Anarchopedia - User contributions [en]

intellectual property infringement

2006-07-19T04:44:20Z

Sturkster: general cleanup

See also: [[Intellectual Property]] | [[Darknet]] | [[Fair Use]]

The offering or use of [[intellectual property]] ([[download]]ing or [[file sharing|sharing]] of [[data]], [[music]], [[movies]] and [[software]], etc) outside the conventional [[law|legal]] framework, without consent, both for profit or [[free|for nothing in return]]. '''Piracy''' is the result of the ease of copy of products from [[computer]] to computer seamlessly and perfectly an unlimited number of times.

=== Disclaimer ===

The proper legal term for piracy is "[[copyright infringement]]," as piracy to many suggests illegal, for-profit distributing of [[copyrighted]] material. Maritime Pirates, who still exist today, are loathed throughout time and the world over and are decidedly '''not''' akin to copyright infringement. The word Piracy has therefore been critisized for being at best sentimental and at worst propagandistic, most notably by [http://netsecurity.about.com/od/securitylegislation/a/aa062904.htm Utah Senator Orrin Hatch]. The word is often used therefore to slander almost any kind of unauthorized dealing with copyrighted works, even if the activity is legal. (See: [http://www.infoanarchy.org/wiki/wiki.pl?Mickey_Mouse_Release_Day Mickey Mouse Release Day])

In the US and many other countries, piracy is decidedly a criminal act handled by criminal courts while copyright infringement is a civil issue handled by civil courts. Many groups such as the [[RIAA]] and [[MPAA]] are attempting to alter copyright infringement's legal status by use of the term "Piracy" and other strict language counter to the Supreme Court's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Corp._v._Universal_City_Studios established preceedent].

The misuse of this word for purposes of enhancing proprietary offerings and [[DRM|Digital Rights Management]] is directly connected to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons Tragedy of the Commons].

=== Common Perception ===

Some view piracy like catching a train without a ticket, or parking without paying the meter, rather than stealing something from somebody. The social [[debate]] related to piracy represents a tug of war between [[intellectual property]] and [[proprietary]] commerce versus [[anonymous|anonymity]], [[civil rights]] and [[freedom]] of [[information]].

=== History ===

The history of intellectual property is long, complex, and too large a topic to be approached in this article. It was developed by different states and countries to attract each others' innovative people: the inventors, thinkers, and artists. Hollywood, California, for example, is not the center of the entertainment industry because it is the perfect location for such a thing but to escape some of the intellctual property hastles of New York's creative property laws.

== When The Digital Dam Broke ==

With the growth of modern [[communication]] tools, piracy has flourished on the streets, in cinemas, offices and in our homes. The [[BSA]] says piracy costs its members at least $13 billion a year with a third of global software being installed with purchase of the correct [[license]]. The major problem for those wanting to stop the flood is that in the [[digital]] world, it costs money to prevent copies from being made.

Software piracy is most rampant in developing markets, China and Vietnam led the Top 20 pirating countries [[list]], which have software piracy [[rating|rates]] of 92%, followed by the Ukraine, which has a 91% piracy rate.

Further, if these products were not available via piracy, would they be used at all? That is: are estimated losses due to piracy actual losses or presumed income? Does piracy help create [[standards]]?

Different groups have responded to these issues in different ways:

=== Consumer Reaction ===

Piracy has enjoyed continuous, increasing popularity ever since information technology went [[mainstream]]. Digital [[media]] are much easier to get, preview, and store and the quality of [[Internet]] media continues to increase while [[file]] size continues to decrease. For instance, [[compression|compressed]], the first four "Harry Potter" [[books]] could fit on a single [[floppy|1.4 megabyte diskette]], saying nothing of the 700 megabyte burnable CDs and 300 gigabyte [[HDD|harddrives]]. Many [[movies]] in [[DivX]] format can fit on a single [[compact disc]] and [[audio]] compression has even decreased in size, now fitting around 20 full-length albums on one [[CD]]. Books-on-tape, compressing simple vocals, can fit even more: between 60 and 80 full-length CDs!

=== Industry Reaction ===

The big-name labels claim that this small, consumer-friendly digital system hurts business and is nothing short of [[thief|theft]] while many independent labels claim its a boon. There are two major issues, one constant and one new development. First, musicians have almost always made their money from live performance. Second, digital [[technology]] also makes producing and [[distribution|distributing]] music far less expensive, formerly in the hundred-thousand dollar range for big-name acts - now only a few thousand or less using digital equipment. The cost of the media - the disks themselves - is only a few cents. Distributing via [[MP3]] or other formats - such as with [http://www.emusic.com eMusic] [http://www.itunes.com iTunes], [http://www.musicmatch.com MusicMatch], or [http://www.napster.com Napster 2] - is even lower. Distribution on your own server is still lower.

Afraid of the internet free-for-all, the few entities that have embraced digital media have done so with great caution, adding [[DRM|digital rights management]] to their products.

=== Legal Reaction ===

One of the strongest anti-piracy advocates, the [[RIAA|Recording Industry Association of America]], claims that music piracy causes a loss in sales and that people who illegally [[download]] [[copyright]] material from the net are [[thieves]]. While the music industry is losing its physical product - formerly stock-piled plastic cases in record stores - this same technological dilemma confronts those who produce movies, books and many other information based products; they must face the [[Internet]]'s near-costless [[replication|reproduction]].

=== Conclusion / Middleground ===

Certainly there are good and bad elements to the digital flood.

