
<br />
Approximately twenty-four hours ago I wrote to [[user:Millosh]]. Have you read the message? Have you any method of discerning whether Mr. Millosh has? Please, I do not know how else to do this.<br />
<br />
Thank You,<br />
<br />
Don<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 21:36, 28 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Have you seen this?: ==<br />
Have you seen this?:<br />
<br />
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/talk:anarchopedia >.<br />
<br />
Thank You.<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 22:17, 30 August 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
8ik<br />
<br />
Thank You.<br />
<br />
I am considering crossposting those links to eachother, further challenging the "big wiki" to respect its siblings, & all of us who try to increase information & knowledge. We must challenge eachother to improve.<br />
<br />
Have you read my message to Millosh? I do know that I make many mistakes in my typing. If I've offended anyone, then I'm willing to accept appropriate criticism, changes.<br />
<br />
Thank You.<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 23:19, 1 September 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Dear Rev 22, ==<br />
Dear Rev 22,<br />
<br />
As I'd said on Millosh' page, I do not comprehend large portions of the in-lingo.<br />
<br />
However, due to your suggetion, I've decided to try something similar.<br />
<br />
Whereas "isop%C3%A6dia | isopædia" does not completely, formally, exist, as yet, possibly creating definition pages might be somewhat premature.<br />
<br />
However, since what there is largely consists of you, Millosh, & myself, then userpages might be better.<br />
<br />
Therefore, I've commenced "[[user:isop%C3%A6dia]]".<br />
<br />
If this is bad, then, maybe it should be deleted.<br />
<br />
If it is good, sufficiently close to your intention, then please do invite Millosh.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
To you & Millosh:<br />
<br />
Please, let's create the address [es]. If the software cannot accomodate my suggestions, then we could try to add the features later.<br />
<br />
Thank You.<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 00:29, 3 September 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
Please do [[reread]] my message.<br />
<br />
What is your thought of that page, inspired by your idea?<br />
<br />
I, hereby, reiterate my plea[s]:<br />
<br />
Less lingo, please.<br />
<br />
Can we, please, assign the addresses that I've suggested, or something similar?<br />
<br />
Then, later, try to add the upgrades?<br />
<br />
Do you have any impression of what I've said of Mr. Bush' speech?<br />
<br />
How can I correct the logon [[conflict]]?<br />
<br />
You may say "Don".<br />
<br />
Thank You.<br />
<br />
[[User:Hopiakuta|Hopiakuta]] 01:56, 6 September 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
I am experiencing ever worse login | logon difficulty @ both of:<br />
<br />
[[meta: user: hopiakuta]]<br />
<br />
&<br />
<br />
[[eng: user: Hopiakuta]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Preview<br />
Sorry! We could not process your edit due to a loss of session data. Please try again. If it still doesn't work, try logging out and logging back in.<br />
<br />
<br />
Is the server malfunctioning?<br />
<br />
I've deleted cookies.<br />
<br />
I've rebooted the browser.<br />
<br />
I've rebooted the machine.<br />
<br />
Nothing corrects anything.<br />
<br />
I do not know whether this message shall post. If you're reading it, then it has.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[User:71.102.35.65|71.102.35.65]] 14:46, 6 September 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
As for the addresses, the subdomains:<br />
<br />
Please assign them this week.<br />
<br />
We can complete the software in 2007,<br />
<br />
2008,<br />
<br />
2009,...<br />
<br />
Have you seen "[[user: isopædia]]"?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Please, please,...:<br />
<br />
Less lingo.<br />
<br />
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lingo >;<br />
<br />
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jargon >;<br />
<br />
< http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lingo >;<br />
<br />
< http://m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?lingo >.<br />
<br />
Thank You.<br />
<br />
[[User:71.102.35.65|71.102.35.65]] 14:46, 6 September 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
Hi Don, sorry for my poor responsiveness but I haven't had as much time for Anarchopedia as I would have wished.<br />
<br />
I am not sure why is it that you cannot login to Anarchopedia. Do you get an error during login? Usually you have to repeat login after deleting the "cookies".<br />
<br />
I have no more power than you to create the addresses you request. If there is sufficient support for their creation they will be created. I am personally not too enthusiastic about it because I prefer general encyclopedias and wikis to specialist ones. It is much easier to monitor your articles in a single wiki than in several different ones.<br />
<br />
I don't think I have been using eccessive jargon in my posts (so far I can remember [[cookie]]s, [[login]], [[WYSIWYG]], [[Emacs]], [[wiki]], [[MediaWiki]]).<br />
<br />
I haven't had the time to review the speech by G. W. Bush, but I sometimes find them quite scary, especially considering the fact that he has some following. He often makes references to great ideals like democracy, but is approach appears to be inappropriate and counter-effective. I will write more as I review the links you posted. His affirmations about history do not have particular relevance to me anyway.<br />
<br />
*[[An Anarchist FAQ - The Russian Revolution]]<br />
~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 01:04, 7 September 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
It took me a long time to find that.<br />
<br />
Three of those six words throw me [[far]] off.<br />
You can see my [[research | resear]][[search |ch]] @:<br />
<br />
"[[user : isop%C3%A6dia]]".<br />
<br />
Millosh overwhelms me more, w/ lingo.<br />
<br />
<br />
You can see that my posts no longer have a [[screenname]]:<br />
<br />
[[error]]:<br />
<br />
-------------------------------------------<br />
___________________________________________<br />
<br />
Preview<br />
Sorry! We could not process your edit due to a loss of session data. Please try again. If it still doesn't work, try logging out and logging back in.<br />
<br />
-------------------------------------------<br />
___________________________________________<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
"I have no more power than you to create the addresses you request."<br />
<br />
I'm an [[ignoramite]]. I am sorry that there is so much that I do not know how to describe,...<br />
<br />
...nor do.<br />
<br />
[[User:71.102.35.65|71.102.35.65]] 20:45, 7 September 2006 (UTC)</div>
Willy on Wheels