People on all sides believe this availability consumers enjoy -- which Industry is alarmed by -- can increase spending on copyright material and attention for its talented creators. After all, Internet media is [[lossy]] and never as good as the original. Also, many artists also have a relationship with their fans that allows them to ask for financial support by way of buying albums, merchandise, or attending performances.

Also, many studies have suggested the content industry is not suffering the way that they claim to publicly. At this writing, [[DVD]] sales and movie revenue are not down despite [[online]] movie trading.

== Moral status ==

# Taking or copying something that does not belong to you is [[ethics|unethical]].
# Supporting a thing's author or creator through means other than direct-payment are moral but not always [[legal]].
# Creative people, due to pressures from their industry, cannot always express the best way fans and supporters can patronize them. It is therefore ethically uncertain to assume one way is better than another.
# The [[capitalism]]-based price/value ecosystem is drastically different. Hence, a competitor (in this example, [[Paint Shop Pro]]) with a lower price than a professional, more advanced application (e.g. [[Photoshop]]) is cut out of the market because people can learn the pirated professional, more advanced application. Piracy in this model can therefore hurt healthy market competition.
# The industry also has moral responsibilities and failures.

=== Attacking its customers ===

Although many consumers hold contempt for the music and legal industries that can work as exploitive middle-men to artists (such as many see the [[RIAA]]), many of these systems provide the marketing to inform listeners via [[radio]], [[television]], etc. in the first place. However, as the internet [[progress|progressively]] becomes a more viable distribution method, middle-men are increasingly unnecessary (such as Amazon.com who hold zero inventory and [[eBay]], who connects the buyer directly to the seller).

As a result, some believe the RIAA and other middle-men are struggling for their right to exist in a wholesaler's market.

=== Unfair Use ===

In legal matters, there are many areas of sketchy concern as judicial systems all over the world become aware of technology. Some types of piracy are definitely worse than others and can evoke much stronger action from the law.

==== Worst Use ====

* The most [[evil|villified]] of all piracy is that of selling pirated material, taking money away from those that created it and putting it in others' pockets. Prosecutors tend to go after these violators first as they are the most unethical and make good headlines.

==== Bad Use ====

* Enjoying something you didn't pay for thoroughly and then doing nothing to better the lives of the people who created it. For instance: getting your new favorite band's album on a file sharing network, listening to it 100 times and then doing nothing in return.
* Purchasing a CD, game, book, or other media and then making copies for all your friends and their friends. This destroys the [[word-of-mouth]] [[advertising]] many other products enjoy.
* Many movie studios often hire hundreds, even thousands of people to work on an individual project. Reimbursing just one group or patronizing an individual actor in his/her next movie is unethical. This goes both for consumers '''and''' movie studios (for example, Disney has a history of treating its animators poorly).

==== "Sketchy" or Middle Use ====

* Enjoying something you didn't pay for but sponsoring the creators in other ways such as going to shows, buying merchandise such as tee shirts, donating to the cause via a [[PayPal]], and/or giving them publicity through Web postings and word-of-mouth.
* Getting an entire album of a much-touted radio band or one-hit-wonder and realizing the album was a bait-and-switch: only one song was quality and all the rest were filler. This is a type of deceptive marketing should not be encouraged through a purchase. The [[iTunes]] purchasing system has been noted as a way to ethically avoid this phenominon.

==== Good ====

* Some copyright-protection organizations claim that making a copy for your own [[backup]] purposes is a form of piracy. However, [[fair Use|fair use]] advocates say that this is absolutely ethical. They point to the nature that purchasing a different artistic product, say an stone statue, there is little fear that it will be stolen or damaged. Yet CDs are fragile and easily scratched, as well as having only a ten year shelf life.

Some further claim the gradual degeneration of [[CD]]s, cassette tapes, and LPs over time is a ploy by the industry to make people re-buy items. If true, this is unethhical on the part of the industry.

==== Best ====

* The most positive - sometimes even encouraged - form of piracy is that of music exchange on [[file sharing]] networks by up-and-coming bands. Notably, the hard-rock band "Kittie" and the contemporary musician David Grey were both benefactors of Internet music distribution. European dance music, with so many different genres and high costs of imports, has its best distribution source on the Internet. The RIAA would flatly claims this is still theft but many artists want special exception. Bands such as Radiohead, Dave Matthews, Everclear, and Limp Bizkit have all encouraged the download of their music via Internet distribution. All are still relevant and big-selling artists.

Despite this sliding scale being better [[Karma]], not paying for something you should have is illegal unless otherwise specified. Even some music recorded live is not considered freely distributable.

=== The industry's reaction ===

The [[MPAA]] and RIAA is actively pursuing both "bad" and "middle" violators, despite the possibility that 10 year-old Mikey from Chattawuga getting sued for 10,000 dollars is horrible publicity. '''Update''': this really happened to a [http://yro.slashdot.org/yro/03/09/10/0046257.shtml?tid=141&tid=188&tid=98&tid=99 12 year old girl] and will probably be a [[PR]] nightmare.

Still, many in the industry is adamant that any form of Piracy is always bad. Yet the content industry is effectively playing both sides; using the Internet for free distribution and marketing and, at the same time, using litigation to maintain some type of control. Whether they are helpless victims of a quickly changing system or confused relics of "The Old Way" may depend on who you ask.

Another issue in the legal grey area is that of products that are no longer available for sale anywhere so the only method to gain them is piracy. This includes out-of-print music, books, videogames or software. While the distribution of copyrighted items is illegal, what if it is available by no other method?

=== Artists ===

Although most artists wish to control their content in the way that they created it - some recognizing copyright laws are getting out of hand, some interested in the open enjoyment of their work in any form, and some very concerned with their sales being hurt by piracy. Some consumers refuse using products with [[DRM|Digital Rights Management]] that ties their hands, though the [[iTunes]]' lax copying rules has been very successful.

DRM is common in computer [[games]] have been pirated since they were placed on disks, almost expected but, in music, no DRM system as yet has been well-received by consumers.

Other options besides changing copyright laws that continually diminish fair use laws include the [http://creativecommons.org Creative Commons] system. Note that artists make very little money from Music club services like BMG that offer "11 CDs for 1 cent!"

== Origin of the Term ==

"Piracy" stems from the maritime term. It is the robbery, kidnapping, or other violence at sea or from the sea without lawful authority. A "pirate" is different from a "privateer" in that a privateer was commissioned to [[attack]] ships owned by a certain country. This was a way to do damage to sea shipping lanes without declaring war on a country. One example is when England hired privateers to attack gold-laden Spanish ships in an effort to cripple the Spanish treasury. Usually privateers were given safe harbor (docking facilities without [[Law|legal]] repercussion) by the country in exchange for about 1/5 to 1/2 of the money obtained from the attack.

Also note the term "Buccaneer", which is a reference to the French settlers in the Caribbean who used to smoke wild boar and oxen. Boucanier literally means "one who hunts wild pork". It is a term used to describe pirates and privateers who had their roots in the Caribbean.

The term piracy was adopted by the computer world to refer to the illegal act of reproducing intellectual property or copyright material without the owner's permission. There has been a recent push to rename the original meaning of "piracy" to "[http://directory.google.com/Top/Society/History/By_Topic/Maritime/Piracy/?il=1 maritime piracy]" to separate it from it's more contemporary computer counterpart. [http://directory.google.com/Top/Society/History/By_Topic/Maritime/Piracy/Pirates/?il=1 Some famous, real pirates] may also be of interest.

== Alternatives to Piracy ==

* [http://www.apple.com/music/store/ Apple's Popular Music Service] - with a player for PC coming soon.
* [http://www.emusic.com EMusic] both offering a wide variety of music
* [http://www.amazon.com Amazon.com] - usually much lower prices than music stores. Compare to [http://www.barnesandnoble.com/ Barnes and Noble], [http://www.cduniverse.com/ CD Universe] and [http://www.half.com Half.com] for the best price.
* [http://mp3.about.com/library/weekly/aa030303buymusic.htm Where to buy MP3s]
* [http://www.metahot.com/ Where to search files]

==== Related Links ====

* [http://www.janisian.com/article-internet_debacle.html Janis Ian]
* [http://www.boycott-riaa.com/ Boycott the RIAA]

==== Related Topics ====
*[[EUDAH]]
*[[hpvac]]
*[[Release]]
*[[TRIPS]]
*[[WIPO]]
*[[Zero day]]

{{infoanarchy|Piracy}}

piracy

2006-07-19T04:34:07Z

Sturkster: spelling errors fixed

The term '''piracy''' can refer to:
* [[intellectual property infringement]]
* [[pirateering]]
* [[piracy (high seas)]]

{{disambig}}

slavery

2006-06-29T12:59:43Z

Sturkster: spelling error

The [[1926 Slavery Convention]] described '''slavery''' as “...the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the [[right of ownership]] are exercised...” Today slavery is defined in the broader sense of the word to mean any condition when a [[person]] is [[freedom|unfree]].

There are multiple types of slavery:
# [[chattel slavery]], legalised or pseudolegalised ownership of another [[human]].
# [[wage slavery]], condition when the [[worker]] cannot quit the [[job]] out of the fear of [[starvation]].
# [[serfdom]], condition when the [[peasant]] doesn't control the [[land]] on which one grows [[food]].
# [[prison]], taking away the [[freedom]] as the [[punishment]] for the [[crime]].
# [[military recruitment]], forcing a [[person]] to serve in [[military]].
# [[sex slavery]], forcing a person to perform [[sex]] acts. See also [[rape]] and [[prostitution]].
# slaving, which can mean performing hard tasks (but also [[wage slavery|being bossed around by the employer]]).
# submissiveness, specifically in [[S&M]].
# [[slave (computing)|slave drive or computer]] in [[computing]] reffers to the [[disk drive|drive]] or [[computer]] which is either secondary to or responds to the commands of the [[master (computing)|master]].

=={{ll|Etymology}}==
The [[word]] “slave” comes from [[Latin language|Latin]] ''sclavus'' relating to the [[Slavic people]] who were the majority of the slaves during the time the word was coined.

==See also==
* [[slave trade]]

==External link==
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slave Definition of “slave”] on [[Wiktionary]]

[[Category:Economics]]

slavery

2006-06-28T13:29:37Z

Sturkster: minor cleanup

The [[1926 Slavery Convention]] described '''slavery''' as “...the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the [[right of ownership]] are exercised...” Today slavery is defined in the broader sense of the word to mean any condition when a [[person]] is [[freedom|unfree]].

There are multiple types of slavery:
# [[chattel slavery]], legalised or pseudolegalised ownership of another [[human]].
# [[wage slavery]], condition when the [[worker]] cannot quit the [[job]] out of the fear of [[starvation]].
# [[serfdom]], condition when the [[peasant]] doesn't control the [[land]] on which one grows [[food]].
# [[prison]], taking away the [[freedom]] as the [[punishment]] for the [[crime]].
# [[millitary recrutement]], forcing a [[person]] to serve in [[military]].
# [[sex slavery]], forcing a person to perform [[sex]] acts. See also [[rape]] and [[prostitution]].
# slaving, which can mean performing hard tasks (but also [[wage slavery|being bossed around by the employer]]).
# submissiveness, specifically in [[S&M]].
# [[slave (computing)|slave drive or computer]] in [[computing]] reffers to the [[disk drive|drive]] or [[computer]] which is either secondary to or responds to the commands of the [[master (computing)|master]].

=={{ll|Etymology}}==
The [[word]] “slave” comes from [[Latin language|Latin]] ''sclavus'' relating to the [[Slavic people]] who were the majority of the slaves during the time the word was coined.

==See also==
* [[slave trade]]

==External link==
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slave Definition of “slave”] on [[Wiktionary]]

[[Category:Economics]]

Individualist anarchism

2006-06-16T15:45:15Z

Sturkster:

[[fr:Anarcho-individualisme]]

'''Individualist anarchism''' is a variety of [[anarchism]] that emphasises the importance of the [[individualism|individual]].
Several classical anarchist thinkers, such as [[Josiah Warren]], [[Benjamin Tucker]], [[Lysander Spooner]], [[Max Stirner]], [[Dora Marsden]] and [[Joseph Labadie]], are known as individualist anarchists.

Their works argue for the [[sovereignty of the individual|sovereignty of each individual]] within their own [[life]]. Other such writers include [[Henry David Thoreau]] and [[John Henry Mackay]].

== Individualist anarchists and private property ==

Individualist anarchists are claimed as part of their tradition by [[anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalists]], in turn, some modern individualist anarchists claim some works by anarcho-capitalists as part of their tradition, though without fully adhering to them.

Most (if not all) of these authors, after and including [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], rejected essential foundations of [[capitalism]], namely the legalism of private property (as opposed to the mere right to use), particulary with regard to land, and the charging of interest or rent.

[[anarcho-capitalism|Anarcho-capitalists]] appreciate
the emphasis given by these thinkers on individual rights and liberty,
and on market-based approaches rather than "[[collectivism]]"; they agree
with [[Frederic Bastiat]] in his [[Frederic Bastiat/debate with Proudhon| responses to Proudhon]].

Anarcho-capitalists can think also as well as [[Max Stirner]] who is arguably the most [[philosophy|philosophically]] oriented of these individual anarchists, rejected Proudhon's ideas about property as a collective good, but also rejected all kinds of [[liberalism]] and the idea of rights to personal properties as an illusion or "ghost", clearly stating that there is no divine right to own anything, you only have what you have and that's it. In Stirner's view there are no [[morality|moral]] obligations attached to property, or anything else for that matter. Thus he deems both Proudhon's concept of "individual property as theft" (paraphrased) ''and'' the [[libertarianism|libertarian]] idea of property as a natural principle as founded in [[superstition|superstitious]] beliefs. (In this concept he also explicitly included all "immaterial" or "spiritual" posessions, see ''[[The Ego and His Own]]''.)

== External links ==
* [http://www.mondopolitico.com/library/wendymcelroy/ia.ca.libertarianism/mpintro.htm Mondo Politico Library's presentation of Wendy McElroy's speech, ''Individualist Anarchism vs. Communist Anarchism and Libertarianism'' (Full text; formatted for easy on-screen reading)]
* [http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/resources.html Individualist anarchist resources]
* [http://www.zetetics.com/mac/ Wendy McElroy], an Anarcho-Capitalist who claims to be a modern Individualist Anarchist
* [http://www.rawilson.com/main.shtml Robert Anton Wilson], another modern Individualist Anarchist
* [http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1931/secGcon.html libertarian socialist views on individualist anarchism]
* [http://www.BlackCrayon.com/ BlackCrayon.com]: Philosophical Anarchism
* [http://againstpolitics.com/individualist_anarchism/index.html Against Politics]: Individualist Anarchism

{{wikipedia|Anarcho-individualism}}

[[Category:Anarchism]]

Talk:Individualist anarchism

2006-06-16T15:27:03Z

Sturkster: spelling error

i think that this article is invalid - Albert Jay Nock wasn`t anarchist. rightist georgeist - maybe, but not anarchist. it is true, tha he wrote some warm words about anarchism, but it is not the same

and agaist politics isn`t anarcho-individualistic. this site is anarchocapitalistical site. i don't deny (as most colectivist and communist do) taha anarchocapitalism is anarchism - i deny, that anarchocapitalism is anarchoindividualism. they are difrent, mainly cultural, but that cultural diference is very important

jaÅ› skoczowski - @individualist from Poland

Shouldn't this subject be called 'Individualist Anarchism'? A Google search for 'anarcho-individualism' gave 1110 results a search for 'Individualist Anarchism' gave 48,700 results. It would seem that 'Individualist Anarchism' is the more usual term.

'Anarcho-Capitalism' is not regarded as anarchism by most anarchists. Its rejection of Socialism, the 'labour theory of value' and its position of '''absolute''' property rights seem to disqualify it. Tucker explicitly stated that he was a socialist. Individual Anarchism seems to be best described as a tendency within mutualism. The cooperative nature of mutualism was emphasised by European mutualists while the Americans emphasis was towards the individualist side.

The only people who seem to regard 'anarcho-capitalism' as anarchism are anarcho-capitalists! The reason for which seems to be to give legitimacy to their own views.

sturkster

I think that the references to "Libertarian Socialism" should be removed entirely from the Individualist Anarchists and Private Property section. All anarchists (with the exception of anarcho-capitalists, if they are anarchists at all) are libertarian socialists and there is no inherent dispute between the positions of individualist anarchism and libertarian socialism.

[[User:Sturkster|Sturkster]] 15:26, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Talk:Individualist anarchism

2006-06-16T15:26:14Z

Sturkster:

i think that this article is invalid - Albert Jay Nock wasn`t anarchist. rightist georgeist - maybe, but not anarchist. it is true, tha he wrote some warm words about anarchism, but it is not the same

and agaist politics isn`t anarcho-individualistic. this site is anarchocapitalistical site. i don't deny (as most colectivist and communist do) taha anarchocapitalism is anarchism - i deny, that anarchocapitalism is anarchoindividualism. they are difrent, mainly cultural, but that cultural diference is very important

jaÅ› skoczowski - @individualist from Poland

Shouldn't this subject be called 'Individualist Anarchism'? A Google search for 'anarcho-individualism' gave 1110 results a search for 'Individualist Anarchism' gave 48,700 results. It would seem that 'Individualist Anarchism' is the more usual term.

'Anarcho-Capitalism' is not regarded as anarchism by most anarchists. Its rejection of Socialism, the 'labour theory of value' and its position of '''absolute''' property rights seem to disqualify it. Tucker explicitly stated that he was a socialist. Individual Anarchism seems to be best described as a tendency within mutualism. The cooperative nature of mutualism was emphasised by European mutualists while the Americans emphasis was towards the individualist side.

The only people who seem to regard 'anarcho-capitalism' as anarchism are anarcho-capitalists! The reason for which seems to be to give legitimacy to their own views.

sturkster

I think that the references to "Libertarian Socialism" should be removed entirely from the Individualist Anarchists and Private Property section. All anarchists (with the exception of anarcho-capitalists, if they are anarchists at all) are libertarian socialists and there is no inherent dispute between the poisitions of individualist anarchism and libertarian socialism.

[[User:Sturkster|Sturkster]] 15:26, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Talk:"anarcho"-capitalism

2006-06-16T14:56:08Z

Sturkster:

It might be better to change "from anarcho-socialist theory" to "from anarchist theory" or even "from traditional anarchist theory". Basically I feel the current wording gives to much away and de facto recognises anarcho-capitalism as a form of anarchism.
[[User:Sturkster|Sturkster]] 14:56, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Individualist anarchism

2006-06-16T14:46:44Z

Sturkster:

[[fr:Anarcho-individualisme]]

'''Individualist anarchism''' is a variety of [[anarchism]] that emphasises the importance of the [[individualism|individual]].
Several classical anarchist thinkers, such as [[Josiah Warren]], [[Benjamin Tucker]], [[Lysander Spooner]], [[Max Stirner]], [[Dora Marsden]] and [[Joseph Labadie]], are known as individualist anarchists.

Their works argue for the [[sovereignty of the individual|sovereignty of each individual]] within their own [[life]]. Other such writers include [[Henry David Thoreau]] and [[John Henry Mackay]].

== Individualist anarchists and private property ==

Individualist anarchists are claimed as part of their tradition by [[anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalists]] as well as by [[libertarian socialism|libertarian socialists]], who criticize differently the works of these authors. In turn, some modern individualist anarchists claim some works by anarcho-capitalists and libertarian socialists as part of their tradition, though without fully adhering to them.

[[Libertarian socialism|Libertarian socialists]] insist that many of these authors, after and including [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], rejected essential foundations of [[capitalism]], namely the legalism of private property (as opposed to the mere right to use) and the charging of interest or rent.

[[anarcho-capitalism|Anarcho-capitalists]] appreciate
the emphasis given by these thinkers on individual rights and liberty,
and on market-based approaches rather than "[[collectivism]]"; they agree
with [[Frederic Bastiat]] in his [[Frederic Bastiat/debate with Proudhon| responses to Proudhon]].

Anarcho-capitalists can think also as well as [[Max Stirner]] who is arguably the most [[philosophy|philosophically]] oriented of these individual anarchists, rejected Proudhon's ideas about property as a collective good, but also rejected all kinds of [[liberalism]] and the idea of rights to personal properties as an illusion or "ghost", clearly stating that there is no divine right to own anything, you only have what you have and that's it. In Stirner's view there are no [[morality|moral]] obligations attached to property, or anything else for that matter. Thus he deems both Proudhon's concept of "individual property as theft" (paraphrased) ''and'' the [[libertarianism|libertarian]] idea of property as a natural principle as founded in [[superstition|superstitious]] beliefs. (In this concept he also explicitly included all "immaterial" or "spiritual" posessions, see ''[[The Ego and His Own]]''.)

== External links ==
* [http://www.mondopolitico.com/library/wendymcelroy/ia.ca.libertarianism/mpintro.htm Mondo Politico Library's presentation of Wendy McElroy's speech, ''Individualist Anarchism vs. Communist Anarchism and Libertarianism'' (Full text; formatted for easy on-screen reading)]
* [http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/resources.html Individualist anarchist resources]
* [http://www.zetetics.com/mac/ Wendy McElroy], an Anarcho-Capitalist who claims to be a modern Individualist Anarchist
* [http://www.rawilson.com/main.shtml Robert Anton Wilson], another modern Individualist Anarchist
* [http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1931/secGcon.html libertarian socialist views on individualist anarchism]
* [http://www.BlackCrayon.com/ BlackCrayon.com]: Philosophical Anarchism
* [http://againstpolitics.com/individualist_anarchism/index.html Against Politics]: Individualist Anarchism

{{wikipedia|Anarcho-individualism}}

[[Category:Anarchism]]

Talk:Anarcho-Capitalism

2006-06-16T14:36:27Z

Sturkster:

I disagree with the current introduction of the article. I think it is controversial to portray anarcho-capitalism as a form of anarchism, when it isn't usually recognized as such. Here is my proposed introduction:

:''Anarcho-capitalism is a political philosophy and doctrine that integrates or attempts to reconcile capitalism, as defined in [[classical liberalism]], with Anarchism and [[anarchist]] themes such as [[anti-statism|opposition to the State]] and [[anarcho-individualism|individual freedom]].''

~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 08:22, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Although i agree with you (on the opinion that [[capitalism]] and [[anarchism]] are in the direct opposition to each other. I believe that each movement must be described by its members, and then possibly we need to have some sort of critique of that movement from other positions. So i'd open up saying that ancaps describe themselves as this, and try to give explanation of their belief system, and then provide the rebuttle from [[anarchism|anarchist movement]]. [[User:Beta_M|Beta_M]] (VolodyA! V Anarhist) [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:User_talk:Beta_M|action=edit&section=new}} Talk] {{{1|15:11}}}

:While I think it is useful to show the opposing point of views on the subject, I think it is important to try to reach a common, minimal definition. The definition implied in the current introduction is broad but substantially different from the ones given on [[Wikipedia:Anarcho-capitalism|Wikipedia]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarcho-capitalism&oldid=21093591] (certainly not an anarchist or socialist source) or the one used in [[An Anarchist FAQ]]. ~[[User:Rev 22|''Rev 22'']] 15:18, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

I agree with first poster here. The definition as it currently stands seems to be misleading. Many anarchists do not agree that anarcho-capitalism is a form of anarchism.

[[User:Sturkster|Sturkster]] 15:38, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

::But we can't really change the definition of something because we disagree with it. We can disagree with it because of the definition though...  ~ [[User:Beta_M|Beta_M]] (VolodyA! V Anarhist) [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:User_talk:Beta_M|action=edit&section=new}} Talk] {{{1|06:30}}}

If the definition is incorrect, which I believe the current one is, it needs to be changed! I think that Rev 22s definition is a better more accurate one.
[[User:Sturkster|Sturkster]] 14:36, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Mutualism

2006-06-15T16:01:03Z

Sturkster: gave link to Proudhon

A one-sentence answer is that mutualism consists of people voluntarily banding together for the common purpose of mutual assistance. Clarence Swartz, in '''What is Mutualism?,''' defined it this way:

<BLOCKQUOTE>''A Social System Based on Equal Freedom, Reciprocity, and the Sovereignty of the Individual Over Himself, His Affairs, and His Products, Realized Through Individual Initiative, Free Contract, Cooperation, Competition, and Voluntary Association for Defense Against the Invasive and for the Protection of Life, Liberty and Property of the Non-invasive.''</BLOCKQUOTE>

A character in Ken MacLeod's '''The Star Fraction''' gave a description of socialism that might have come from a mutualist:

<BLOCKQUOTE>''...what we always meant by socialism wasn't something you forced on people, it was people organizing themselves as they pleased into co-ops, collectives, communes, unions.... And if socialism really is better, more efficient than capitalism, then it can bloody well''' compete '''with capitalism. So we decided, forget all the statist s**t and the violence: the best place for socialism is the closest to a free market you can get!''</BLOCKQUOTE>

Mutualism means building the kind of society we want here and now, based on grass-roots organization for voluntary cooperation and mutual aid-- instead of waiting for the revolution. Because mutualism emphasizes building within the existing society, and avoiding confrontation with the state when it is unnecessary, it is sometimes identified with "Evolutionary Anarchism," and sometimes criticized as "reformist."

The idea was expressed by [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] ('''General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century''')''' '''as the mutualist economy growing within the statist one until the former eclipsed the latter. The political would eventually be absorbed in the economic, and the distinction between public and private would wither away. Although the phrase was not invented by Proudhon, the command of people would be replaced by the administration of things.

One of the best descriptions of mutualism, believe it or not, is this summary of Proudhon's philosophy by G. Ostergaard, a contributor to '''A Dictionary of Marxist Thought''':

<BLOCKQUOTE>''... he argued that working men should emancipate themselves, not by political but by economic means, through the voluntary organization of their own labour--a concept to whch he attached redemptive value.  His proposed system of equitable exchange between self-governing producers, organized individually or in association and financed by free credit, was called 'mutualism'.  The units of the radically decentralized and pluralistic social order that he envisaged were to be linked at all levels by applying 'the federal principle'.'' [p. 400]</BLOCKQUOTE>

Note--In this FAQ, mutualist and individualist anarchism are treated as more or less synonymous, unless otherwise noted. The '''Anarchist FAQ '''at Spunk divides anarchism into two main branches, social and individualist anarchism, and treats mutualism as a subset of social anarchism. We prefer to treat individualism as a distinctly American form of mutualism, developed
under peculiarly American conditions. The most famous American individualist, Benjamin Tucker, was more affected by free market liberalism than other mutualists. (Although this has caused him to be claimed as a predecessor by right-libertarians and anarcho-capitalists, he regarded himself as a libertarian socialist.) When this puts him at odds with the rest of the broader mutualist movement, we acknowledge it. In our terminology, therefore, mutualist anarchism will be contrasted to various forms of communal anarchism: anarcho-communism, anarcho-collectivism, anarcho-syndicalism.

Literary Source : Read "Mutual Aid" by Petr Kropotkin.

==Credits==
*Text is adopted form [http://www.mutualist.org/id24.html Mutualist.org].

Talk:Anarcho-Capitalism

2006-06-15T15:38:50Z

Sturkster:

Individualist anarchism

2006-06-15T15:19:39Z

Sturkster: added Warren and Labadie and removed Nock

[[fr:Anarcho-individualisme]]

'''Individualist anarchism''' is a variety of [[anarchism]] that emphasises the importance of the [[individualism|individual]].
Several classical anarchist thinkers, such as [[Josiah Warren]], [[Benjamin Tucker]], [[Lysander Spooner]], [[Max Stirner]], [[Dora Marsden]] and [[Joseph Labadie]], are known as individualist anarchists.

Their works argue for the [[sovereignty of the individual|sovereignty of each individual]] within their own [[life]]. Other such writers include [[Henry David Thoreau]] and [[John Henry Mackay]].

== Individualist anarchists and private property ==

Individualist anarchists are claimed as part of their tradition by [[anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalists]] as well as by [[libertarian socialism|libertarian socialists]], who criticize differently the works of these authors. In turn, modern individualist anarchists claim many works by anarcho-capitalists and libertarian socialists as part of their tradition, though without forcibly fully adhering to them.

[[Libertarian socialism|Libertarian socialists]] insist that many of these authors, after and including [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], rejected essential foundations of [[capitalism]], namely the legalism of private property (as opposed to the mere right to use) and the charging of interest or rent.

[[anarcho-capitalism|Anarcho-capitalists]] appreciate
the emphasis given by these thinkers on individual rights and liberty,
and on market-based approaches rather than "[[collectivism]]"; they agree
with [[Frederic Bastiat]] in his [[Frederic Bastiat/debate with Proudhon| responses to Proudhon]].

Anarcho-capitalists can think also as well as [[Max Stirner]] who is arguably the most [[philosophy|philosophically]] oriented of these individual anarchists, rejected Proudhon's ideas about property as a collective good, but also rejected all kinds of [[liberalism]] and the idea of rights to personal properties as an illusion or "ghost", clearly stating that there is no divine right to own anything, you only have what you have and that's it. In Stirner's view there are no [[morality|moral]] obligations attached to property, or anything else for that matter. Thus he deems both Proudhon's concept of "individual property as theft" (paraphrased) ''and'' the [[libertarianism|libertarian]] idea of property as a natural principle as founded in [[superstition|superstitious]] beliefs. (In this concept he also explicitly included all "immaterial" or "spiritual" posessions, see ''[[The Ego and His Own]]''.)

== External links ==
* [http://www.mondopolitico.com/library/wendymcelroy/ia.ca.libertarianism/mpintro.htm Mondo Politico Library's presentation of Wendy McElroy's speech, ''Individualist Anarchism vs. Communist Anarchism and Libertarianism'' (Full text; formatted for easy on-screen reading)]
* [http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/resources.html Individualist anarchist resources]
* [http://www.zetetics.com/mac/ Wendy McElroy], an Anarcho-Capitalist who claims to be a modern Individualist Anarchist
* [http://www.rawilson.com/main.shtml Robert Anton Wilson], another modern Individualist Anarchist
* [http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1931/secGcon.html libertarian socialist views on individualist anarchism]
* [http://www.BlackCrayon.com/ BlackCrayon.com]: Philosophical Anarchism
* [http://againstpolitics.com/individualist_anarchism/index.html Against Politics]: Individualist Anarchism

{{wikipedia|Anarcho-individualism}}

[[Category:Anarchism]]

Individualist anarchism

2006-06-15T15:04:57Z

Sturkster: spelling error

[[fr:Anarcho-individualisme]]

'''Individualist anarchism''' is a variety of [[anarchism]] that emphasises the importance of the [[individualism|individual]].
Several classical anarchist thinkers, such as [[Benjamin Tucker]], [[Lysander Spooner]], [[Max Stirner]], [[Dora Marsden]] and [[Albert Jay Nock]], are known as individualist anarchists.

Their works argue for the [[sovereignty of the individual|sovereignty of each individual]] within their own [[life]]. Other such writers include [[Henry David Thoreau]] and [[John Henry Mackay]].

== Individualist anarchists and private property ==

Individualist anarchists are claimed as part of their tradition by [[anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalists]] as well as by [[libertarian socialism|libertarian socialists]], who criticize differently the works of these authors. In turn, modern individualist anarchists claim many works by anarcho-capitalists and libertarian socialists as part of their tradition, though without forcibly fully adhering to them.

[[Libertarian socialism|Libertarian socialists]] insist that many of these authors, after and including [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], rejected essential foundations of [[capitalism]], namely the legalism of private property (as opposed to the mere right to use) and the charging of interest or rent.

[[anarcho-capitalism|Anarcho-capitalists]] appreciate
the emphasis given by these thinkers on individual rights and liberty,
and on market-based approaches rather than "[[collectivism]]"; they agree
with [[Frederic Bastiat]] in his [[Frederic Bastiat/debate with Proudhon| responses to Proudhon]].

Anarcho-capitalists can think also as well as [[Max Stirner]] who is arguably the most [[philosophy|philosophically]] oriented of these individual anarchists, rejected Proudhon's ideas about property as a collective good, but also rejected all kinds of [[liberalism]] and the idea of rights to personal properties as an illusion or "ghost", clearly stating that there is no divine right to own anything, you only have what you have and that's it. In Stirner's view there are no [[morality|moral]] obligations attached to property, or anything else for that matter. Thus he deems both Proudhon's concept of "individual property as theft" (paraphrased) ''and'' the [[libertarianism|libertarian]] idea of property as a natural principle as founded in [[superstition|superstitious]] beliefs. (In this concept he also explicitly included all "immaterial" or "spiritual" posessions, see ''[[The Ego and His Own]]''.)

== External links ==
* [http://www.mondopolitico.com/library/wendymcelroy/ia.ca.libertarianism/mpintro.htm Mondo Politico Library's presentation of Wendy McElroy's speech, ''Individualist Anarchism vs. Communist Anarchism and Libertarianism'' (Full text; formatted for easy on-screen reading)]
* [http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/resources.html Individualist anarchist resources]
* [http://www.zetetics.com/mac/ Wendy McElroy], an Anarcho-Capitalist who claims to be a modern Individualist Anarchist
* [http://www.rawilson.com/main.shtml Robert Anton Wilson], another modern Individualist Anarchist
* [http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1931/secGcon.html libertarian socialist views on individualist anarchism]
* [http://www.BlackCrayon.com/ BlackCrayon.com]: Philosophical Anarchism
* [http://againstpolitics.com/individualist_anarchism/index.html Against Politics]: Individualist Anarchism

{{wikipedia|Anarcho-individualism}}

[[Category:Anarchism]]

Individualist anarchism

2006-06-15T15:01:43Z

Sturkster:

[[fr:Anarcho-individualisme]]

'''Individualist anarchism''' is a variety of [[anarchism]] that emphasises the importance of the [[individualism|individual]].
Several classical anarchist thinkers, such as [[Benjamin Tucker]], [[Lysander Spooner]], [[Max Stirner]], [[Dora Marsden]] and [[Albert Jay Nock]], are known as individualist anarchists.

Their works argue for the [[sovereignty of the individual|sovereignty of each individual]] within their own [[life]]. Other such writers include [[Henry David Thoreau]] and [[John Henry Mackay]].

== Individualist anarchists and private property ==

Individualist anarchists are claimed as part of their tradition by [[anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalists]] as well as by [[libertarian socialism|libertarian socialists]], who criticize differently the works of these authors. In turn, modern individualist anarchists claim many works by anarcho-capitalists and libertarian socialists as part of their tradition, though without forcibly fully adhering to them.

[[Libertarian socialism|Libertarian socialists]] insist that many of these authors, after and including [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], rejected essential foundations of [[capitalism]], namely the legalism of private property (as opposed to the mere right to use) and the charging of interest or rent.

[[anarcho-capitalism|Anarcho-capitalists]] appreciate
the emphasis given by these thinkers on individual rights and liberty,
and on market-based approaches rather than "[[collectivism]]"; they agree
with [[Frederic Bastiat]] in his [[Frederic Bastiat/debate with Proudhon| responses to Proudhon]].

Anarcho-capitalists can think also as well as [[Max Stirner]] who is arguably the most [[philosophy|philosophically]] oriented of these individual anarchists, rejected Proudhon's ideas about property as a collective good, but also rejected all kinds of [[liberalism]] and the idea of rights to personal properties as an illusion or "ghost", clearly stating that there is no divine right to own anything, you only have what you have and that's it. In Stirner's view there are no [[morality|moral]] obligations attached to property, or anything else for that matter. Thus he deems both Proudhon's concept of "individual property as theft" (paraphrased) ''and'' the [[libertarianism|libertarian]] idea of property as a natural principle as founded in [[superstition|superstitious]] beliefs. (In this concept he also explicitly included all "immaterial" or "spiritual" posessions, see ''[[The Ego and His Own]]''.)

== External links ==
* [http://www.mondopolitico.com/library/wendymcelroy/ia.ca.libertarianism/mpintro.htm Mondo Politico Library's presentation of Wendy McElroy's speech, ''Individualist Anarchism vs. Communist Anarchism and Libertarianism'' (Full text; formatted for easy on-screen reading)]
* [http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/resources.html Individualist anarchist resources]
* [http://www.zetetics.com/mac/ Wendy McElroy], an Anrcho-Capitalist who claims to be a modern Individualist Anarchist
* [http://www.rawilson.com/main.shtml Robert Anton Wilson], another modern Individualist Anarchist
* [http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1931/secGcon.html libertarian socialist views on individualist anarchism]
* [http://www.BlackCrayon.com/ BlackCrayon.com]: Philosophical Anarchism
* [http://againstpolitics.com/individualist_anarchism/index.html Against Politics]: Individualist Anarchism

{{wikipedia|Anarcho-individualism}}

[[Category:Anarchism]]

Talk:Individualist anarchism

2006-06-15T14:58:39Z

Sturkster:

Talk:Individualist anarchism

2006-06-15T14:57:12Z

Sturkster: